English-Interlingua - A basic vocabulary.pdf

ENGLISH – INTERLINGUA

A basic vocabulary

B.C. SEXTON

Union Mundial pro Interlingua

2019

Original edition: British Interlingua Society, 1979

This edition is a reprint of the original edition, except for a few printing

errors

ISBN 978-2-36607-057-6

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ENGLISH-INTERLINGUA: A BASIC VOCABULARY

This list has been issued to serve new users of Interlingua who need a basic English-

Interlingua vocabulary. Although it has only just over 2000 entries, they represent

the most frequently employed meanings of the most commonly used words, the core

vocabulary of the English language. The Interlingua translations help beginners by

deliberately omitting unwanted synonyms and are based on current usage both in

Interlingua and its control languages.

Abbreviations and grammatical notes are kept to a minimum. When an

English word has just one common meaning it appears in bold letters and its Inter-

lingua equivalent in normal letters, e.g. aeroplane avion. If it has one meaning but

we have given more than one possible Interlingua equivalent, these are separated by

a comma, e.g. ugly fede, repulsive. If the Interlingua words are not in alphabetical

order, the first is the more commonly used. If the English word has two or more

different meanings, each with a separate Interlingua translation, they are separated

by a semicolon and clues to the meanings, unless obviously superfluous, are given

within curved brackets. An example is trunk (of tree) trunco; (= box) coffro.

Many English words are capable of use in more than one grammatical

category. For instance, milk can be an attributive noun in milkman, a noun in a

bottle of milk, and a verb in can I milk the cow? In this vocabulary such uses are

separated by the semicolon and preceded by a grammatical abbreviation, in Italic: a

means adjective or attributive noun, n means noun, v = verb, adv = adverb, conj =

conjunction, int = interjection (=exclamation), prep = preposition and pron = pro-

noun. Not all adverbs are given as so many of them can be made from adjectives by

addition of the suffix -mente, e.g. since free is “libere”, then freely will be “libere-

mente”. Verbs constitute a special case as some are transitive (marked vt), others

intransitive (marked vi) or can be either (marked vt/vi). The categories are not

marked if the English and the Interlingua verbs are both transitive or both intransi-

tive. A few examples will clarify the method. There is no mark for happen because

happen and its Interlingua equivalent “evenir” are both intransitive (= do not take

an object): you cannot “happen” anything: Similarly kick has no mark because both

it and “calcar” always take an object and are therefore transitive. Then look at grow.

If you feed a boy he will grow (intransitive = crescer); roses grow (intransitive =

vegetar); but to grow carrots uses grow in a transitive sense (object: carrots) and

the translation for this is “cultivar”. Often, when an English verb can be used either

transitively or intransitively, Interlingua uses the reflexive for the English

intransitive. This is indicated in the vocabulary by se in curved brackets, e.g. melt

funder (se). This simply means the same as meet vt funder; vi funder se, so that we

melt the wax is “nos funde le cera”, but the wax melts is “le cera se funde”. Simi-

larly, Tom meets Dick = “Tom incontra Dick”, but Tom and Dick meet = “Tom e

Dick se incontra”.

Care should be taken to distinguish the English word used as adverb, con-

junction and preposition. Adverbs answer the question how, where, and when; con-

junctions link phrases, and prepositions govern nouns and pronouns. For instance,

he came before uses before as an adverb (translate using antea). He stands before

me uses it as a preposition (translate by ante) and He died before I was born uses it

as a conjunction (translate ante que).

In sub-headings the main English word is not repeated but replaced with a

~. An asterisk indicates a word not included in the Interlingua-English Dictionary

but correctly extracted from the control languages by the official rules for the forma-

tion of vocabulary. Feminine designations ending in “-a” are omitted, as they can be

formed by substitution from the masculine and general forms ending in “-o”, e.g.

“italiano/italiana”.

B. C. Sexton, Sheffield 6/78

ABBREVIATIONS

a adjective; attributive

noun

adv adverb

anat anatomy

arith arithmetic

biol biology

com commerce

elec electricitate

f female

fig figurative

fin finance

gen general

geog geographical

hist history

indust industry

int interjection

jur juridical

m male

med medicine

mil military

mus music

n noun

parl parliament

prep prepositions

pron pronounce

rel religion

rly railways

theat theatre

v verb

vi intransitive verb

vt transitive verb

vt/vi verb used both

transitively and

intransitively

MEASUREMENTS

(Note that in Interlingua the comma takes the place of the decimal point)

