HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:

Texas Statewide

Sexual Assault

Prevalence Study

Final Report

August 2015

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:

Texas Statewide Sexual Assault

Prevalence Study

Final Report

August 2015

Noël Busch-Armendariz, PhD, LMSW, MPA

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez, MSSW

Sexual Assault Prevalence Research

Project Director

Matt Kammer-Kerwick, PhD

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter, Med

IDVSA Research Project Director and Content Expert Contributor

Catlin Sulley, LMSW

IDVSA Research Project Director and Content Expert Contributor

Kathleen Anderson, MSW

Director of Research Operations

Melody Huslage

Graduate Research Assistant

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Office of

Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, findings, and con-

clusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily

reflect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the following people for their help with the

development of this study:

Our deepest gratitude goes out to the participants who answered our questions,

particularly the survivors of sexual assault. Their willingness to share their

experiences made this report possible and has better informed policy and

services for survivors of sexual assault in Texas.

A big Texas thank you to Carol Harvey of the Office of Title V and Family

Health at the Texas Department of State Health Services, Peggy Helton

of the Office of the Attorney General, State of Texas; and Annette

Burrhus-

Clay of the Texas Association Against Sexual Assault (TAASA), for their ded-

ication and commitment to survivors of sexual assault and their vision for

this project.

Our sincere thanks and appreciation goes to Dr. Sharon G. Smith of the

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Injury

Prevention and Control for generously sharing her knowledge and expertise

in conducting previous national research on sexual assault.

We are grateful for the assistance and valuable insight provided by the

former Deputy Director of the Texas Association Against Sexual Assault

(TAASA), Morgan Curtis.

Thank you to Christopher Kaiser of TAASA for providing his valuable legal

expertise on specific issues including sexual assault in Texas and what

constitutes a crime.

Special recognition goes to Whitney Bliss of the Hays-Caldwell Women’s

Center in San Marcos for her commitment and dedication to working with

victims/survivors and providing specialized training to the supervisors and

interviewers on the impact of sexual assault.

A special thank you to Michelle Vrudhula and all Customer Research

International’s personnel, supervisors and interviewers for conducting

the phone surveys. Our gratitude for their hard work and professionalism

conducting interviews.

Sincere gratitude is extended to Kevin Rathge, Tillie Policastro, and all the

staff of Creative Services at The University of Texas at Austin for their hard

work, creativity, and willingness to work alongside us and especially for

their patience with the revision process of this report.

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

INTRODUCTION 11

BACKGROUND 13

METHODOLOGY 17

CALL TO ACTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

FINDINGS 25

ADDITIONAL FINDINGS 53

REFERENCES 59

APPENDICES 61

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Executive Summary

ealth and Well-being: The Texas Statewide Prevalence Study on Sexual Assault

is a statewide telephone survey conducted in English and Spanish. The study

used a randomly selected, representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans.

The purpose of this report is to present the descriptive findings on sexual assault

prevalence, health and well-being in Texas, including the victims’ relationship to perpe-

trators, involvement of alcohol, reporting of sexual assault to the police and the impact

of sexual assault on victims. Below are some of the highlights from this study.

Findings

Prevalence

• 6.3 million (4.2 million women and 2.1 million men) or 33.2%

of adult Texans have experienced some form of sexual as-

sault in their lifetime.

Annual Rate

• 413,000 (2.3% women and 2% men) or 2.2% of adult Texans

experienced sexual assault within a year prior to this survey.

Multiple Victimization Rate

• 65.2% of victims report multiple victimizations.

Gender

• Sexual assault aects all genders; however, women (2 in 5)

are twice as likely to be sexually assaulted as men (1 in 5) in

their lifetimes.

• Women are more likely to experience sexual assault when

they are 18 or older (26.1%), and men when they are ages

14 to 17 (10.6%).

Race and Ethnicity

• Sexual assault aects all racial and ethnic groups. Al-

though African Americans (36.8%) and White, non-Hispan-

ics (35.2%) report the highest proportion of sexual assault

and Hispanics (27.9%) the lowest, these data indicate that

all racial/ethnic groups are at risk.

Impact on Health and Well-Being

• Physical, mental and emotional problems that limit activities

are nearly twice as prevalent among sexual assault victims

(41.3%) than among non-victims (26.5%).

• Sexual assault victims are more likely to experience cer-

tain medical conditions. Victims are almost twice as likely as

non-victims to suer from asthma (20.9% versus 12.5%), fre-

quent headaches (21% versus 11%), irritable bowel syndrome

(9% versus 4.2%), and chronic pain (20.3% versus 9.9%).

Use of Weapons

• While most sexual assaults do not involve other physical

violence, a substantial minority (14.8% for women and 1.9%

for men) does.

Reports to Law Enforcement

• Sexual assault continues to be a severely underreported

crime. Only 9.2% of victims reported their experience to the

police.

Alcohol and Drug Use

• Only 14.6% of victims report that they were under the

inﬂuence of alcohol or drugs at the time of the sexual assault

they chose to talk about. Almost twenty-four percent of

victims reported that the perpetrator was under the inﬂu-

ence of drugs and/or alcohol.

• Victims reported the use of alcohol only (25.2%) more often

than the use of both alcohol and drugs (8.3%) or drugs only

(5%) during the sexual assault.

Call to Action and Recommendations:

Although progress has been made in eorts to prevent sexual

assault, this is a crime that continues to aect hundreds of thou-

sands of citizens in Texas. Our ﬁndings indicate that sexual as-

sault impacts the lives of both women and men throughout their

lifetime. Sexual assault is much more prevalent among women

and thus should be considered a major health issue for Texas

women. However, the suering of men and boys should not be

minimized or ignored. Sexual assault has long lasting and poten-

tially negative consequences for all victims. Advances in science

and measurement have improved our ability to understand and

describe sexual assault victimization over the last decade. Given

its prevalence and impact in Texas, benchmarking in more fre-

quent intervals is critical.

Data on these findings are from follow-up questions to participants who reported sexual assault victimization. The participants were asked if they were willing to talk in more

detail about one sexual assault victimization experience.

Ibid.

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Introduction

exual assault is a concern among women and men and a prevalent public health

problem impacting 6.3 million or 33.2% of adult Texans over their lifetime.

In the year prior to this survey, 413,000 sexual assault crimes occurred in Texas.

Before this study, the most current statewide study on sexual assault prevalence in

Texas was in 2003. In 2003, researchers at The University of Texas at Austin found

that approximately 1.9 million adult Texans (1,479,912 females and 372,394 males) or

13% of adult Texans reported sexual assault victimization at some point in their lives

(Busch, Bell, DiNitto, & Neff, 2003). While the 2003 study created a foundation for

our knowledge of statewide prevalence of sexual assault, innovations in the science of

measuring sexual assault warrant another study. Current and comprehensive under-

standings of the prevalence and extent of reported and unreported sexual assaults

are critical to understanding the scope of the problem, designing effective responses,

and developing primary prevention strategies.

Even though there were some more recent reports on sexual

victimization, there was still a need to benchmark sexual as-

sault prevalence data in Texas. Several state agencies in Texas

also collect updated data on interpersonal violence and sexual

assault, including the Texas Department of Public Safety, Oce

of the Attorney General of Texas, and Texas Health and Human

Services Commission. While these data provide information on

reported sexual assault cases, most cases of sexual assault go

unreported. As a result, these estimates might not fully capture

the scope of the problem. Our study presents more detailed data

about the scope of sexual assault prevalence and incidence spe-

ciﬁcally focused on Texas.

This report contains the results of Health and Well-Being: The

Texas Statewide Prevalence Study on Sexual Assault. The pur-

pose of this report is to present the descriptive ﬁndings on sex-

ual assault prevalence, health and well-being in Texas, including

the victims’ relationship to perpetrators, involvement of alcohol,

reporting of sexual assault to the police and the impact of sex-

ual assault on victims. Advocates, policy-makers, researchers,

medical professionals and practitioners can use these ﬁndings

to better inform institutional responses and service delivery to

victims in Texas.

How to read this report?

This report has seven major sections. The introduction, back-

ground, and methodology sections provide details about the pro-

cedures. The ﬁndings section contains relevant analyses. To make

statistical data available and easy to understand infographics and

explanatory highlights are used for each major ﬁnding. Our hope is

that this presentation achieves that purpose. There are twelve in-

fographics ﬁndings. The infographics are designed as stand-alone

sections. Readers may also download infographics individually at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa/

Finally, it was important to include results that did not yield statis-

tically relevant ﬁndings. It is important to understand that conclu-

sions should not be drawn with these data.

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Background

xtensive studies have pointed out the short and long term health consequences

of sexual assault on victims. Consequences range from sexually transmitted

infections and clinically diagnosable illnesses such as post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD), substance use disorders, major depression, and other mental health

issues (Chen & Ullman, 2010; Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggiero, Conoscenti & McCauley,

2007; Black et al., 2011; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2006; Coles, Lee, Taft, Mazza & Loxton,

2015) to gastrointestinal disorders, migraines and frequent headaches, and physical

disabilities (Jewkes, Sen & Garcia-Moreno, 2002). Recent studies found that women

who had experienced sexual assault had significantly higher prevalence of chronic

health conditions such as physical disabilities, asthma as well as mental health

conditions including depression, anxiety (Santaularia, 2014) and suicidal ideation

(Santaularia et al., 2014; Chang et al., 2015).

Further, sexual assault victims suering from PTSD are more

likely to suer from depression and anxiety (Amenu, & Hiko,

2014). These previously documented negative health associ-

ations may not reﬂect all health consequences of this crime.

Given the documented poor health associations and potential

consequences for mental and physical well-being we asked

questions about participant health and wellness.

Economic Costs

In addition to health costs, sexual assault also has staggering

economic costs in Texas. According to a 2006 study, adult

sexual assault victims cost the state $27 million annually, or

$15,000 - $50,000 per victim (Busch, Camp, & Kellison, 2006),

in medical costs, lost work productivity and mental healthcare.

A study by Busch-Armendariz et al. (2011) found that sexual

assault crimes cost the state of Texas $8 billion dollars annual-

ly. Another study concluded that sexual assault cost the state

of Michigan more than $6.5 billion that year, or $108,447 per

victim. To cover the cost of sexual assault, the authors suggest

that every Michigan resident would have had to pay a “rape

tax” of $700 (Post, Mezey, Maxwell, & Wilber, 2002). A nation-

al study in 2010 found that each sexual assault victim costs

around $151,000 (DeLisi et al., 2010). If we apply a conservative

estimated cost of $100,000 per sexual assault victim to Texas

and its 80,000 cases each year, sexual assault costs the Lone

Star State nearly $8 billion annually—or a rape tax of $319 per

Texas resident (Busch-Armendariz, Heron, & Bohman, 2011).

However, this still may not completely reﬂect the total tangible

and intangible costs of sexual assault on society.

