Module 1: Global Trends The process of creating and designing this

Global&Health&Starter&Kit&for&Pre-Doctoral&Dental&Educat ion&

Module&1:&Global&Trends!

The!process!of!creating!and!designing!this!module!took!place!in!the!following!order:!!

Compet enciesà!Learn ing!Objec tivesà!Evaluation!Metric!à!Co ntent!à!Ped ago gy!à!Evaluation!Measure!

Module &

Themes&

Related&

Competencies&

Collaborating&Author&

(with!Brittany!Seymour-!project!PI)!

Global! burden!of!disease;!

demographic!and!

epidemiologic!trends!

1.1.1,!1.1.2,!1.1.3,!

1.1.4,!2.2.1,!2.3.2!!

Christy!Colburn,!MA!

Associate!Director!

Global! Health!and!Health!Policy!

Undergraduate!Program!

Harvard!Un iversity!

Related&competencies:&

1.1.1.!Explain!the!global!burden!of!oral!diseases!with!regard!to!prevalence,!distribution,!and!the!

relationship!among!oral!disease,!population!trends,!and!global!disease!patterns.!

1.1.2.!Understand!the!essential!facts!about!the!etiology!of!main!or al!conditions!and!their!symptom s!

and!signs.!

1.1.3.!Describe!the!impact!of!oral!diseases!on!w ell-being!and!quality!of!life,!as!well!as!its!social!and!

economic!impact.!

1.1.4. Identify and assess relevant oral health information and make sound decisions (oral health

literacy).

2.2.1.!Understand!the!burden!and!distribution!of!oral!and!associated!diseases!in!sp ecific!community!

and!country.!

2.3.2.!Identify!and!advocate!to!address!specific!oral!health!needs!and!reduce!inequities!and!health!

care!system!deficits.!

Learning&objectives:&

• Describe!major!population!trends!at!the!global!level!

• Discuss!the!relationship!between!the!global!burden!of!infectious/communicable,!non-

communicable/chronic,!and!oral!diseases!!

• Predict!how!current!global!trends!could!be!affecting!oral!health!across!the! world!

• Explain!how!the!epidemiologic!and!demographic!transition!theories!assist!in!u nderstanding!

the!disease!patterns!(including!oral!conditions)!of!and!th eir!impact!on!a!community,!country,!

or!region!!!

Evaluation&metric:&

Pass:!!

• Student!is!able!to!state!that!the!world!population!is!aging!and!growing!on!average!

• Student!is!able!to!describe!the!basic!characteristics!of!the!stages!of!the!epidemiologic!and!

demogr aphic!transitions!(e.g.!shift!from!communicable!to!non-communicable!disease;!as!

death!rates!drop!and!birth!rates!remain!the!same,!th e!population!grows)!

• Student!is!able!to!express!that!the!world!has!changed!from!more!rural!to!more!urban,!on!

average!

• Student!is!able!to!describe!the!oral!disease!burden!is!increasing!on!average!

• Student!is!able!to!make!the!connection!between! changing!risk!factors!and!differing!disease!

outcomes,!should!be!able!to!describe!at!least!2-3!specific!examples!(e.g.!lack!of!sanitation!

and!higher!rates!of!infectious!disease,!increasing!access!to!sugar!and!highe r!rates!of!NCDs,!

etc.)!!

• Student!is!able!to!link!evolving!risk!factors!with!oral!disease!patterns,!should!be!a ble!to!

describe!at!least!2-3!specific!examples!!(e.g.!more!urbanization!and!access!to!processed!

foods/refined!sugars!leads!to!higher!caries!rates;!sedentary!lifestyle!increases!risk!for!NCDs!

such!as!diabetes!and!periodontal!disease)!

• Student!is!able!to!describe!the!impact!of!a!growin g!burden!of!oral!disease!on!society,!should!

be!able!to!name!at!least!3!outcomes!(missed!school!days,! missed!work!days,!negative!impact!

on!other!systemi c!diseas es,!pain,!decline!in!self-confidence,!lowe r!quality!of!life,!etc.)!

Critical*error:*

• Student!is!not!able!to!state!that!the!world!population,!on!average,!is!aging,!growing,!and!

urbanizing *

• Student!cannot!describe!at!least!three!basic!characteristics!of!the!demographic!transition!

stages!and!at!least!two!of!the!epidemiologic!transition*

• Student!is!not!able!to!state!that!the!global!burden!of!oral!disease,!on!average,!is!increasing*

• Student!is!not!able!to!ma ke!the!connection!between!risk!factors!and!resulting!

diseas e/demographic!trends,!cannot!name!at!least!two!ex amples!(e.g.!urbanization !leads!to!

greater!access!to!proce ssed/sugary!foods!and!beverages, !which!is!a!risk!factor!for!non-

communicable!disease)*

• Student!is!not!able!to!list!at!least!two!examples!of!global!trends!and!related!oral!disease!

outcomes*

• Student!is!not!able!to!list!at!least!three!ways!oral!disease!impacts!th eir!respective!

communities!(e.g.!missed!school!days)*

Content:!Population!trends!and!risk!factors!for!disease!trends,!demographi c!and!epide miologic!

transitions,!global!burden!of!disease,!and!oral!disease!

Pedagogy:&

! Lecture:!Interactive!Presentation!

! In-class!activi ty:!GapMinder,!GBD/IHME!interactive !data,!mapping!oral!health!to!the!

! transitions!

! Pre-readings:!