acre 0,405 hectares

foot 0,3048 metros

gallon 4,546 litros; (U.S.) 3,785 litros

horse power 0,750 kilowatts

hundredweight 50,8 kilogrammas; (U.S.) 45,36 kilogrammas

inch 25,4 millimetros

mile 1,609 kilometros

ounce 28,35 grammas

pint 0,57 litros; (U.S.) 0,473 litros

pound 0,453 kilogrammas

quart 1,136 litros; (U.S.) 0,946 litros

ton 1,016 tonnas; (U.S.) 0,907 tonnas

yard 0,9144 metros

ENGLISH-INTERLINGUA: A BASIC VOCABULARY

a un; (= per) per

ability capacitate, habilitate

able capace, habile; be ~ poter

about adv approximativemente, circa;

prep (= around) circa; (= concerning)

de, in re, relative a, super

above adv/prep super

abroad al estraniero

absence absentia

absent absente

absolutely absolutemente

accept acceptar

accident accidente

according to secundo

accordingly in consequentia

account n (= report) conto, reporto; (in

bank) conto; (= bill) factura; ~ for dar

conto de; on ~ of a causa de

accuse accusar

accustom accostumar, habituar

across trans

act n acto; v ager; (theat.) jocar,

representar

action action

active active

activity activitate

actor actor

actress actrice

actual effective

actually effectivemente, realmente

add adder; ~ up additionar

address n adresse; v adressar (un

littera)

adjective adjective

admiration admiration

admire admirar

admission admission

admit admitter

adopt adoptar

advance n avantiamento; v avantiar;

in ~ anticipatemente

advantage avantage

adventure aventura

advertise annunciar

advertisement annuncio

advertising publicitate

advice aviso, consilio

advise consiliar

aeroplane avion

affair affaire, cosa

afford (= give) dar; we cannot ~ nos

non pote tolerar le expensa de

afraid, be timer, haber timor

Africa Africa

African a african; n africano

after adv postea; conj post que; prep

post

afternoon postmeridie

again de nove

against contra

age n etate; (hist.) epocha

agency agentia

agent agente

ago retro

agree consentir, esser de accordo

agreeable agradabile

agreement accordo

agriculture agricultura

ahead avante

aim n scopo; v aspirar (a); (gun)

punctar

air aere

airport aeroporto

alike a simile; adv similemente

alive vive

all a omne, tote; n toto; pron omnes,

totes; at all del toto

allow permitter

almost quasi

alone sol

along preter

aloud a alte voce

already jam

also anque

although ben que

altogether (= quite) completemente

always semper

ambition ambition

America America

American a american; n americano

among inter

amount n amonta, quantitate; v

amontar (a)

amuse amusar

ancient antique

and e; (arith.) plus

angle angulo

angry irate

animal animal

annoy irritar

another (additional) ancora un;

(different) un altere

answer n (=reply) responsa; (to a

problem) solution; v responder (a)

anxiety anxietate

anxious anxie

any alicun; (emphatic) qualcunque;

anybody alicuno

anything alique

apart a parte

appear apparer; (= seem) parer

appearance apparentia

apple pomo

apply applicar; ~ for sollicitar

appoint appunctar

approve approbar

April april

arch arco

are es; (optional plural) son

argue (= offer reasons) arguer; (=

dispute) disputar

argument (= reasoning) argumento; (=

dispute) disputa

arise provenir

arm bracio; (weapon) arma

army armea

around circa

arrange arrangiar

arrangement arrangiamento

arrest n arresto; v arrestar

arrival arrivata

arrive arrivar (a un loco)

arrow flecha

art arte

artist artista

article articulo

artificial artificial

as adv como; conj (= since) pois que,

proque; ~ white as snow si/tanto

blanc como le nive

ash cinere

ashamed, be haber vergonia

Asia Asia

Asian a asiatic; n asiatico

aside a parte, al latere

ask demandar

asleep, fall addormir se

association association

astonish stupefacer

at a; ~ the al

Atlantic n Atlantico

attack n attacco; v attaccar

attempt n essayo, proba; v essayar,

probar

attend (meeting) assister a; (task)

prestar attention a

attract attraher

audience auditorio

August n augusto

aunt amita

Australia Australia

Australian a australian; n australiano

Austria Austria

Austrian a austriac; n austriaco

Autumn autumno

avenue avenue

average a medie; n media

avoid evitar

awake vigile

away foras

baby baby, neonato

back adv retro; n dorso

bad, badly mal

bag sacco

balance n balancia; (fin.) saldo; v

equilibrar (se)

ball balla; (large) ballon; (dance) ballo

band banda

bank (river) ripa; (fin.) banca

bar n barra: (for drink) bar; (chocolate,

soap) tabletta

bargain n (= agreement) contracto; (=

purchase) acquisition a bon mercato;

v negotiar

barrel barril

base n base

basin bassino

basket corbe

bath banio; ~ room camera de banio;

have a ~ baniar se

battle battalia

bay baia

be esser; (commands) esse, sia

bear v (= carry) porter; (= stand)