Prevention

The consequences and costs of sexual assault demonstrate

the eminent need for prevention strategies. Most primary pre-

vention strategies focus on educational programs of unknown

eectiveness that are oriented toward producing individual

changes in knowledge and attitudes (DeGue et al., 2014). Em-

pirical studies indicate that programs focused on an ecological

approach with particular attention to peer and community con-

texts have been more eective (Casey & Lindhorst, 2009; Flood

& Pease, 2009), in the changing of norms (Casey & Lindhorst,

2009), and attitudes toward women (Flood & Pease, 2009).

Casey and Lindhorst (2009) call attention to the importance

of focusing on more types of community and societal-level pre-

vention approaches.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201514 © 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

Primary prevention aims to prevent sexual assault from hap-

pening in the ﬁrst place. Prevention requires earlier interven-

tion than at college-age since the risk of sexual assault begins

early in life. Bystander intervention is one prevention strategy

that focuses on the community level. This strategy concen-

trates on changing attitudes and norms, while assigning to the

community an active engagement in prevention (Cares et al.,

2015). For example, one of the elements of bystander interven-

tion includes speaking out against rape myths, sexist language

or intervening in situations that present potential future victim-

ization (DeGue et al., 2014). According to a systematic review

of primary prevention strategies for sexual assault, bystander

intervention is among the programs with the most promising

ﬁndings (Cares et. al., 2015; Coker et al., 2011) and positive

evaluation results in changing attitudes on college campuses

(Cares et al., 2015). Understanding the importance of gather-

ing statewide data that further inform prevention programs,

our study included questions about bystander attitudes such

as speaking out and readiness to help.

Benchmarking

In Texas, the need for current data and community requests

about the prevalence of this crime, led a group of stakeholders to

mobilize around an eort for the next sexual assault prevalence

study. The current study builds on the statewide prevalence

study A Health Survey of Texans in 2003 (Busch, Bell, DiNitto,

& Ne, 2003; Busch-Armendariz et al., 2011), The National

Violence Against Women Survey (Tjaden, 1996) conducted by

the National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC), and survey design of The

National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (Black

et. al., 2011) which provided advancements in methodology

warranting a revision of our 2003 study methods. A working

group of professionals across the state helped to plan a sur-

vey that would ﬁll in the knowledge gaps in Texas. The research

working group for this study included members of Department

of State Health Services (DSHS), Texas Association Against

Sexual Assault (TAASA), the Oce of the Attorney General, and

The Institute on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault (IDVSA)

at The University of Texas at Austin.

DSHS and IDVSA started a partnership in June of 2014 to carry

out a statewide sexual assault prevalence study. Health and

Well-being: The Texas Statewide Prevalence Study on Sexual

Assault’s purpose was to understand the magnitude of

Texans’ experiences of sexual assault across the state. After

six months of working on the planning process and instrument

development, the survey was ready to be ﬁelded. To conduct

the surveys, IDVSA contracted with the Customer Research In-

ternational (CRI). IDVSA in collaboration with CRI piloted and

then ﬁelded the survey in November of 2014. Data collection

concluded in February 2015.

Background

Other Statistics on Sexual Assault

Sexual assault is a highly underreported crime (National

Victim Assistance Academy, 1999). Prior to this statewide

study, information about the prevalence of rape was based

on the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime

Survey (NCS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics

(National Victim Assistance Academy, 1999). Advocates

working with sexual assault survivors, state policy makers, and

legislators in Texas and other states rely on these national

reports because state-speciﬁc statistics and reporting systems

that document the scope of sexual assault are not available.

However, these national reports have serious limitations.

The Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) is a volun-

tary reporting program in which approximately 17,000 law

enforcement agencies report crimes to the Federal Bureau of

Investigation (FBI). The UCR uses standardized oense deﬁ-

nitions; therefore, law enforcement reports are based only on

cases that ﬁt these deﬁnitions and are made without regard to

state statute. Currently, the development of the National Inci-

dent-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is being used to update

this reporting system. NIBRS includes additional descriptive in-

formation about crimes. However, it still has limitations.

The National Crime Victim’s Research and Training Center

(NCVRTC, 2001) estimates that as few as one in six sexual

assault cases are reported to law enforcement. In an eort to

estimate the number of sexual assaults in Texas, both those re-

ported to law enforcement and those that are not, in April 2001,

the NCVRTC derived estimates based on a formula that utilized

ﬁndings from national surveys on sexual assault and demo-

graphics of the Texas population (such race, ethnicity, and gen-

der). However, the NCVRTC report concluded that in order “to

identify the extent of the actual problem of rape in the state of

Texas and to identify the rate of non-reported incidents and fac-

tors related to non-reporting, an epidemiological study similar

to the National Women’s Study could be conducted” (NCVRTC,

2001, p. 13). In response to this suggestion, the statewide sur-

vey of sexual assault described in this report was undertaken.

Impetus for the Study

This study adds signiﬁcantly to our understanding of the expe-

rience of sexual assault among Texans. It provides information

that can assist direct service providers in targeting services to

high risk and underserved populations and developing inno-

vative services for sexual assault survivors. The ﬁndings may

dier from national studies for a variety of reasons.

This study is the second empirical study to examine prevalence

in the state of Texas speciﬁcally. While we have no reason to

believe that rates of sexual assault in Texas are dramatically dif-

ferent from other states or nationally, it is possible that there

are dierences within states that account for dierent rates of

sexual assault.

Second, studies vary in their deﬁnition or measurement of

sexual assault. As the following pages indicate, we have used

a behaviorally speciﬁc deﬁnition focusing on unwanted oral,

vaginal, and anal sex and unwanted sexual contact with other

objects. We believe that deﬁning sexual assault in this way

results in more accurate reports of sexual assault than does

asking a person if she or he was raped. Advances in science

and measurement have improved our ability to understand and

measure sexual assault victimization over the last decade. As a

result, the prevalence and rates between 2003 and 2015 dier

(see Findings: Comparing 2003 and 2015 Prevalence in Texas

on page 31 for more information). Again, we have produced a

current, representative, and Texas-speciﬁc study of the preva-

lence of sexual assault. We have added, for the ﬁrst time annual

rates. We hope that these data will assist agencies and policy-

makers in providing services for survivors of sexual assault.

Background

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Methodology

Overview

Health and Well-Being: The Texas Statewide Prevalence Study on

Sexual Assault is a statewide random digit dial (RDD) telephone

and cellphone survey of the English and Spanish speaking popu-

lation of Texas. The study used a randomly selected, representa-

tive sample of 1,203 adult Texans.

The purpose of this project is to understand Texans’ experienc-

es of health and well-being including sexual assault based on

the following research questions:

• How do people living in Texas rate their health status and

behaviors, including drug and alcohol use?

• How many Texans have experienced sexual assault in their

lifetime?

• What is the annual rate of sexual assault in Texas?

• What is the knowledge of Texans about services for victims

and involvement in eorts to end this crime?

We asked participants 15 behavioral-based questions about

their sexual assault and determined sexual assault victimiza-

tion based on the 2014 Texas Penal Code for sexual assault

and age range at the time of victimization and several follow up

questions.

Sampling Procedures

We drew a random sample from landline (60%) and mobile

phones (40%) using random-digit-dial methods. The sampling

error is ± 2.8 percentage points at the 95% conﬁdence level

(see Appendix B for additional details about our sampling plan).

The interviewers made approximately 9,070 telephone and

mobile phone calls to reach the 1,203 participants in this study.

Eighty-two percent resulted in incomplete surveys, 48% were

non-qualiﬁed, completed surveys and 13% resulted in qualiﬁed

completed surveys. Incomplete surveys included participants

who declined to take the survey, or who the interviewers could

not reach after the initial contact. Non-qualiﬁed surveys includ-

ed participants who were underage or did not live in Texas. The

interviewers placed calls during the evening, nighttime and

weekends to ensure participants’ availability.

Limitations

There are several limitations in utilizing a telephone survey (both

landline and cellphone) to investigate sexual assault. First, it is

dicult to determine if participants (victims and non-victims)

who chose to answer this phone survey had dierent experienc-

es than those Texans who declined participation or withdrew

from the survey. Also, this phone survey may have excluded

people with disabilities, those without landline or cell phone

service, people who only spoke languages other than English or

Spanish and persons residing in institutions. Furthermore, peo-

ple who are saturated by telemarketing studies or other types

of unsolicited phone calls could have been less likely to answer

this survey. Also, participants with recent or current sexual

assault experiences might be less likely to report or even feel

ready to disclose these experiences.

Second, our methodology only included follow up questions of

one incident that participants reported. We could have missed

important data from participants who had experienced multi-

ples forms of victimizations. This might have aected data in

regard to the locations of sexual assaults and additional infor-

mation about incidents such as if they sought help, experienced

collateral violence, pregnancy and experienced distress as a re-

sult of other sexual assault victimizations.

The current study is the second time our state has examined

prevalence and rates of sexual victimization among Texans.

Although it provides the most comprehensive investigation of

sexual assault prevalence to date, many additional questions

about sexual assault victimization were generated as a result

of this undertaking.

Characteristics of the Sample

The sample of 1,203 participants consisted of 50.6% females

and 49.3% males. The racial and ethnic composition was

50.9% White, non-Hispanic, 36.1% Hispanics, 12.1% African

Americans, and 4% all other racial/ethnic groups or unknown

race/ethnicity. Participants varied in regard to income, with

21.1% under $25,000, 26.2% between $25,000 and $49,999,

19.2% between 50,000 and $74,999 and 33.4% with $75,000

and over annually. Education ranged from no schooling to

post-graduate degrees. A full description of the sample is pro-

vided in Appendix A.

Protection of Human Subjects

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Texas at

Austin reviewed and approved this project (IRB approval No. 2014-

07-0034). Participation was completely voluntary. Participants

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201518 © 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

gave their informed verbal consent and could skip any question or

stop at any time. The CDC consent methodology of NISVS (2010)

was utilized, whereby, interviewers introduced each section with

possible outcomes so that participants could prepare emotional-

ly to answer the upcoming questions and decide if they wanted to

continue to participate.

The survey started with general questions on socio-demographic

information and health before moving on to victimization question

and a detailed report of victimization and closing with lighter ques-

tions to help the participant with emotional closure. All participants

received the National Sexual Assault Hotline number at the begin-

ning and end of the survey.

Training, Monitoring and Support of Interviewers

Customer Research International (CRI) administrators careful-

ly selected interviewers for this project. All interviewers were

CRI employees and received training on the use of the comput-

erized data collection procedures. Given the sensitive nature

of this survey, CRI interviewers, supervisors, and managers

completed two three-hour training workshops co-facilitated by

IDVSA researchers and the Hays-Caldwell Women’s Center in

San Marcos, Texas. The topics of the workshops included sex-

ual assault myths, etiology, and post-traumatic responses to

sexual assault and protocols for distressed participants (see

Appendix C for more details on the training outlines).

The CRI supervisors closely monitored interviewers’ calls and

oered on-going support and suggestions to improve the data

collection procedures and compliance with protocols for the

protection of human subjects. The research team monitored

interviews during the pilot and data collection in real time and

provided ongoing feedback to CRI to ensure compliance with

protocols and the protection of subjects. The research team

also provided support to interviewers.