• Chapter!2,!Chapter!3,!and!Chapter!7!pgs.!79-83!in:!The!Challenge!of!Oral!Disease-!A!call!for!

global!ac tion.!The!Oral!He alth!Atlas.!2

!ed.!Geneva:!FDI!World!Dental!Federation;!2015.!

http://www. fdiworldental.org /m edia/77552/complete_oh_atlas.pdf!

• Sheiham!A,!Williams!DM,!Weyant!RJ,!G lick!M,!Naidoo!S,!Eiselé!JL,!Selikowitz!HS.!Billions!with!

oral!disease:!A!global!health!crisis- !a!call!to!action.!J!Am!Dent!Assoc.!2015!Dec;146(12):861-

4.!https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(15)01036-3/fulltext !

• Kassebaum!NJ,!Smith!AGC,!Bernabe!E,!Fleming!TD,!Reynolds!AE,!Vos!T,!Abyu!GY,!Alsharif!U,!

Asayesh!H,!Benzian!H,!Dandona!L,!Dandona!R,!Kasaeian! A,!K hader!YS,!Khang!YH,!Kokubo!Y,!

Kotsakis!GA,!Lalloo!R,!Misganaw!A,!Montero!P,!Nourz adeh!M,!Pinho!C,!Qorbani!M,!Rios!

Blancas!MJ,!Sawhney!M,!Steiner!C,!Traebert!J,!Tyrovolas!S,!Ukwaja!KN,!Vollset!SE,!Yonemoto!

N,!Murray!CJL,!Marcenes!W.!Global,!regional,!a nd!nationa l!prevalence,!incidence,!a nd!

disability-adjusted!life!years!for!oral!conditions!for!195!countries,!1990–2015:!a!systematic!

analysis!for!the!Global!Burden!of!Diseases,!Injuries,!and!Risk!Factors.!Journal*of*Dental*

Research.!2017!Apr;96(4):380–387.!

https://www.ncbi.n l m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5912207/!

Evaluation&method:&This!module!can!be!e f fectively!evaluated!using!short!answer,!essay,!or!multiple-

choice!questions.!The !evaluation!metric!may!be!used!to!inform!short!answer!questions,!the!following!

questions!may!be!used,!or!the!instructor!may!wish!to!write!the!evaluation!based!on!how!the!module!

was!taught!and!what!was!covered.!

1.!Which!of!the!following!statements!is!true?!

A.!The!global!population!is!growing,!on !average!

B.!The!global!population!is!aging,!on!a verage!

C.!The!globa l!population!is!more!urban,!on!average!

D.!The !global!population!is!experiencing!more!dental!disease,!on!average!

E.!All!of!the!above,!except!D !

F.!All!of!the!above,!except!C!

G.&All&of&the&above&

2.!Which!answer!correctly!describes!the!stages!of!the!Demographic!Transition? !

A.!!

Stage!1:!High!birth!rates,!high!death!rates!

Stage!2:!De creasing!birth!rates,!high!death!rates!

Stage!3:!De creasing!death!rates,!decreasing!birth!rates!

Stage!4:!Low!birth!rates,!low!death!rates!

B.!!

Stage!1:!High!rates!of!famine,!malnutrition,!a nd!infectious!disease!

Stage!2:!De creasing!rates!of!infectious!disease,!increasing!rates!of!non-communicable !disease!

Stage!3:!Moderate!rates!of!both!infec tious!and!non-communicable!disease!

Stage!4:!Low!rates!of!infectious!disease,!high!rates!of!non-communicable!disease!

C.&&

Stage&1:&High&birth&rates,&high&death&rates&

Stage&2:&High&birth&rates,&de creasing&death&rates&

Stage&3:&Decreasing&death&rates,&decreasing&birth&rates&

Stage&4:&Low&birth&rates,&low&death&rates&

3.!Which!statement!best!de scribes!the!related!oral!health!implications!for!a!country!that!is!

progressing!through!St ages!2!and!3!of!the!Demographic!Transition?!

A.!Increase!in!periodontal!disease!due!to!a!r ise!in! non-communicable!disease!rates!

B.!Decrease!in!edentulism!due!to!a!de crease!in!infectious!disease!rates!

C.!Increase!in!dental!ca ries!rates!due!to!a!cha nging!diet!

D.&A&growing,&aging&population&requiring&more&oral&health&care&&

E.!Both!A!and ! C!!

4.!Which!statement!best!describes!the!related!oral!health!implications!for!a!country!tha t!is!

progressing!through!Stages!2!of!the!Epidemiologic!Transition?!

A.!Increase!in!periodontal!disease!due!to!a!rise!in!non-communicable!disease!rates!

B.!Decrease!in!edentulism!due!to!a!de crease!in!infectious!disease!rates!

C.!Increase!in!dental!ca ries!rates!due!to!a!cha nging!diet!and!longer!lifespan!

D.!A!growing,!aging!population!requiring!more!oral!health!care!!

E.&Both&A&and&C&&

5.!Which!if!the!following!are!implications!for!the!global!burden!of !oral!diseases?!

a.!As!the!population!ages,!the!oral!disease!burden!is!expected!to!rise!

b.!As!the!burden!o f!non-communicable!diseases!increases,!the!burden!of!oral!disease!is!expected!to!

rise!

c.!As!the!global! p o p ulation! grows ,!the!burden!of!oral!disease!is!expected!to!rise!

d.!The!rise!in!global!disease!burden!will!negat ively!impact!quality!of!life!and!overall!well-being!of!

communities!!

e.&All&of&the&above&