supportar

beard barba

beat v batter; (= defeat) vincer

beautiful belle

beauty beltate

because proque; ~ of a causa de

become devenir

bed lecto; ~ room camera a dormir

beer bira

before adv antea; conj ante que; prep

ante

beg (= entreat) peter, precar

begin vt/vi comenciar

beginning comenciamento

behaviour conducta

behind post

being n esser

Belgian a belge; n (both sexes) belga

Belgium Belgica

believe creder

bell campana

belong pertiner

below adv in basso, infra; prep sub

belt cinctura; (fig. ) zona

bend n curva; v curvar (se), flecter se

bench banco

beneath adv infra; prep sub, infra

beside al latere de

besides de plus

best a le melior; adv le melio

betray trair

better a melior; adv melio

between inter

beyond extra, ultra

Bible Biblia

bicycle n bicycletta; v bicyclar

big grande

bill (= account) factura; (parl.) projecto

de lege

bind ligar

bird ave

birth nascentia

birthday anniversario

bit pecietta; a ~ un pauco

bite n morsura; v morder

bitter amar

black a/n nigre

blade lamina

blame n blasmo; v blasmar

bless benedicer

blind cec

block n bloco; v blocar, obstruer

blood sanguine

blow n colpo; v sufflar

blue a/n blau

board planca; (= committee) consilio

boast vantar se

boat barca

body corpore; (dead) cadavere

boil vi bullir; vt facer bullir; cocer in

aqua

bold hardite

bone osso

book libro

border bordo; (= frontier) frontiera

born nascite; be ~ nascer

borrow facer prestar se

both ambe; both ... and e ... e

bottle bottilia

bottom basso, fundo; (anat.) culo

boundary limite

bow n arco; v inclinar (se)

box cassa

boy puero

brain cerebro

branch branca; (office, etc) succursal

brave brave

Brazil Brasil

Brazilian a brasilian; n brasiliano

bread pan

break vt/vi rumper

breakfast n jentaculo; have ~ jentar

breath sufflo

breathe respirar

brick bricca

bridge ponte

bright brillante

bring apportar; ~ about effectuar; ~

back reportar; ~ up educar

Britain Grande Britannia

British a britannic; the ~ le britannos

broad large

brother fratre

brown a/n brun

brush n brossa

build construer

building construction, edificio

burn vt/vi arder

burst vt/vi rumper

bury interrar

bus autobus

bush arbusto

business affaires, commercio

businessman commerciante,

negotiante

busy occupate

but ma; (= except) excepte, salvo

butter butyro

button button

buy comptar

by per; (= before) ante; (= near) apud

cake torta

calculate calcular

call n appello; v appellar; (= summon)

vocar

calm a calme

camp n campo; v campar

can n cassa de latta; v present tense pote

Canada Canada

Canadian a canadian; n canadiano

canal canal

cap bonetto

cape (geog.) capo

capital a/n capital

captain capitano

car automobile

card carta

care n attention, cura, sollicitude; v

prestar attention; (= worry) inquietar

se; ~ for curar

careful attentive

careless negligente

carpet tapete

carriage carro; (= transport charges)

porto

carry portar; ~ out exequer

case caso; (= suitcase) valise

castle castello

cat catto

catch v capturar; (a train) prender

cattle bestial

cause n causa; v causar

cent cento; per ~ per cento

centimetre centimetro

centre centro

century seculo

ceremony ceremonia

certain (both senses) certe

certainly certo

chain catena

chair sede

chairman presidente

chance fortuna; opportunitate

change n cambio, vt/vi cambiar

character (= person) persona; (other

senses) character

charge n carga; (price) precio; v cargar

charm charme

cheap a incostose; adv a bon mercato

check verificar

cheer acclamar; ~ up allegrar

cheese caseo

cheque cheque

chest (anat.) pectore; (= box) coffro

chief a principal; n chef

child infante

China porcellana; (country) China

Chinese chinese

choice n selection

choose seliger

Christmas Natal, Noel

church ecclesia

cigar cigarro

cigarette cigarretta

circle circulo

circular circular

city citate

citizen citatano

civilization civilisation

claim n pretension; reclamation; v (=

assert) pretender; (= demand as due)

reclamar

class classe

clay argilla

clean munde; v mundar

clear a clar, libere; v liberar; ~ away

portar via; ~ off fugir; (as order) foras

de hic!; ~ out vacuar; ~ up (a

mystery) elucidar; (= tidy) regular

clerk commisso

clever habile, intelligente

cliff precipitio

climb montar

clock horologio

close a clause; adv/prep presso; v

clauder (se)

cloth drappo; (piece of) panno

clothe vestir

clothes vestimentos

cloud nube

club (= society) club

coal carbon

coast costa

coat mantello; (=jacket) jachetta

coffee caffe

coin numisma

cold a frigide; n frigido; (illness)

rheuma; feel ~ haber frigido

collect colliger

college collegio; universitate

colony colonia

colour n color, v colorar

comb n pectine; v pectinar; ~ one’s

hair pectinar se

combine combinar (se)

come venir; ~ in entrar

comfort n conforto; v consolar

comfortable confortabile

comma virgula

command v commandar

commerce commercio

committee committee

common commun

companion companion

company compania

compare comparar

comparison comparation

compete concurrer

competition concurso; (com.)