Distressed Participants and Protocol

The human subject’s review included a protocol for distressed

participants. Interviewers were trained on the protocol and pro-

cedures were developed to integrate our growing knowledge

of the neurobiology of sexual assault trauma including the rec-

ognition of post-traumatic responses that may have resulted

from the decision to talk about the sexual assault victimization

among study participants. The protocol included informa-

tion on identifying distressed behaviors that participants may

demonstrate such as: becoming withdrawn or quiet, taking long

pauses between the question and providing their answer, their

voice may quiver, or they may make statements that indicate

they want to end the call. In the case of an interview where a

research participant appears to be emotionally upset by the

questions in the interview guide, the interviewer will be trained

to follow the following protocol:

• Ask participant if they would like to terminate the interview.

• Reassure the participant that strong feelings are normal

when reliving a traumatic experience like sexual assault.

• Remind participant that many people are helped to feel bet-

ter about themselves after talking with a professional about

the experience.

• Tell participant about the National Sexual Assault Hotline

(NSAH).

• Whenever possible, check in with the participant about what

plans they may have in place to help take care of themselves

and help problem-solve (for example, call a friend).

• After hanging up with the research participant, the inter-

viewer will immediately report the incident to their supervi-

sor at CRI and ﬁll out a report form, which will be delivered to

the CRI director.

• Interviewers are encouraged to call the hotline themselves

to talk about their feelings about the call. The CRI director

will then, within 24 hours, forward the report to the Princi-

pal Investigator of the Research Project, Dr. Noël Busch-Ar-

mendariz, who will then report the incident to the IRB within

one week of the incident.

During this study, interviewers reported two cases of distressed

participants and referred both participants to the National

Sexual Assault Violence Hotline.

Survey Instrument Development

Our team of researchers developed the survey instrument in

collaboration with the Research Working Group, which consist-

ed of sexual assault experts from across the state including the

Texas Department of State Health Services, Texas Association

Against Sexual Assault, Oce of the Attorney General, and oth-

er members of IDVSA. Researchers consulted these experts

to design an instrument that was sensitive to the nature of

the study and all participants. CRI sta translated the English

version of the survey instrument. A native Spanish-speaking

Methodology

IDVSA researcher and two bilingual members of the IDVSA

research team reviewed the Spanish translation of the instru-

ment to ensure its accuracy and cultural appropriateness.

Questions build upon the National Intimate Partner and Sexual

Violence Survey (Black et al., 2011), the Statewide Prevalence

Study of Intimate Partner Violence in Texas (Busch-Armendariz,

Heron & Bohman, 2011), The Health Survey of Texans: A Focus

on Sexual Assault (Busch, Bell, DiNitto, & Ne, 2003), the Pacif-

ic Attitudes Toward Gender scale (Vaillancourt & Leaper, 1997),

the Bystander Ecacy Scale (Banyard, 2008), Readiness to

Help Scale (Banyard, Moynihan, Cares & Warner, 2014) and

several other references.

The survey has four sections. Section I covers demographic and

socioeconomic variables, participants’ health and well-being,

drug and alcohol use, attitudes and perceptions about sexual

assault. Since we framed the survey in the context of well-being,

it included a series of questions about participants’ health and

health-related experiences. Demographic information included

ethnicity, education, deployment status, income, and number of

household members. There were 37 queries about participants’

general well-being, health, alcohol and drug use, and attitudes

about sexual assault and gender socialization.

Section II contains victimization questions divided into 3 age

ranges (13 and younger, 14 through 17, 18 and older), the rela-

tionship of the victim to the perpetrator, and if participants had

been sexually assaulted within the last year.

Section III asked follow-up questions to participants who report-

ed sexual assault victimization about the incident including:

• What was the victim-perpetrator relationship?

• What was the impact of victimization on mental and physical

health?

• What was the extent and nature of injuries sustained?

• To what extent did victims and survivors seek help after sex-

ual assault and utilize medical, mental health, and criminal

justice systems?

Section IV included additional demographic questions such as

participant’s marital status and sexual orientation, and the sur-

vey wrap-up.

Alcohol and Drug Use

The researchers used two approaches to capture information

about alcohol and drug use. First, interviewers gave partici-

pants who reported that they were victims of sexual assault

the opportunity to talk in more detail about one of those ex-

periences. These follow-up questions included one that asked

whether they or the perpetrator(s) were using alcohol or drugs

at the time of the assault. Second, interviewers asked all partic-

ipants questions based on a modiﬁcation of the CAGE instru-

ment (Mayﬁeld, McLeod, & Hall, 1974) and CAGE-AID (Brown

& Rounds, 1995) to screen for alcohol and drug problems.

Building on the CAGE instrument, which focuses exclusively on

alcohol, Brown and Rounds (1995) measure assesses alcohol

and drug use. An example of a question in Brown and Rounds

(1995) is “Have you felt you ought to cut down on your drink-

ing or drug use?” The clinical rationale for combining alcohol

and drugs is that clients are often less willing to admit drug use

than alcohol use. For this study, however, rather than combin-

ing questions about drugs and alcohol for each type of experi-

ence, we asked the questions separately for alcohol and drugs.

For both the CAGE instrument and our adaptations that include

drug questions, one “yes” answer indicates a positive screen

and the need for further assessment and follow-up. However,

two “yes” answers are often used with the CAGE instrument as

a cut-o screening score.

You can obtain a complete copy of the modiﬁed survey instrument

from Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz at nbusch@austin.utexas.edu.

Sexual Assault Victimization Questions

Improvements in the science and measurement of sexual as-

sault crimes have advanced the previous Health Survey of Tex-

ans: A Focus on Sexual Assault (Busch, N.B., Bell, H., DiNitto,

D.M., & Ne, J, 2003), which queried ﬁve victimization ques-

tions. The current study (2015) includes the 5 victimization

questions from our 2003 study, added 10 additional victimiza-

tion questions, and builds upon the National Intimate Partner

and Sexual Violence Survey (Black et al., 2011). Victims often

do not deﬁne their experiences as sexual assault. Therefore,

this survey was designed to help identify if participants had

ever been sexually assaulted. For this reason participants were

asked 15 behavioral-based questions about unwanted sexual

experiences, that occurred during three age periods: before the

Methodology

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201520 © 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

age of 14, between the ages of 14 and 17, and at age 18 and over.

The victimization question were as follows:

Victimization questions in 2015

1. Made you have vaginal sex

2. Made you have anal sex

3. Made you have oral sex

4. Put their ﬁngers or an object in your vagina or anus

5. Tried to have vaginal, oral or anal sex

6. Exposed their bodies parts to you, ﬂashed you, or

masturbated in front of you

7. Made you show your sexual body parts to them

8. Made you look at or participate in sexual photos

or movies

9. Kissed you in a sexual way

10. Fondled, groped, grabbed, or touched you in a way

that make you feel unsafe

11. Pressured by doing things like telling you lies, making

promises about the future they knew were untrue,

threatening to end your relationship, or threatening to

spread rumors about you

12. Wearing you down by repeatedly asking for sex, or

showing they were unhappy

13. Using their inﬂuence or authority over you, for example,

your boss or your teacher

14. Happened when you were drunk, high, drugged, or

passed out and unable to consent

15. Unwanted sexual experiences under any other

circumstances

Victimization questions in 2003

1. Made you have vaginal sex

2. Made you have anal sex

3. Made you have oral sex

4. Put their ﬁngers or an object in your vagina or anus

5. Tried to have vaginal, oral or anal sex

Length of Interview

On average, an interview with a participant who had not

experienced sexual assault victimization took approximately 25

minutes. On average, an interview with a sexual assault victim

took 38 minutes.

Weighting

The research team weighted the row data based on the Texas

census and the design included eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age. The estimated margin of error for the sample in this

survey is ± 2.8% at the 95% conﬁdence level. See Appendix B

for a full description of the weighting.

Data Analysis

To conduct data analysis, the research team tabulated using

age, gender, and ethnicity weights that reﬂect the census pop-

ulation distribution in the State of Texas. Research banners

include victimization status, gender, ethnicity, income and edu-

cation. Summary statistics included averages and percentages

as appropriate for the scale of the question response choices.

Standard inferential tests were also included in the tabula-

tion report, speciﬁcally z-tests for comparing proportions and

t-tests for comparing averages.

We established victimization by following rules that met the le-

gal deﬁnition of sexual assault and sexual oenses in the State

of Texas (More details are provided on Appendix D). We as-

sessed incidence by asking participants if any of the reported

sexual experiences that happened after they were adults oc-

curred within the last year.

Data Quality Assurance

The research team implemented several strategies and mecha-

nisms to monitor data collection and quality assurance. These

activities included the testing of links to make sure they re-

ﬂected the content and the programming for both English and

Spanish versions of the survey, the survey instrument pilot,

the daily review of data collected and debrieﬁng with CRI in-

terviewers and supervisors. During the pilot, the team tested

both survey content and methodology. These resulted in sev-

eral adjustments to the process and instrument programming.

During both the pilot and data collection, the team monitored

interviews in real time and provided ongoing feedback to CRI to

ensure quality assurance and compliance with protocols.

Additional activities during and after the piloting survey includ-

ed ongoing communication with CRI’s director and supervisors

and the monitoring of data collection. We held ongoing email

and phone calls with CRI on a weekly and sometimes bi-week-

ly basis to coordinate details of the ﬁeld work and adjustments

to both survey content and programming. Internally, our team

met continuously over 6 months for formal meetings to make

adjustments to the instrument and move the project forward.

Methodology

Call to Action and Recommendations

Page was intentionally left blank

lthough progress has been made in efforts to prevent sexual assault, this crime

affects hundreds of thousands of residents in Texas. Our findings indicate

that sexual assault impacts the lives of both woman and men throughout their

lifetime. Sexual assault is much more prevalent among women and thus should be

considered a major health issue for Texas women. However, the suffering of men and

boys should not be minimized or ignored. Sexual assault has long lasting and poten-

tially negative consequences for all victims. Advances in science and measurement

have improved our ability to understand and describe sexual assault victimization

over the last decade. Given its prevalence and impact in Texas, benchmarking in more

frequent intervals is critical.

We Oer These Recommendations as a

Call to Action for Texas:

1. Health, mental health, and criminal justice organizations

should consider speciﬁc public health and criminal justice

strategies to reach women and girls.

2. The prevalence and rates and comparative analyses should

be repeated every ﬁve years and reported to the Department

of State Health Services.

3. Stable funding to organizations whose missions address

this crime and provide necessary victim/survivor services

is needed including: rape crisis centers, medical and other

healthcare providers, prevention and education programs,

law enforcement, prosecutors and other criminal justice ser-

vices as well as incarceration and intervention for oenders.

4. Develop innovative ways that will improve sexual assault vic-

tims’ conﬁdence and comfort in reporting to formal systems,

including law enforcement.

5. Extend accessible, competent and trauma-informed services to

all victims of this crime.

Findings suggest that hundreds of thousands of Texans are vic-

tims of this violent crime. In the end, we must recognize sexu-

al assault crimes persist as a social problem in Texas and the

need to propel this issue to the public’s attention is pressing.

While prevention eorts are well underway, we need to continue

to do more to prevent victimization and perpetration. We hope

that this report serves as a catalyst and direction for future ef-

forts. Our actions should be strategic, swift, and revolutionary.

Call to Action and Recommendations

Page was intentionally left blank

Findings

The Cost and Prevalence of Sexual Assault in Texas

The Sexual Assault Prevalence in Texas

Comparing 2003 and 2015 Prevalence in Texas

Who are the Perpetrators?

Violence and Use of Weapons During Sexual Assault

Alcohol and Drug Use at the Time of Sexual Assault

Assessment on Health and Well-Being

Impact on Health and Well-Being

Impact: Disruption of Daily Life

Impact: Economic Hardship

Seeking Help After Sexual Assault

Who Participated in this Study

Lifetime Sexual Assault Prevalence by Victim Demographics

Page was intentionally left blank

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

COST AND PREVALENCE OF SEXUAL ASSAULT IN TEXAS

10%

OF SEXUAL

ASSAULTS

RESULT IN

PREGNANCY

**+

9.2%

OF VICTIMS

REPORTED

TO LAW

ENFORCEMENT

MILLION

$8 BILLION

42.8

MILLION

6.3

413,000

33.2%

340

ADULT TEXANS HAVE

EXPERIENCED SOME FORM

OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

IN THEIR LIFETIME

COSTS THE

STATE OF TEXAS

ADULT TEXANS HAVE

EXPERIENCED SOME FORM

OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

IN THE PAST YEAR

OF SEXUAL

ASSAULTS

NO WEAPON

WAS USED

ANNUAL EXPENDITURES

IN SERVICES FOR

VICTIMS

COSTS EACH TEXAN

of all texans

victims

report

multiple victimizations.

97% 70%

OF SEXUAL ASSAULTS

ARE COMMITTED

BY A PERPETRATOR

KNOWN OR RELATED

TO THE VICTIM

65.2%

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201528

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims because this project

is grounded in the criminal justice system. As researchers, our aim is to

honor every person’s choice in language to describe themselves and to

name their experiences.

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%) and

mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a 95%

conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using closed

ended questions with a speciﬁc survey protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault experiences

is based on only one particular incident that victims

chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Oce

of Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and

conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website

at: https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and IDVSA.

FOOTNOTES

* Costs are based on Busch-Armendariz et al. 2011

**These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in

detail and not based on all the sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

+ These analyses are base upon a small sample size therefore caution is warranted.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVALENCE IN TEXAS

EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM

VICTIMIZATION BY GENDER AND AGE

22.5%

33.2%

43.8%

LIFETIME

9.7%

18%

26.1%

AGES 18 AND OLDER

23%

16.8%

10.6%

AGES 14—17

22.2%

16.3%

10.4%

AGES 13 AND UNDER

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

2 IN 5 WOMEN 1 IN 5 MEN

6.3 MILLION

Adult Texans have experienced some

form of sexual assault in their lifetime

413,000

Adult Texans experienced some form

of sexual assault in the past year

65.2%

of victims

report

multiple

victimizations

2.1 M

MALE VICTIMS

4.2 M

FEMALE VICTIMS

2.2%

ALL

TEXANS

2.3%

FEMALE

VICTIMS

MALE

VICTIMS

LIFETIME REPORT OF SEXUAL

ASSAULT BY GENDER OF VICTIM

54.7%

52.9%

93.7%

MALE VICTIMS

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

FEMALE PERPETRATORS

•

MALE PERPETRATORS

LIFETIME REPORT OF SEXUAL ASSAULT BY

RELATIONSHIP TO PERPETRATOR*

STRANGER ACQUAINTANCE OR FRIEND

PERSON OF AUTHORITY CLOSE RELATIONSHIP

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

34% 53.3%

23.3% 59.9%

52.2%

29.5%

4.8%

5.7%

THINK SEXUAL VIOLENCE IS

A PROBLEM IN TEXAS

KNOW OF A RAPE CRISIS CENTER

THAT SERVES THEIR COMMUNITY

HAVE BEEN OR ARE CURRENTLY

INVOLVED IN ONGOING EFFORTS

TO END SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN

THEIR COMMUNITY

45.1%

41.8%

48.5% 43.4%

48.5%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMS

FEMALE TEXANS

ALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

FEMALE TEXANS

15.6%

17.5%

19.4%

17.6%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

17.6%

FEMALE TEXANS

64% 67.6%

71.2%

59.2%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

65.2%

Percentages may sum to more than 100% because of multiple

victimizations by both male and female perpetrators.

Percentages may sum to more than 100% because of multiple

assaults experienced by both male and female victims.

n=399

n=1141

n=1164

n=399

n=1203

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims because this project

is grounded in the criminal justice system. As researchers, our aim is to

honor every person’s choice in language to describe themselves and to

name their experiences.

HIGHLIGHTS

FOOTNOTES

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201530

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%) and

mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a 95%

conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using closed

ended questions with a speciﬁc survey protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault experiences

is based on only one particular incident that victims

chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Oce

of Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and

conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website

at: https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and IDVSA.

UNDERSTANDING THE PERPETRATORS OF WOMEN

Women are primarily sexually assaulted by men.

93.7% of women report that their perpetrators were male and a signiﬁcant

minority of women (9%) report being victimized by a female oender.

Women are most vulnerable to sexual assault from someone they

know and often trust.

53.3% of women report that an acquaintance or friend was the oender.

52.2% of women report that someone in a close relationship to them

was their oender, including spouses, dating partners, family mem-

bers, and relatives.

About a third of women, 34% report that the oender was a stranger.

UNDERSTANDING THE PERPETRATORS OF MEN

Men have an almost equal chance of being assaulted by either

a woman or a man.

52.9% of men who have been assaulted report that their perpetrators

were female.

54.7% of men report that their perpetrators were male.

Men are more likely than women to be victimized by an

acquaintance or friend (59.9%).

Men are less likely than women to be assaulted by someone they have

a close relationship with (29.5%).

VICTIMIZATION BY GENDER AND AGE

Sexual assault aects both men and women. Women are twice as likely

to be sexually assaulted as men in their lifetimes, 43.8% compared to

22.5% respectively.

Women experience sexual assault at higher rates than men for every

age group surveyed.

The highest prevalence rate of sexual assault for women occurs in the

18 and older age group; in contrast, men report higher sexual assault

prevalence for ages 17 and under.

*RELATIONSHIP DEFINITIONS: Stranger is deﬁned as a person the victim never met or met in the 24 hours

prior to the sexual assault. Acquaintance or friend is deﬁned as friend, roommate, neighbor, parent of friend,

family friend, co-worker, ex-coworker, co-volunteer, ex-co-volunteer, employee, ex-employee, classmate,

or ex-classmate. Person of authority is deﬁned as boss, supervisor, teacher, professor, instructor, coach,

doctor, nurse, other health professional, faith leader, or landlord.

**Participants responded to questions based on a 10 point scale where 10 means “very much true” and 1

means “not at all true.” Analyses are based on reporting into one collapsed category where responses 8, 9

and 10 were summed.

+ On this question participant choices were "yes," "no," and, "don’t know." Percentages are calculated on "yes" responses.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

COMPARING 2003 AND 2015 PREVALENCE IN TEXAS

VICTIMIZATION SCREENING QUESTIONS

OVERALL LIFETIME

VICTIMIZATION RATE

LIFETIME VICTIMIZATION RATE

FOR WOMEN

LIFETIME VICTIMIZATION RATE

FOR MEN

33.2%

8.6%

20%

18.3%

27.6%

13%

22.5%

43.8%

2015

5 Q

2015

5 Q

2015

5 Q

2015

15 Q

2015

15 Q

2015

15 Q

2003

5 Q

2003

5 Q

2003

5 Q

2003 SURVEY

5 questions that met 2003 Texas

Penal Code

Questions applied to all ages

2015 SURVEY

questions from 2003 survey that met Texas Penal Code for 2003 and 2014

10 additional questions that met 2014 Texas Penal Code

New questions applied to certain age groups

WHY ARE 2015 RATES SO MUCH HIGHER?

The increase of sexual assault victimization across all categories is likely a result of the expansion of the Texas

Penal Code on sexual assault, better scientiﬁc methods for measuring sexual assault, an increase in knowledge

and public awareness of sexual victimization, the willingness of Texans to identify their victimization, and an

underestimation of the 2003 sexual assault data. There may also be other explanations for the increase.

Although direct comparisons should not be made, these data indicate that sexual assault should be a crime of

great concern in the State of Texas, given its prevalence and impact upon Texans.

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

HIGHLIGHTS

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201532

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims because this project

is grounded in the criminal justice system. As researchers, our aim is to

honor every person’s choice in language to describe themselves and to

name their experiences.

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%) and

mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a 95%

conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using closed

ended questions with a speciﬁc survey protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault experiences

is based on only one particular incident that victims

chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Oce

of Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and

conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website

at: https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and IDVSA.

COMPARING 2003 AND 2015 PREVALENCE IN TEXAS

Determining sexual assault prevalence rates is complex. This study

shows an increase in lifetime sexual assault prevalence over the

past decade for all victim categories.

In 2003, ﬁve questions that met the 2003 state Penal Code for sexual

assault crimes were used to estimate the prevalence of sexual assault

in Texas.

In 2015, 15 questions that met the 2014 state Penal Code for sexual assault

crimes were used to estimate the prevalence of sexual assault in Texas.

Given that ten new questions were added in 2015, only partial compari-

sons can be made about the prevalence rates in these two time periods.

Comparisons should be made using the ﬁve similar questions asked

both years.

Victims often do not deﬁne their experiences as sexual assault. There-

fore, this survey was designed to help identify if participants had ever

been sexually assaulted. For this reason participants were asked 15

behavioral-based questions about unwanted sexual experiences, that

occurred during three age periods: before the age of 14, between the

ages of 14 and 17, and at age 18 and over. The victimization question

were as follows:

Victimization questions in 2003

1. Made you have vaginal sex

2. Made you have anal sex

3. Made you have oral sex

4. Put their ﬁngers or an object in your

vagina or anus

5. Tried to have vaginal, oral or anal sex

Results indicate an increase in

lifetime sexual assault victimization

among adult Texans from 13% in the

2003 to 18.3% in 2015.

Women reported the greatest

increase of sexual assault lifetime

victimization, from 20% in 2003 to

27.6% in 2015.