concurrentia

complain planger se (de)

complaint querela; (= illness) maladia

complete a complete; v compler

complicated complicate

compose componer

composed calme, tranquille

concern n (= firm) interprisa; (=

worry) anxietate; v concerner

concerning concernente, de

condition condition

conference conferentia

confess confessar

confidence confidentia

confuse confunder

connect vt connecter; vi junger se

connection connexion; (rly.)

correspondentia

conquer conquirer

conquest conquesta

conscience conscientia

conscious consciente

consciousness conscientia

consider considerar; reguardar

considerable satis grande

consideration consideration

contain continer

container receptaculo

content a contente

contents contento

continue vt/vi continuar

continuous continue

control n controlo; v diriger, governar;

(= check) controlar

convenient commode

conversation conversation

cook n coco; v cocer

cool fresc

copper cupro

copy n copia; (of book, etc) exemplar; v

copiar

corn cereales; (= maize) mais

corner angulo

correct a correcte; v corriger

cost n costo; v costar

cottage cabana

cotton coton

council consilio

count n computo; (nobleman) conte; v

contar

country pais; (= opposite of town)

campania

courage corage

course curso; (of meal) platto; of ~

naturalmente

court corte

cousin cosino

cover n copertura; (= lid) coperculo; v

coperir

cow vacca

crack n fissura; v finder

crash n collision; (sound) fracasso;

ruina; v crepar; collider; (fin.) faller

cream crema

creature creatura

creep reper

crime crimine

criminal a/n criminal

critic critico

critical critic

criticism critica

crop (plants, etc) recolta

cross n cruce; v transir; ~ out

supprimer

crowd n turba; v affluer

crown corona

cruel cruel

crush v applattar, tunder; (= beat)

vincer

cry n crito; v critar; (sweep) plorar

cultivate cultivar

cup (for tea, etc) tassa

cure n remedio; v curar, sanar

curious curiose

curl n bucla; v buclar

current a/n currente; ~ events

actualitates

curse n malediction; v maledicer; (=

swear) blasphemar

curve n curva; v curvar (se)

cushion cossino

custom costume

customer cliente

cut n incision, sectura; (=wound)

vulnere; (in prices) reduction; v secar;

~ off excider

daily quotidian

damage n damno, injuria; v damni-

ficar, guastar

dance n dansa; (= ball) ballo; v dansar

danger periculo

dangerous periculose

dare osar

dark obscur

darkness obscuritate

date data; (fruit) dactylo; v datar

daughter filia

day die

dead morte

deal v tractar (de); commerciar; a

great ~ multo

dear (both senses) car

death morte

debt debita

decay n decadentia; v decader

deceive deciper

December decembre

decide decider

decision decision

declare declarar

decrease diminuer

deed facto

deep profunde

defeat n disfacta; v disfacer, vincer

defence defensa

defend defender

degree grado

delay n retardo; v retardar

delicate delicate

delight n delecto; v delectar (se)

delightful delectabile

deliver (= free) liberar; (goods) livrar;

(speech) pronunciar

demand n exigentia; (com.) demanda;

v exiger

Denmark Danmark

depart partir

department departimento, section; ~

store grande magazin

departure partita

defend depender (de)

descend descender

describe describer

description description

desert n deserto; v desertar

deserve meritar

desire n desiro; v desirar

despair n despero; v desperar

destroy destruer

destruction destruction

detail detalio

determine vt determinar; vi decider,

determinar se

determined determinate, resolute

develop developpar (se)

development developpamento

devil diabolo

diamond diamante

dictionary dictionario

die morir

difference differentia

different differente

difficult difficile

difficulty difficultate

dig excavar, fossar

dining-room camera a mangiar

dinner dinar

direct a directe; v diriger

direction direction; (= way) senso

director director

dirt immunditias

dirty immunde

disappear disparer

disappoint disappunctar

discipline disciplina

discontented discontente

discover discoperir

discovery discoperta

discuss discuter

discussion discussion

disease maladia, morbo

disgust disgustar

dish platto

distance distantia

distinguish distinguer

district districto

disturb disturbar, perturbar

disturbance perturbation, tumulto

divide divider (se)

division division

do facer; (= finish) finir; (= suffice)

bastar, sufficer; (in questions and

negative sentences) (omit)

doctor (gen.) doctor; (= physician)

medico

dog can

dollar dollar

door porta

double a duple; v duplar

doubt n dubita; v dubitar

doubtless sin dubita

down a basso; (= below) in basso; (a

street) per

dozen dozena

drag tirar, trainar

draw (= pull) tirar; (art) designar

dream n sonio; v soniar

dress n roba; v vestir

drink bibita; v biber

drive v pulsar; (a car) guidar; ~ back

repeller

drop n (= globule) gutta; (= fall) cadita;

vt lassar cader; vi cader

drown necar (se)

drunken inebriate

dry a sic; v siccar

due a debite; ~ to a causa de

dull pauco brillante; stupide; (sound)

surde; (= boring) enoiose

during durante

dust pulvere

Dutch hollandese

duty carga, deber

each a cata; pron cata uno; le un le

altere

eager alacre

eagerly con ardor

ear aure

early a precoce; (= first) prime; adv de

bon hora, tosto

earn ganiar

earnest serie

earth terra

ease facilitate; at ~ in reposo

east a del est, oriental; n est

easy facile

eat mangiar

edge bordo

educate educar

effect n effecto; v effectuar

effective effective, efficace

effort effortio

egg ovo

eight octo

eighteen dece-octo

eighth a octave; n octavo

eighty octanta

either o le un o le altere; (= each) cata;

~ ... or o ... o; nor ... ~ ni ... non plus

elder senior

elect eliger

election election

electric electric

electricity electricitate

eleven dece-un

else altere; or ~ alteremente

elsewhere alibi

empire imperio

employ emplear

employee empleato

employer empleator

employment empleamento

empty a vacue; v vacuar

enclose includer

encourage incoragiar; (= promote)

promover

end n fin; vt/vi finir

enemy inimico

engine motor; (= machine) machina;

(rly.) locomotiva

engineer ingeniero; (= mechanic)

mechanico

engineering ingenieria

England Anglaterra

English a/n anglese

Englishman anglese

enjoy gauder de, (= have use of) fruer

enough a sufficiente; adv satis; be ~

bastar, sufficer

enquire demandar, inquirer

enter entrar (in)

entertain amusar; dar hospitalitate a;

(an idea) considerar

entire integre, tote

entirely completemente, (in) toto

entrance entrata, ingresso

envelope inveloppe

equal equal

equality equalitate

escape n escappata, evasion; v

escappar (a), evader (a)

especially particularmente

essential essential, importante

Europe Europa

european a europee; n europeo

even adv mesmo

evening vespera, vespere

event evenimento

ever (= always) sempre; (= at any time)

jammais

every omne

everyone omne personas, omnes

everything toto, omne cosa

everywhere ubique

evil a/n mal

exact exacte

exactly al puncto; exactemente

examination examine

examine examinar

example exemplo

excellent excellente

except excepte

exception exception

excess excesso

exchange n excambio; v excambiar

excite excitar

excitement excitamento

excuse n excusa; v excusar

exercise n exercitio; v exercitar (se)

exist exister

existence existentia

expect expectar

expense expensa

expensive car, dispendiose

experience experientia

experiment experimento

explain explicar

explanation explication

explosion explosion

express exprimer

expression expression

extend extender (se)

extension extension

extensive extensive

extent amplitude, extension

extraordinary extraordinari

extreme extreme

extremely multo

eye oculo

face facie; (of clock) quadrante

fact facto; in ~ de facto

factory fabrica

fade distinger (se)

fail faller

failure fallimento, insuccesso

faint debile

fair eque, juste

fairly (= enough) assatis; (= justly)

justemente

faith fide

faithful fidel

fall n cadita; (season) autumno; v cader

false false

familiar familiar

family familia

famous celebre, famose

fancy n phantasia; v imaginar; (= like)

amar

far a distante, lontan; adv lontano; as

~ as usque a

farm a agricole; n ferma; v cultivar

farmer fermero

farther a ulterior; (comparative of

“far”) plus lontan; adv ultra

fashion (= vogue) moda, voga; (= way)

modo, maniera

fast a rapide; (=immobile) firme; adv

rapidemente; firmemente

fasten attachar, fixar

fat a corpulente; (= fatty) grasse; n

grassia

fate fato

father patre

fault defecto, falta

faulty defective

favour n favor; v favorir

favourite favorite

fear n timor; v timer

feast festa; (= banquet) banchetto

feather pluma

February februario

feed nutrir (se)

feel sentir; (with fingers) palpar; ~

well sentir se ben

feeling sensation

fellow companion; (= man) homine

female a feminin; n femina

fence barriera

fever febre

few a pauc; pron pauches

field campo

fierce feroce

fifteen dece-cinque

fifth a quinte; n quinto

fifty cinquanta

fight n combatto; v combatter (un

persona, contra un persona)

figure n figura; (= number) cifra

fill plenar (se)

film n pellicula; (cine) film; v filmar

find trovar

fine a belle; (= not coarse) fin; n

mulcta; v mulctar

finger digito

finish n conclusion, fin; vt/vi finir

fire n foco; (destructive) incendio; v

(gun) discargar; ~ engine pumpa de

incendios

firm a firme; n firma

first a prime; adv primo; ~ aid prime

succurso

fish n pisce(s); v piscar

fit a apte, convenibile; n attacco (de

apoplexia); v installar, provider;