Victimization questions in 2015

1. Made you have vaginal sex

2. Made you have anal sex

3. Made you have oral sex

4. Put their ﬁngers or an object in your

vagina or anus

5. Tried to have vaginal, oral or anal sex

6. Exposed their bodies parts to you,

ﬂashed you, or masturbated in front

of you

7. Made you show your sexual body parts

to them

8. Made you look at or participate in sexual

photos or movies

9. Kissed you in a sexual way

10. Fondled, groped, grabbed, or touched

you in a way that make you feel unsafe

11. Pressured by doing things like telling

you lies, making promises about the fu-

ture they knew were untrue, threatening

to end your relationship, or threatening

to spread rumors about you

12. Wearing you down by repeatedly asking

for sex, or showing they were unhappy

13. Using their inﬂuence or authority over

you, for example, your boss or your

teacher

14. Happened when you were drunk, high,

drugged, or passed out and unable to

consent

15. Unwanted sexual experiences under

any other circumstances

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

WHO ARE THE PERPETRATORS?

REPORT OF SEXUAL ASSAULT BY AGE OF VICTIM AND GENDER OF PERPETRATOR

REPORT OF SEXUAL ASSAULT BY RELATIONSHIP TO PERPETRATOR AND AGE OF VICTIM*

VICTIMS AGE 13 AND UNDER

VICTIMS AGE 18 AND OLDER

VICTIMS AGE 14 TO 17

VICTIMS LIFETIME

The percentages for female and male victims sum to more than 100% because victims may have been assaulted multiple times and their perpetrators may include both males and females.

VICTIMS AGE 18 AND OLDER

FEMALE PERPETRATORS

MALE PERPETRATORS

17.4% 76.1%

VICTIMS AGE 14 TO 17

FEMALE PERPETRATORS

MALE PERPETRATORS

18.2% 75.6%

VICTIMS AGE 13 AND UNDER

FEMALE PERPETRATORS

MALE PERPETRATORS

20.3% 80.9%

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

ACQUAINTANCE

OR FRIEND

ACQUAINTANCE

OR FRIEND

ACQUAINTANCE

OR FRIEND

ACQUAINTANCE

OR FRIEND

48%

54.1%

57.9%

59.9%

34.6%

41.9%

56.8%

53.3%

STRANGER

17.5%

35.3%

22%

34%

14.6%

33.7%

21.5%

30.4%

38.8%

45.2%

57.1%

55.5%

49.7%

33.7%

29%

44.6%

8.1%

6.5%

4.3%

9.9%

1.5%

5.7%

29.5%

20.6%

23.3%

PERSON OF

AUTHORITY

PERSON OF

AUTHORITY

PERSON OF

AUTHORITY

PERSON OF

AUTHORITY

RELATIONSHIP

53.2%

38.2%

37.6%

52.2%

42%

21.2%

29.5%

0.4%

4.7%

3.5%

4.8%

2.3%

4.5%

5.1%

HIGHLIGHTS

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201534

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims because this project

is grounded in the criminal justice system. As researchers, our aim is to

honor every person’s choice in language to describe themselves and to

name their experiences.

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%) and

mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a 95%

conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using closed

ended questions with a speciﬁc survey protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault experiences

is based on only one particular incident that victims

chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Oce

of Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and

conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website

at: https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and IDVSA.

GENDER OF PERPETRATORS:

Male perpetrators commit the majority of sexual assaults, over 75%

across all victim age categories. Victims age 14 to 17 (75.6%) report

the lowest number of sexual assaults committed by male perpetrators.

Victims age 13 and under report the highest percentage of sexual

assaults by both genders, with 80.9% by male perpetrators and 20.3%

by female perpetrators.

RELATIONSHIP TO PERPETRATOR:

Female perpetrators commission of sexual assault increases as the vic-

tims’ age decreases, with the lowest report by victims’ age 18 and older

(17.4%).

The majority of lifetime sexual assaults are most likely to be committed

by an acquaintance or friend of the victim (55.5%).

Women and men ages 18 and older (45.2%) and ages 14 to 17 (57.1%)

were more likely to be victimized by someone they knew as an acquain-

tance or friend.

For young women and men age 13 and under (49.7%) the most likely

perpetrator of sexual assault was someone with whom they had a close

relationship, this includes family members and relatives.

Although a person of authority was less likely to perpetrate a sexual

assault across all age categories, they posed the greatest risk (4.5%) to

young women and men ages 14 to 17.

Women and men ages 18 and older were as likely to be victimized by a

stranger (33.7%) as they were by someone they had a close relationship

with (33.7%).

*RELATIONSHIP DEFINITIONS:

Stranger is deﬁned as a person the victim never met or met in the 24

hours prior to the sexual assault.

Acquaintance or friend is deﬁned as friend, roommate, neighbor, parent

of friend, family friend, co-worker, ex-coworker, co-volunteer, ex-co-

volunteer, employee, ex-employee, classmate, or ex-classmate.

Person of authority is deﬁned as boss, supervisor, teacher, professor,

instructor, coach, doctor, nurse, other health professional, faith leader,

or landlord.

Close relationships is deﬁned as spouses, ex-spouse, dating partner,

ex-dating partner, other family members or relatives.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

VIOLENCE & USE OF WEAPONS DURING SEXUAL ASSAULT

n=383

n=384

COLLATERAL VIOLENCE

USE OF A WEAPON DURING ASSAULT

VICTIM REPORTED THAT THE OFFENDER

THREATENED TO HARM OR TO KILL THEM OR

SOMEONE CLOSE TO THEM

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

VICTIM BELIEVED SHE/HE OR SOMEONE

CLOSE TO HER/HIM WOULD BE SERIOUSLY

HARMED OR KILLED

VICTIM WAS PHYSICALLY INJURED

97%

NO WEAPON

0.4%* – UNSURE 0.4%* – UNSURE

0.5% – YES,

OTHER WEAPON

1.2% – YES, KNIFE

1% – YES, GUN

99.6%

NO WEAPON

97%

NO WEAPON

0.4%* – UNSURE

0.3% – YES,

OTHER WEAPON

0.8% – YES, KNIFE

0.7% – YES, GUN

12.3%

15.9%

5.2%

15.9%

21.2%

5.3%

14.8%

10.4%

1.9%

These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in detail and not based on all the

sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

* For an explanation of “unsure” see back under Highlights.

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201536

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

VIOLENCE AND USE OF WEAPONS

DURING SEXUAL ASSAULT

Weapons were not used during the occurrence of most sexu-

al assaults in Texas, with almost 98% of all victims reporting

no weapon use.

As a result of age, incapacitation or a trauma response

victims (0.4%) may not be able to recall or may be unsure of

whether a weapon was present.

Women are three times more likely than men to be threat-

ened with harm to themselves or someone close to them.

Women have seven times the risk of being physically injured

in comparison to men during their sexual assault experience.

When a weapon is used on a woman it is primarily a knife

(1.2%) or a gun (1.0%).

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

ALCOHOL & DRUG USE AT THE TIME OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

VICTIM USING

PERPETRATOR USING

14.8%

13.7%

15.4%

10.9%

10.2 %

10.4%

2.8%

1.8%

2.1%

1.8%

2.2%

2.1% 6.2%

2.5%

8.1%

2.9%

1.2%

3.7%

alcohol onlydrugs onlyboth alcohol & drugs

n=382; Female Victims n=255; Male Victims n=127 n=383; Female Victims n=255; Male Victims n=128

These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in detail and not based on all the sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

49.8%

of victims indicated that

the perpetrator was not

using alcohol or drugs

26.2%

of victims did not know

if the perpetrator was

using alcohol or drugs

13.7% of victims reported they were

incapacitated by a substance or asleep at the

time of the sexual assault.

14.8% of victims reported that the

perpetrator was using alcohol during

the sexual assault.

83.9%

of victims were

not using alcohol

or drugs

1% declined to answer

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201538

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

ALCOHOL & DRUG USE AT THE

TIME OF SEXUAL ASSAULT

Alcohol was not a major contributing factor in the sexual assaults

reported by this study for either the perpetrator or victim.

Victims reported that their perpetrators were using alcohol

(14.8%) or a combination of alcohol and drug use (6.2%).

Alcohol use (10.4%) and alcohol combined with drug use

(2.1%) was lower for victims.

Drug use “only” by perpetrator (2.9%) and victim (2.1%) is less

common.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

ASSESSMENT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

+ Percentage may not equal 100% because of rounding.

GENERAL HEALTH AMONG TEXANS

HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG TEXANS

n=1203

EXCELLENT

ASTHMA

CHRONIC PAIN

GOOD

IRRITABLE BOWEL

SYNDROME

DIFFICULTY SLEEPING

FAIR

FREQUENT

HEADACHES

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

n=1201

FEMALE TEXANS

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMS

ALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

FEMALE TEXANS MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

5.8%

15.3%

13.3%

14.3%

20%

FEMALE TEXANS

18.8% 24.2%

21.4%

19.5%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

20.6%

4.2% 11%

15.8%

12.5%

9.9%

9% 21%

28.4%

20.9%

20.3%

8.5% 19.7%

23%

17.3%

15%

3% 9%

16.9%

13.2%

11.7%

FEMALE TEXANS

34.3% 34.5%

33.5%

33.1%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

34.4%

FEMALE TEXANS

46.9% 41.3%

45%

45.4%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

45.1%

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

FOOTNOTES

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201540

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

ASSESSMENT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

It appears that sexual victimization negatively impacts the

health and wellbeing of victims.

In Texas, victims report more health issues compared to

non-victims from poorer health (5%) and twice as many

incidences of irritable bowel syndrome (9%), frequent

headaches (21%), chronic pain (20.3%) and higher rates of

asthma (20.9%) and sleeping diculties (28.4%).

*Participants responded to questions based on a 5 point scale where 1

means “excellent,” 2 “very good” 3 “good” 4 means “fair” 5 means “poor.”

Analyses are based on reporting into three collapsed categories (excellent/

very good, good, fair/poor).

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

* Percentage may not equal 100% because of rounding.

68.4% 47. 2%

59.2%

63.3%

26.5%41.3%

32.5%

30.5%

USUALLY SOMETIMES NEVER

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

FEMALE TEXANS

5.2% 11.4%

8.3%

6.2%

MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

61.4%

FEMALE TEXANS MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

31.4%

FEMALE TEXANS MALE TEXANS

ALL NON-VICTIMSALL VICTIMS

ALL TEXANS

7.2%

LIMITATIONS OF ACTIVITIES BECAUSE OF PHYSICAL,

MENTAL OR EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AMONG TEXANS

n=1195

16.4%12.3%

10.4%

7.4%8.5%

0.7%0.2%

0.5%

0.3%0.7%

9.3%4.8%

7.1%

6%9.5%

25.2%19%

17.6%

13.8%16.2%

18.6%

14.5%

10.2%

6.1%

5.9%

2.3%

0.9%

1.5%

1.1%

2.2%

DRUGS TAKEN IN THE PAST MONTH

SEXUAL ASSAULT THAT

RESULTED IN PREGNANCY

+ ‡

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

TRANQUILIZERS, SLEEPING

PILLS OR OTHER SEDATIVES

PRESCRIPTION

PAINKILLERS

UPPERS, SPEED

OR AMPHETAMINES

CRACK, HEROIN OR

ANGEL DUST

MARIJUANA

ANTI-

DEPRESSANTS

n=1203

10.1%

YES

89.9%

10.1%

YES

n=26

* Percentage may not equal 100% because of rounding.