(clothes) vader ben (a); be ~ esser in

forma

five cinque

fix fixar

fixed fixe

flag bandiera

flame flamma

flash n fulgure; vi fulgurar

flat a plan, platte; n appartamento

flee fugir

flesh carne

float vi flottar; vt facer flottar

flood n inundation; v inundar

floor solo; (= storey) etage

flour farina

flow n fluxo; v fluer

flower flor

fly n musca; vi volar; vt pilotar

fold n plica; v plicar

follow sequer

follower adherente

food alimento

fool idiota

foolish stupide

foot (all senses) pede

football football

for conj nam; prep pro; (= during)

durante; (= since) depost

forbid prohibir

force n fortia; v fortiar

foreign estranie

foreigner estraniero

forest foreste

forget oblidar

forgive pardonar

fork furca

form n forma; (for filling in)

formulario; v formar

formal formal

former anterior; previe; (= first of two)

ille, illa, illo

formerly previemente

fortunate fortunate

fortune fortuna

forty quaranta

forward in avante

four quatro

fourteen dece-quatro

fourth a quarte; n quarto

frame quadro

framework armatura

France Francia

free a libere; (of charge) gratuite; (=

generous) liberal; adv gratis; v liberar

freedom libertate

freeze vt/vi gelar

French a/n francese

Frenchman francese

frequent frequente

fresh fresc

Friday venerdi

friend amico; (f.) amica

friendly amical

fright terror

frighten espaventar, terrer

frightening espaventabile

from de; (when “de” would be

ambiguous) ab; (= out of) ex; ~ the

del

front a anterior; n parte anterior,

fronte; ~ door porta principal

fruit fructo

full plen

fun divertimento(s)

funny comic, divertente; (= odd)

curiose

fur pelle; ~ coat pellicia

furnish fornir; (a room) mobilar

furniture mobiles

further a ulterior; adv ultra

future a futur; n futuro

gain n ganio; v ganiar

game joco; (= match) partita

gap apertura, brecha; (fig.) lacuna,

vacuo

garden jardin

gas gas

gate porta

gather vt colliger; vi (people) reunir se;

(things) accumular

gay gai

general a/n general

generous generose

gentle dulce, suave; (breeze, etc)

moderate

gentleman senior

German a german; n germano

Germany Germania

get vt obtener; vi (= become) devenir; ~

away partir; escappar (a); ~ off

descender (de); ~ on montar;

succeder; ~ up levar se; he got it

printed ille faceva imprimer lo

gift dono

girl puera

give dar; ~ back restituer; ~ up

render, resignar

glad contente

gladly de bon voluntate

glass (both senses) vitro

glasses berillos

glory gloria

go ir, vader; (= become) devenir; (=

depart) partir; ~ down descender; ~

on proceder; ~ out exir, sortir; ~ up

montar

god deo, Deo

gold auro

golden de auro; (in colour) aurate

good bon; ~ afternoon/morning

bon die; ~ bye a revider nos; ~ eve-

ning bon vespera; ~ night bon nocte

goodness bonitate

goods benes

govern governar

government governamento

governor governator

grace gratia

gradual gradual

grain grano

gram qramma

grammar grammatica

grand grande; grandiose, magnific

grandfather granpatre

grass herba

grave a grave; n tumba

great grande

greatly multo

green verde

greens verdura

greet salutar

grey gris

grind moler

ground n solo; (plot) terreno

group gruppo

grow vi (= become larger) crescer;

(plants) vegetar; vt cultivar

growth crescimento; augmento,

expansion

guard n guarda; v guardar

guess n conjectura; v conjecturar; (=

believe) creder

guest invitato; (at hotel) hospite

guide n guida; v guidar

guilty culpabile

gun arma de foco; (= cannon) cannon;

(= rifle) fusil; (= revolver) revolver

habit habito

hair capillo; (= head of hair) capillatura

half a medie; n medietate; ~ an hour

un medie hora

hall (= entrance) vestibulo; (= large

room) sala

hammer n martello; v martellar

hand n mano; (of clock) flecha; v dar,

passar

handkerchief pannello (de naso)

handle n manico; (of cup, jug, etc)

ansa; v manear

hang vt suspender; vi pender

happen evenir

happy felice

harbour porto

hard a (= not soft) dur; (= not easy)

difficile; adv multo

hardly a pena

harm damno

harmless innocue

harvest n recolta; v recoltar

haste n haste; v hastar

hat cappello

hate n odio; v odiar

have haber; (= cause to be done) facer;

(something to eat or drink) prender;

he had to sell it ille debeva vender lo

he ille

head capite; (= chief) chef; ~ for

diriger se verso

headache mal de capite

headline titulo

headquarters quartiero general

heal vt sanar; vi cicatrisar

health sanitate

healthy san

heap cumulo

hear audir

heart corde

heat n calor; v calefacer

heaven celo

heavenly celeste

heavily pesantemente; (= strongly)

forte

heavy pesante

height altitude; (= peak) culmine; (=

stature) talia

help n adjuta; (= succour) succurso; v

adjutar; succurrer

helpless inope

her a su; pron la

here hic; ~ and there hic e ibi; ~

is/are ecce

hers le sue(s)

herself se

hesitate hesitar

hide celar (se)

high a alte; n alto

highly multo

hill collina

him le

himself se

hinder impedir

hire (men) ingagiar; (things) locar,

prender in location; ~ out locar

his a su; pron le sue(s)

history historia

hit colpar; (a target) attinger; ~ back

defender se

hold tener; (= contain) continer; ~ out

vt extender; vi durar

hole (= cavity) cavo; (= perforation)

foramine

holiday (as in ”bank holiday”) die

feriate; (= vacation) ferias; be on ~

feriar

Holland Hollanda

hollow a cave; n cavo

holy sancte

home a domestic; interior; national; n

casa; (sentimentally) focar; at ~ a

casa; go ~ ir a casa

honest honeste

honesty honestitate

honour n honor; v honorar

honourable honorabile

hook croc, uncino

hope n sperantia; v sperar

hopeful plen de sperantia

hopeless desperate; (= useless) inutile

horizon horizonte

horse cavallo

hospital hospital

host (at party, etc) hospice, hoste; (at

an inn) tavernero

hot calide; feel ~ haber calor

hotel hotel

hour hora

house casa, domo; (parliament) camera

housewife *menagera

how como; ~ many quante; ~ much a

quanta; adv quanto; ~ do you do?

como sta vos?

however adv comocunque; conj

nonobstante, totevia

hullo hallo

human a human; n humano

humble humile

hundred cento; two ~ duo centos

hungry famelic; be ~ haber fame

hunt n chassa; v chassar; ~ for (=

search for) cercar

hunter chassator

hurry n haste; vt accelerar, hastar; vi

accelerar se

hurt vt (= cause pain) facer mal a; (=

harm) nocer a; (=wound) ferir; vi

doler; my head ~s le capite me dole

husband marito

hut cabana

I io

ice glacie; ~ cream gelato

idea idea

ideal a/n ideal

idle otiose; (= without work)

disoccupate

if si

ill a malade; n mal

illness maladia

imagine imaginar; (= suppose)

supponer

imagination imagination

imitate imitar

immediate immediate

immense immense

importance importantia

important importante

impossible impossibile

improve melior (se)

improvement melioration,

perfectionamento

in in

include includer

increase n accrescimento; vt accrescer;

vi crescer

indeed in effecto, vermente; (with

adjective) multissime

independence independentia

independent independente

India India

Indian a indian; n indiano

indoors al interior

industrial industrial

industry industria

influence influentia

inform informar

information information

ink tinta

inner interior

inquire demandar, inquirer

inquiry inquesta

insect insecto

inside intra

instant n instante

instantly presto

instead of in loco de

instruction instruction

instrument instrumento

insult n insulto; v insultar

insurance assecurantia

intend intender

intention intention

interest n (all senses) interesse; v

interessar; be ~ed in interessar se

de/pro

interesting interessante

interfere ingerer se

interference ingerentia

international international

interrupt interrumper

into in, a in

introduce introducer

introduction introduction

invent inventar

invention invention

inventor inventor

invite invitar

Ireland Irlanda

Irish a/n irlandese

iron a de ferro; n ferro

is es; ~n’t it? nonne?

island insula

it illo; (as object) lo; (impersonal) il

Italian a italian; n italiano

its a su; pron le sue(s)

itself se

jacket jachetta

january januario

Japan Japon

Japanese a/n japonese

jaw mandibula; (upper) maxilla

jewel joiel

jewellery joieles

job posto

join junger (se), unir (se); (a club) facer

se membro de

joint a juncte; n junctura; (of body)

articulo

joke n burla

journey viage

joy gaudio

judge n judice; v judicar; (= estimate)

estimar

judgement judicio

juice succo

July julio

jump n salto; v saltar

June junio

just a juste; adv justo; (time) justo

nunc

justice justitia

keep vt (gen.) tener; (= old on to)

retener; vi tener se; (= stay) restar; ~

on continuar, progressar; ~ right

tener se al dextra

keeper guardiano

key clave

kick v calcar

kill occider

kilogram kilogramma

kilometre kilometro

kind a amabile, benevole; n genere,

specie

kindness benevolentia

king rege

kingdom regno

kiss n basio; v basiar

kitchen cocina

knee genu

kneel genicular

knife cultello

knock v colpar

knot n node; v nodar

know (facts) saper; (people and things)