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

FOOTNOTES

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201542

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

It appears that sexual victimization negatively impacts the

health and wellbeing of victims.

Limitations of activities due to physical and psychological

problems are more likely for victims (11.4%) than

non-victims (5.2%).

Legal and illicit drug use is reported more frequently for

victims including the use of sedatives/sleeping pills (16.4%),

anti-depressants (18.6%) and prescription painkillers (25.2%)

compared to non-victims (7.4%, 6.1% and 13.8% respectively).

A signiﬁcant minority of sexual assault victims report that their

victimization resulted in pregnancy.

** Participants responded to questions based on a 5 point scale where 1 means

“always,” 2 “usually,” 3 “sometimes,” 4 “rarely,” and 5 “never.” Analyses are

based on reporting into three collapsed categories (always/usually, sometimes/

rarely, never).

+ These analyses are base upon a small sample size therefore caution is warranted.

‡ These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in

detail and not based on all the sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

IMPACT: DISRUPTION OF DAILY LIFE

EXPERIENCED PSYCHOLOGICAL OR EMOTIONAL DISTRESS

HAD TO TAKE TIME OFF FROM HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES

BY GENDER

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

BY GENDER

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

BY GENDER

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

VICTIM UNSURE

51.9%

YES

46.1%

HAD TO TAKE TIME OFF FROM SOCIAL/RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

UNSURE:

1.1% Female Victims; 3.8% Male Victims

UNSURE:

1.0% Female Victims; .4% Male Victims

YES

63.9%

35%

28.1%

68.1%

YES

7.7%

18.6%

80.4%

91.9%

UNSURE:

0.7% Female Victims

YES

2.8%

12.3%

87.1%

97.2%

n=383

n=384

These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in detail and not based on all the

sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

ALL VICTIMS

ALL

VICTIMS

14.9%

YES

ALL VICTIMS

9.1%

YES

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201544

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

IMPACT: DISRUPTION OF DAILY LIFE

Psychological Impact:

Over half, 51.9%, of all sexual assault victims report psychologi-

cal or emotional distress.

Women are more than twice as likely as men to experience

psychological or emotional distress because of their sexual

assault experience (63.9% to 28.1% respectively).

Social/Household Impact:

Women (18.6%) report higher rates of taking time o from social

and recreational activities compared to men (7.7%) as a result of

the sexual assault.

Women report taking more time o from household responsibili-

ties (12.3%) than men (2.8%).

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

IMPACT: ECONOMIC HARDSHIP

STRESSED ABOUT ABILITY TO PAY THE MORTGAGE WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

STRESSED ABOUT HAVING ENOUGH NUTRITIONAL MEALS WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

NEEDED TO SEE A DOCTOR BUT COULDN'T AFFORD TO WITHIN THE PAST YEAR

Always

39%

Sometimes

Never

44.6%

39%

16.4%

ALWAYS

SOMETIMES

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

•

ALL TEXANS

•

FEMALE TEXANS

•

MALE TEXANS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

NON-VICTIMS

NEVER

14.7%18.1%

37.4%40.7%

47.9%41.3%

14.7%19.7%

37.1%42.7%

48.1%37.6%

Always

Sometimes

Never

58.9%

32.4%

8.7%

n=1201

n=1195

n=1193

ALWAYS

SOMETIMES

NEVER

7.7%9.8%

29%35.6%

63.4%54.5%

7.2%11.7%

30.5%36.4%

62.3%

51.9%

ALWAYS

SOMETIMES

NEVER

6.4%9.4%

17.7%26.7%

75.9%63.9%

6.1%11.4%

18.8%29.7%

75.2%58.8%

Participants responded to questions based on a 5 point scale where 1 means “always,” 2

“usually,” 3 “sometimes,” 4 “rarely,” and 5 “never.” Analyses are based on reporting into

three collapsed categories (always/usually, sometimes/rarely, never).

Participants responded to questions based on a 5 point scale where 1 means “always,” 2

“usually,” 3 “sometimes,” 4 “rarely,” and 5 “never.” Analyses are based on reporting into

three collapsed categories (always/usually, sometimes/rarely, never).

Participants responded to questions based on a 5 point scale where 1 means “always,” 2

“usually,” 3 “sometimes,” 4 “rarely,” and 5 “never.” Analyses are based on reporting into

three collapsed categories (always/usually, sometimes/rarely, never).

Always

Sometimes

Never

69.7%

22.4%

7.9%

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201546

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

IMPACT: ECONOMIC HARDSHIP

It appears that economic hardship aects women and victims

more than men and non-victims.

Economic hardship was greater for victims of sexual assault

compared to non-victims, and woman were more likely than

men to report these ﬁndings.

Always being stressed over mortgage payments during the past

year was more likely for victims (19.7%) and women (18.1%)

compared to non-victims (14.7%) and men (14.7%).

Always being stressed about having enough nutritional meals

was more likely for victims (11.7%) and women (9.8%) and less

likely for non-victims (7.2%) and men (7.7%).

Never being unable to aord to see a physician was more

common for men (75.9%) and non-victims (75.2%) in

comparison to women (63.9%) and victims (58.8%).

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

SEEKING HELP AFTER SEXUAL ASSAULT

ASSAULT REPORTING PATTERNS

OTHER REASONS GIVEN

• Wanted to forget about it and move on with their lives.

• Did not think they would be believed.

• Were prevented from reporting it.

• Thought that reporting it might jeopardize

their employment.

• Blamed themselves.

• Worried about jeopardizing their immigration status.

WHEN WAS IT REPORTED TO POLICE?

WERE CRIMINAL CHARGES EVER FILED?

 FRIEND

 FAMILY MEMBER

 INTIMATE PARTNER

 SOCIAL WORKER/

HELPING PROFESSIONAL

 LAW ENFORCEMENT

 MEDICAL CARE

 SEXUAL ASSAULT

NURSE EXAMINER

 CRISIS HOTLINE

45.3%

3.5%

1.6%

80.5%

62.2%

WOMEN

MEN

TOTAL

58%

HOURS

28.4% 35%

WITHIN FOUR DAYS

AFTER FOUR DAYS

3.7%

36.7%

38.9%

24.4%

19.5%

55.2%

25.3%

40.7%

35.1%

24.2%

YES

UNSURE

6.4%

TOP REASONS VICTIMS DID NOT

REPORT TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

• Did not deﬁne their experience as a crime.

• Were too young to report their victimization

to law enforcement.

• Were too scared to report.

• Chose to deal with the sexual assault themselves

or ask friends or family for help.

• Felt “stupid,” ashamed, or embarrassed about

what had happened to them.

31.5%

16.9%

15.5%

9.2%

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

n=384

n=35 n=35

FOOTNOTES

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201548

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

SEEKING HELP AFTER SEXUAL ASSAULT

Women and men victimized by sexual assault turn to friends

(45.3%) and family members (31.5%) for help, and are least

likely to contact a crisis hotline (1.6%).

Intimate partners (16.9%) were seen as a support at a slightly

greater rate than social workers and/or helping professionals

(15.5%),

Victims sought help from the criminal justice and healthcare

systems at a lower rate than personal supports. Law enforcement

was only contacted by 9.2% of the victims and at a slightly high-

er rate than medical care providers (6.4%) and sexual assault

nurse examiners (3.5%).

REPORTING AND FILING CHARGES:

If victims chose to report the sexual assault to police, 62.2%

reported within 24-hours, 3.7% within four days and, 28.4%

after four days.

Female victims (58%) were less likely than male victims

(80.5%) to report to police within 24 hours of the assault.

Female victims reported that charges were ﬁled more often

(40.7%) than not (35.1%), whereas, male victims reported more

often that charges were not ﬁled (55.2% to 19.5%).

Nearly a quarter (24.4%) of all victims that reported to police

were unsure whether criminal charges were ever ﬁled.

These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose to describe in

detail and not based on all the sexual assaults reported by victims in this survey.

* These analyses are base upon a small sample size therefore caution is warranted.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

WHO PARTICIPATED IN THIS STUDY

GENDER

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

RACE/ETHNICITY

49.3%

MALE TEXANS

50.6%

FEMALE TEXANS

93%

1.6%

0.3%

5.1%

HETEROSEXUAL

GAY OR LESBIAN

IDENTIFIED

AS OTHER

DECLINED

50.9%

36.1%

12.1%

3.9%

WHITE

NON-HISPANIC

HISPANIC

AFRICAN

AMERICAN

ALL OTHER RACES/

ETHNICITIES

EDUCATION

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

19.5%

HIGH SCHOOL

GRADUATE

13% 21.1%

32.5% 19.2%

DID NOT

GRADUATE

HIGH SCHOOL

UNDER

$25,000

SOME COLLEGE

OR VOCATIONAL

SCHOOL

$50,000 –

$74,999

23.6% 26.2%

11.4% 33.4%

4-YEAR

COLLEGE

DEGREE

$25,000 –

$49,999

POST-GRADUATE

DEGREE

$75,000

OR MORE

PARTICIPANTS (OR THEIR PARTNERS)

HAVE BEEN DEPLOYED TO A COMBAT

ZONE OR HOSTILE REGION

9.2%

61.1%

32.5%

PARTICIPANT

WAS DEPLOYED

PARTNER DEPLOYED

6.4%

BOTH DEPLOYED

n=1199

n=1188

n=1200

n=1199

n=1196

n=1105

** n=1199

n=108

*Percentages may total to more than 100% because participants could select more than one category.*Percentages may total to more than 100% because participants could select more than one category.

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201550

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims because this project

is grounded in the criminal justice system. As researchers, our aim is to

honor every person’s choice in language to describe themselves and to

name their experiences.

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%) and

mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a 95%

conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using closed

ended questions with a speciﬁc survey protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault experiences

is based on only one particular incident that victims

chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services, Oce

of Title V & Family Health (Contract No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and

conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not

necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website

at: https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institutes/idvsa

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and IDVSA.

Permission to reproduce any portion of this report is granted on the condition that the authors are fully credited. When using this data please use the following citation:

Busch-Armendariz, N.B., Olaya-Rodriguez, D., Kammer-Kerwick, M., Wachter, K. & Sulley C. (2015). Health and well-being: Texas statewide sexual assault prevalence. Austin, TX:

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault, The University of Texas at Austin.

LIFETIME SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVALENCE BY VICTIM DEMOGRAPHICS

RACE/ETHNICITY

INCOME

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

•

FEMALE VICTIMS

•

MALE VICTIMS

•

ALL VICTIMS

EDUCATION

LESS THAN $25K

34.7%

45.8%

19.4%

$25K — $49K

34.9%

24.9%

46.1%

$50K— 74K

31.5%

22.8%

39.6%

$75K AND UP

33.8%

46%

24%

HS OR LESS

25.4%

36.1%

17.1%

SOME COLLEGE

38.4%

49.4%

25.3%

COLLEGE DEGREE

35%

24.3%

44.2%

GRAD DEGREE

36.9%

44.4%

29.3%

HISPANIC

21.2%

34.6%

27.9%

OTHER

50%

34.6%

40.7%

AFRICAN

AMERICAN

23.6%

48.5%

36.8%

WHITE

NON-HISPANIC

35.2%

48.3%

21.7%

n=399

n=398

n=374

*Percentages may total to more than 100% because participants could select more than one category.

HIGHLIGHTS

For more information about the Institute, please visit our website at:

https://socialwork.utexas.edu/cswr/institute s/idvsa

RESEARCH TEAM

Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin

Dr. Noël Busch-Armendariz

Principal Investigator

Deidi Olaya-Rodriguez

Research Project Director

Dr. Matt Kammer-Kerwick

Research Scientist

Karin Wachter

Research Team

Caitlin Sulley

Research Team

METHODOLOGY

• Representative sample of 1,203 adult Texans

• Sample drawn randomly from landline (60%)

and mobile phones (40%)

• Sampling error is ± 2.8 percentage points at a

95% conﬁdence level

• Weights include design eects for gender, ethnicity,

and age

• Telephone interviewers collected data using

closed ended questions with a speciﬁc survey

protocol

• Speciﬁc information about sexual assault expe-

riences is based on only one particular incident

that victims chose to talk about

This project was funded by the Texas Department of State

Health Services, Oce of Title V & Family Health (Contract

No.2014-045645). The opinions, ﬁndings, and conclusions

expressed in this publication are those of the authors and

do not necessarily reﬂect those of the Texas Department of

State Health Services.

Sexual assault survivors are referred to as victims

because this project is grounded in the criminal justice

system. As researchers, our aim is to honor every

person’s choice in language to describe themselves

and to name their experiences.

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201552

Working group members included: DSHS, TAASA, OAG, and

IDVSA.

LIFETIME SEXUAL ASSAULT PREVALENCE BY

VICTIM DEMOGRAPHICS

Sexual assault aects all racial and ethnic groups. African

Americans report the highest incidents (36.8%) followed

closely by Whites, non-Hispanic (35.2%) and Hispanics (27.9%),

indicating all racial/ethnic groups are at risk for sexual assault.

The highest rate of sexual assault for women was reported

by those with some college (49.4%) followed by women with

graduate degrees (44.4%).

Participants with a high school education or less reported the

lowest rates of sexual assault (25.4%).

All income groups are at risk for sexual assault with almost

equal percentages reported for all income categories.

Additional Findings

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Length of Physical and Psychological Limitations

Special Needs and Mobility Equipment Due to Health Problems

Alcohol and Drug Addiction

DETAILS OF ASSAULT VICTIMS CHOSE TO TALK ABOUT

Perpetrator Victims Chose to Talk About

Types of Assault Victims Chose to Talk About

Location of Sexual Assault

Victims that Contracted Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

VICTIMS WHO WERE SEXUALLY ASSAULTED BY AN INTIMATE PARTNER

Partner Relationship Status at the Time of Victimization

HELPFULNESS OF VICTIM SUPPORT

Helpfulness of Counseling Services

Helpfulness of a Friend

Helpfulness of a Family Member

Helpfulness of a Partner

Helpfulness of Law Enforcement

Page was intentionally left blank

This section includes analyses for the entire sample (n=1203).

Health and Well-Being

Length of Physical and Psychological Limitations

Total Women Men

Total

Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Total

Non-Victims

Female

Non-Victims

Male

Non-Victims

Total

450 239 211 204 141 64 246 98 147

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Less Than A Year

121 54 67 41 27 14 80 27 53

26.9% 22.5% 31.9% 20.1% 19.4% 21.7% 32.6% 27.0% 36.3%

More Than A Year But Less

Than 3 Years

105 70 35 51 39 13 54 32 22

23.3% 29.4% 16.5% 25.2% 27.4% 20.3% 21.8% 32.2% 14.8%

3 or More years

224 115 109 112 75 37 112 40 72

49.7% 48.1% 51.6% 54.7% 53.2% 58.0% 45.6% 40.8% 48.8%

Declined to Answer 753 369 381 195 125 69 558 243 311

n=450

Special Needs and Mobility Equipment Due to Health Problems

Total Women Men

Total

Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Total

Non-Victims

Female

Non-Victims

Male

Non-Victims

Total

1201 607 590 399 266 133 802 341 457

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Yes

82 41 41 38 22 16 44 19 25

6.8% 6.8% 6.9% 9.4% 8.1% 11.9% 5.5% 5.7% 5.5%

1119 566 549 362 244 117 758 322 432

93.2% 93.2% 93.1% 90.6% 91.9% 88.1% 94.5% 94.3% 94.5%

Declined to Answer 2 1 1 - - - - - -

n=1201

Alcohol and Drug Addiction

Total Women Men

Total

Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Total

Non-Victims

Female

Non-Victims

Male

Non-Victims

Alcohol 2+ 8.86% 7.05% 10.48% 12.01% 10.11% 15.63% 7.25% 4.31% 9.04%

Drugs 2+ 5.63% 4.03% 7.06% 7.07 % 5.32% 10.42% 4.89% 2.39% 6.12%

ALCOHOL 2+ n=835

DRUGS 2+ n=403

Note: The table above shows the percentage of respondents who use alcohol/drugs and scored 2 or more points on the CAGE questions

Additional Findings

© 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201556

Details of Sexual Assault Experiences that Victims Chose to Talk About

The methodology of this study included a section of follow up

questions that applied only to participants who had reported

experiencing some form of sexual assault. This section con-

tained detailed questions about the assault. If participants

had experienced more than one incident of sexual assault, the

interviewer asked them to choose an experience they wanted

to share additional information about. This represents a slight

tweak on the methodology used in 2003 when participants

were asked about their most recent sexual assault. This time,

the researchers wanted to give the participants a choice when

deciding which assault they talked about. The information be-

low is based on those follow up questions, which included the

perpetrators' relationship to victims, types of sexual assault,

locations, reporting the incident reporting the incident, sought

help, and experienced collateral violence and/or services re-

ceived. The information presented may also include partici-

pants that reported one victimization. The information present-

ed below contains responses from both participants who only

had one experience, meaning that they didn’t have to choose,

and participants who had multiples experiences. Based on this

information, participants responded to additional follow-up

questions including if they reported the incident, sought help,

and experienced collateral violence and/or services received.

Perpetrator Victims Chose to Talk About

All Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Family Member/Relative 53.3% 57.1% 45.8%

Dating Relationship/Spouse 15.3% 15.0% 15.9%

Acquaintance or Friend 31.4% 28.0% 38.4%

Stranger/Unknown 18.6% 19.7% 16.5%

Preferred Not to Disclose 5.9% 5.5% 6.6%

Type of Assault Victims Chose to Talk About

All Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Exposed, Flashed,

Or Masturbated

24.3% 24.9% 23.1%

Make You Show

Sexual Body Parts

4.7% 4.8% 4.6%

Sexual Photos Or Movies 3.8% 3.1% 5.4%

Verbally Harassed 5.8% 6.8% 3.8%

Kissed In Sexual Way 13.1% 8.2% 23.1%

Fondled, Groped,

Grabbed, Or Touched

16.7% 17. 2% 15.6%

Vaginal 8.1% 11.2% 1.9%

Anal 1.5% 0.5% 3.5%

Oral 2.5% 2.6% 2.3%

Fingers Or Object 3.4% 4.2% 1.6%

Penetration Did Not Occur 4.3% 4.1% 4.7%

Pressured 4.6% 5.0% 3.9%

Repeated Asking 2.4% 1.9% 3.3%

Inﬂuence Or Authority 0.9% 1.4%

Drunk, High, Drugged 2.0% 1.8% 2.6%

Other Circumstance 1.8% 2.4% 0.6%

n=399

Location of Victimization

All Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Victim's home or yard 20.7% 21.6% 19.0%

Perpetrator's home or yard 22.2% 23.0% 20.5%

Victim's/Perpetrator's home or

yard

4.1% 5.9% 0.7%

Someone else's home or yard 7.9% 8.0% 7.8%

Street, alley 4.6% 6.2% 1.3%

Parking lot 1.6% 2.4%

Car 4.6% 3.6% 6.7%

Your workplace 5.6% 4.4% 8.1%

His/her workplace 1.9% 1.8% 2.1%

Restaurant, store 1.5% 1.8% 0.9%

Bar, dance club, pool hall 4.2% 2.5% 7.7%

Rural areas, woods, park, camp-

ground

3.2% 3.2% 3.2%

Other public building, hospital 1.8% 0.7% 4.1%

School, college, campus 7.3% 7.9% 6.1%

Lake, dock, beach, lagoon, pool 1.5% 1.1% 2.4%

Motel, hotel 1.2% 1.3% 1.1%

Other 6.0% 4.9% 8.3%

n=380

Victims that Contracted Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

All Victims

Female

Victims

Male

Victims

Yes 2.1% 3% 0.5%

No 96.9% 96.7% 97.5%

Unsure 0.9% 0.4% 2%

n=383

© 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault 57© 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

Victims Who Were Sexually Assaulted

by an Intimate Partner

Note: These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose

to provide more details about and not based on all the sexual assaults

reported by victims in this survey.

Partner Relationship Status at the Time of Victimization

Total Female Male

Total

46 46 46

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Were Still Involved

27 23 3

58.6% 60.0% 50.2%

After Relationship Ended

5 5 -

12.0% 14.1% -

Both

12 9 3

26.6% 22.5% 49.8%

Declined to Answer

1 1 -

2.8% 3.3% -

n=46

Helpfulness Of Victim Support

Note: These analyses are based on one victimization that victims chose

to provide more details about and not based on all the sexual assaults

reported by victims in this survey.

Helpfulness of Counseling Services

Total Female Male

Total

60 49 11

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Very Helpful

31 24 7

52.0% 48.9% 66.5%

Somewhat Helpful

17 16 1

28.3% 31.8% 12.2%

A Little Bit Helpful

4 4 -

6.1% 7. 5% -

Not Helpful at All

8 6 2

13.6% 11.9% 21.4%

n=60

Helpfulness of a Friend

Total Female Male

Total

174 125 49

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Very Helpful

82 69 13

47. 1% 55.0% 26.5%

Somewhat Helpful

43 28 15

24.5% 22.4% 30.0%

A Little Bit Helpful

19 13 6

11.2% 10.6% 12.6%

Not Helpful at All

28 14 14

15.9% 11.3% 27.8%

Unsure

2 1 1

1.3% 0.7% 3.0%

n=174

Helpfulness of a Family Member

Total Female Male

Total

121 91 30

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Very Helpful

73 53 20

60.1% 57.6% 67. 8%

Somewhat Helpful

19 18 1

15.7% 19.4% 4.4%

A Little Bit Helpful

11 8 2

8.8% 9.0% 7.9%

Not Helpful at All

19 13 6

15.4% 14.0% 19.9%

n=121

Helpfulness of a Partner

Total Female Male

Total

65 44 21

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Very Helpful

31 23 9

48.0% 51.6% 40.5%

Somewhat Helpful

13 10 3

20.5% 23.9% 13.6%

A Little Bit Helpful

9 4 6

14.4% 8.5% 26.4%

Not Helpful at All

10 6 4

15.4% 13.4% 19.6%

Unsure

1 1 -

1.8% 2.6% 0.0%

n=65

Helpfulness of Law Enforcement

Total Female Male

Total

35 29 7

100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Very Helpful

17 14 3

48.8% 48.1% 51.9%

Somewhat Helpful

7 6 1

19.2% 21.3% 10.3%

A Little Bit Helpful

3 2 1

7.9% 6.8% 12.8%

Not Helpful at All

5 4 1

12.9% 13.0% 12.5%

Unsure

4 3 1

11.2% 10.9% 12.5%

n=35

Page was intentionally left blank

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Appendices

APPENDIX A

Description of the Sample

• Gender

• Race/Ethnicity

• Education

• Income

APPENDIX B

Sampling Strategy and Weighting Procedures

• Census Distribution as Counts

• Census Distribution as Percentages

• Survey Counts

• Survey Percentages

• Weight as Proportions

• Weights to Gross the Sample Counts Up to Population Values

APPENDIX C

Training Outlines

• First Training

• Second Training

APPENDIX D

Assessment of Questions According to Age of Participant at the Time of Victimization

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Appendices

APPENDIX A

Description of the Sample

Gender

Total Female Male

Total 1199 608 591

Male

591 - 591

49.3% 100.0%

Female

607 607 -

50.6% 99.9%

Transgender Female

1 1 -

0.0% 0.1%

Transgender Male - - -

Genderqueer/Gender-noncon-

forming

- - -

Race/Ethnicity

Total Female Male

Total 1196 607 587

White, non-Hispanic

610 310 297

50.9% 51.1% 50.7%

Hispanic or Latino/Latina

432 218 214

36.1% 35.9% 36.5%

African American

144 75 69

12.1% 12.4% 11.8%

Asian

13 8 6

1.1% 1.2% 1.0%

Native Hawaiian or other Paciﬁc

Islander

1 - 1

0.1% 0.2%

American Indian or Alaskan

Native

14 7 7

1.1% 1.1% 1.1%

All Other Racial/Ethnic Groups

20 8 11

1.6% 1.3% 1.9%

Declined 7 1 5

Education

Total Female Male

Total 1200 606 590

No schooling

8 5 3

0.7% 0.8% 0.5%

1st - 8th grade

72 33 39

6.0% 5.5% 6.6%

Some high school

75 28 47

6.3% 4.6% 8.0%

High school graduate or equiv-

alent

234 106 126

19.5% 17. 5% 21.4%

Technical or vocational school

(attended or graduated)

79 47 32

6.6% 7.7% 5.5%

Some college

311 166 144

25.9% 27.3% 24.4%

4-year college degree

283 153 130

23.6% 25.2% 22.1%

Postgraduate

137 69 68

11.4% 11.4% 11.5%

Declined 3 2 1

Income

Total Female Male

Total 1105 546 558

Under $25,000

233 136 96

21.1% 24.9% 17. 3%

$25,000 to $49,999

290 137 153

26.2% 25.0% 27.5%

$50,000 to $74,999

212 109 103

19.2% 20.0% 18.5%

$75,000 to $99,999

139 55 84

12.6% 10.0% 15.0%

$100,000 to $124,999

82 39 43

7.4% 7. 2% 7.6%

$125,000 to $149,999

63 29 34

5.7% 5.4% 6.0%

$150,000 to $174,999

18 11 8

1.6% 1.9% 1.3%

$175,000 to $199,999

17 10 7

1.5% 1.9% 1.2%

$200,000 and over

51 20 31

4.6% 3.6% 5.5%

Declined 98 61 33

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201564 © 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

APPENDIX B

Sampling Strategy and Weighting Procedures

The survey data were weighted to match on the Texas census,

including eects for gender, ethnicity, and age. The ﬁrst four

tables in this appendix show the Census data for adult Texans

and the survey sample distribution (in terms of counts and

percentages), both cut by gender, ethnicity, and age. Weights

were calculated as the ratio of these distributions and used

to project the survey results to the adult Texan population as

both percentages and population counts. The weights used are

shown in the ﬁnal two tables.

Census Distribution as Counts

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18-24 485494 513219 569558 620680 169673 175228 77249 73301

25-35 794163 804164 829995 888579 246476 230610 124181 133496

36-45 733616 743805 694003 692731 219337 199166 113726 124141

46-55 894503 885978 535583 537297 220490 200895 89435 96189

56-65 828672 792759 352234 325227 159303 136539 62105 71839

65+ 967148 776358 316798 238483 132244 87756 44546 53879

Source census http://txsdc.utsa.edu/Data/TPEPP/Estimates/Index.aspx

Census Distribution as Percentages

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18-24 2.55% 2.69% 2.99% 3.26% 0.89% 0.92% 0.41% 0.38%

25-35 4.17% 4.22% 4.35% 4.66% 1.29% 1.21% 0.65% 0.70%

36-45 3.85% 3.90% 3.64% 3.63% 1.15% 1.04% 0.60% 0.65%

46-55 4.69% 4.65% 2.81% 2.82% 1.16% 1.05% 0.47% 0.50%

56-65 4.35% 4.16% 1.85% 1.71% 0.84% 0.72% 0.33% 0.38%

65+ 5.07% 4.07% 1.66% 1.25% 0.69% 0.46% 0.23% 0.28%

Total 24.67% 23.69% 17. 3 0% 17.33% 6.02% 5.40% 2.68% 2.90%

Survey Counts

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18 - 24 29 47 31 31 6 10 11 13

25 - 35 51 46 56 41 10 9 15 18

36 - 45 35 56 46 30 15 4 9 12

46 - 55 66 65 26 28 8 11 5 12

56 - 65 64 41 24 14 9 9 5 6

66 or older 74 57 12 7 8 4 8 5

Total 319 312 195 151 56 47 53 66

Appendices

Survey Percentages

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18-24 2.42% 3.92% 2.59% 2.59% 0.50% 0.83% 0.92% 1.08%

25-35 4.25% 3.84% 4.67% 3.42% 0.83% 0.75% 1.25% 1.50%

36-45 2.92% 4.67% 3.84% 2.50% 1.25% 0.33% 0.75% 1.00%

46-55 5.50% 5.42% 2.17% 2.34% 0.67% 0.92% 0.42% 1.00%

56-65 5.34% 3.42% 2.00% 1.17% 0.75% 0.75% 0.42% 0.50%

65+ 6.17% 4.75% 1.00% 0.58% 0.67% 0.33% 0.67% 0.42%

26.61% 26.02% 16.26% 12.59% 4.67% 3.92% 4.42% 5.50%

Weights as Proportions

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18-24 1.05 0.69 1.16 1.26 1.78 1.10 0.44 0.35

25-35 0.98 1.10 0.93 1.36 1.55 1.61 0.52 0.47

36-45 1.32 0.84 0.95 1.45 0.92 3.13 0.79 0.65

46-55 0.85 0.86 1.30 1.21 1.73 1.15 1.13 0.50

56-65 0.81 1.22 0.92 1.46 1.11 0.95 0.78 0.75

65+ 0.82 0.86 1.66 2.14 1.04 1.38 0.35 0.68

0.93 0.91 1.06 1.38 1.29 1.38 0.61 0.53

Weights to Gross the Sample Counts Up to Population Values

White, non-Hispanic Hispanic African American

All Other

Racial/Ethnic Groups

Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male

18-24 16741 10920 18373 20022 28279 17523 7023 5639

25-35 15572 17482 14821 21673 24648 25623 8279 7416

36-45 20960 13282 15087 23091 14622 49792 12636 10345

46-55 13553 13630 20599 19189 27561 18263 17887 8016

56-65 12948 19336 14676 23231 17700 15171 12421 11973

65+ 13070 13620 26400 34069 16531 21939 5568 10776

HEALTH AND WELL-BEING: Texas Statewide Sexual Assault Prevalence Study | Final Report, August 201566 © 2015 The University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work Institute on Domestic Violence & Sexual Assault

APPENDIX C

Trainings Outlines

First Training

1. Overview to the study

2. Overview of sexual assault

• Overview of sexual assault in Texas (myths and realities)

• Why most survivors don’t report

• Post-traumatic responses to sexual assault

• How to listen for distress over the phone, what it might

sound like

• Secondary trauma and counter-transference (especially if

surveyor is a survivor)

• How interviewers can take care of themselves & connect-

ing with Hayes-Caldwell Women’s Center (HCWC)

3. Survey instrument run-through

4. Protocol Practice

• How to oer a referral to the National Sexual Assault Ho-

tline in a way that is sensitive and does not imply that the

research participant’s reactions are inappropriate (HCWC)

• Review the protocol for recognizing signs of distress, pro-

viding the hotline number, oering to connect them to the

national hotline (IDVSA)

• Role-play (recognizing signs of distress and administering

the protocol) (HCWC)

Second training

New Interviewers:

1. Overview to the study

2. Overview of sexual assault

• Overview of sexual assault in Texas (myths and realities)

• Why most survivors don’t report

• Post-traumatic responses to sexual assault

• How to listen for distress over the phone, what it might

sound like

• Secondary trauma and counter-transference (especially if

surveyor is a survivor)

• How interviewers can take care of themselves & connect-

ing with Hayes-Caldwell Women’s Center (HCWC)

3. Protocol Practice (IDVSA & HCWC)

• How to oer a referral to the National Sexual Assault Ho-

tline in a way that is sensitive and does not imply that the

research participant’s reactions are inappropriate (HCWC)

• Review the protocol for recognizing signs of distress, pro-

viding the hotline number, oering to connect them to the

national hotline (IDVSA)

4. Follow-up training (Both new and interviewers already

trained) (IDVSA & HCWC)

• Check-in with previously trained interviewers about

experiences with distressed participants questions and

concerns.

Appendices

APPENDIX D

Assessment of Questions According to Age of Participant at the Time of Victimization

Question

Age of participant at time of unwanted

sexual experience

Made you have vaginal sex All ages

Made you have anal sex All ages

Made you have oral sex All ages

Put their ﬁngers or an object in your vagina or anus All ages

Tried to have vaginal, oral or anal sex All ages

Exposed their bodies parts to you, ﬂashed you, or masturbated in front of you All ages

Made you show your sexual body parts to them All ages

Made you look at or participate in sexual photos or movies 13 and under, and/or between 14 and 17

Kissed you in a sexual way 13 and under and/or between 14 and 17

Fondled, groped, grabbed, or touched you in a way that made you feel unsafe 13 and under or between 14 and 17

Pressured by doing things like telling you lies, making promises about the future

they knew were untrue, threatening to end your relationship, or threatening to

spread rumors about you

13 and under

Wearing you down by repeatedly asking for sex, or showing they were unhappy 13 and under

Using their inﬂuence or authority over you, for example, your boss or your teacher 13 and under and/or between 14 and 17

Happened when you were drunk, high, drugged, or passed out and unable

to consent

All ages

Any other circumstance

Depending of type of behavior and age

of participant at the time of incident

Appendices

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