cognoscer

knowledge cognoscentia, saper,

scientia

lack n carentia, manco; v carer, indiger

lacking, be mancar (a)

ladder scale

lady seniora

lake laco

lamp lampa

land n (opposite of sea) terra; (=

territory) pais; (soil, etc) terreno; vt

(from ship) disimbarcar; vi (plane)

atterrar

landlord proprietario; (of pub)

tavernero

language lingua

large grande

largely in grande parte

last a ultime; adv ultime; v durar,

permaner; ~ year le anno passate

late a tarde; (= dead) defuncte; adv in

retardo

lately recentemente

latter a iste; pron iste, ista, isto

laugh n riso; v rider; ~ at rider de

laughter riso

lavatory W.C.

law lege

lawful legal, legitime

lawyer advocato, jurista

lay poner

lazy indolente, pigre

lead n (metal) plumbo; v (= command)

diriger; (= guide) conducer, guidar

leader chef

leadership direction, suprematia

leaf folio

lean appoiar (se)

learn apprender

learned docte

learning erudition, saper

least a minor; adv minus; at ~ al

minus

leather corio

leave n permission; (= time off)

congedo; v lassar; (= depart) partir

(de)

left a leve; n leva

leg gamba

lend prestar

length *longor

less minus

lesser minor

lesson lection

let lassar; (= may) que

letter (both senses) littera

level a plan; n nivello

liberty libertate

library bibliotheca

lie n mendacio; v (gen. and fig.) jacer;

(in bed, etc) cubar; (= tell lies) mentir

life vita

lift n ascensor; v levar (se)

light a (in weight) leve; (fig.) legier;

(colours) clar; n lumine; v accender; ~

up illuminar

like a simile; adv como; v amar

likely a verisimile; adv probabilemente

limb membro

limit n limite; v limitar

limitation limitation

limited company societate anonyme

line n linea; v (clothes) foderar

lip labio

liquid a liquide; n liquido

list n lista

listen to ascoltar

literary litterari

literature litteratura

litre litro

little a parve; adv pauco; a ~ un pauco

live a vive; v viver; (=inhabit) habitar

load n carga; v cargar

loaf pan

loan n presto; v prestar

local local

lock n serratura; v serrar

lodging *allogiamento

log bloco; (ship's) libro de bordo

lonely solitari

long a longe; for ~ appeter, desirar

longer a plus longe; adv plus

look n reguardo; (= air) aere; int ecce!;

vi parer; ~ at reguardar; ~ for cercar

loose laxe

loosen disserrar

lord senior; (as in “Lord Derby”) lord

lorry camion; ~ driver *camionero

lose perder; get lost perder se

loss perdita

lot, a multo

loud a alte; adv alto

love n amor; v amar

lovely belle

lover amante

low a basse; adv basso

lower a plus basse, inferior; v abassar

loyal fidel, loyal

loyalty fide, loyalitate

luck fortuna

lucky fortunate

machine machina

machinery machineria

mad folle; (= furious) furiose

mail a postal; n (= letters) currero;

(service) posta; v postar

main principal

make n (com.) marca; v facer; (=

compel) fortiar; (in calculations) esser;

(= manufacture) fabricar; (money)

ganiar; (a speech) pronunciar; ~

friends amicar se; ~ out

comprender, decifrar; ~ up n

cosmeticos; v fardar (se)

male a mascule; n masculo

man homine; (mil. ) soldato; (=

worker) obrero; v guarnir de homines;

(pumps) facer functionar

manage administrar, diriger; (as agent)

gerer; (= get along) arrangiar se; (=

succeed) poter

management direction, gerentia

manager gerente

mankind humanitate

manly viril

manner maniera

manners manieras

manufacture n manufactura; v

manufacturar

manufacturer fabricante

many a multe; pron multes

map mappa

march n marcha; (month) martio; v

marchar

mark n marca; (in school) nota; v

marcar; notar

market mercato

marriage maritage

marry (= get married) maritar se;

(=perform ceremony of marriage)

maritar

mass n massa; (rel.) missa

master maestro

mat matta

match n (for striking) flammifero;

(sport) partita; v equalar; (of colours)

assortir (se), harmonisar (se)

material a/n material; (= fabric)

stoffa; raw ~ materia prime

matter n (= business) affaire, cosa;

(substance) materia; v importar;

what’s the ~? que passa?

may (auxiliary verb indicating

possibility) qualify the main verb with

the adverb “forsan”; (indicating wish)

prefix subject with “que”; (month)

maio; ~ I smoke? pote io fumar?,

permitte vos que io fuma?

maybe forsan

me me

meal repasto

mean a avar; v intender; (= signify)

voler dicer

meaning signification

means medio; (fin.) medios; by ~ of

per medio de

meanwhile interim

measure n mesura; v mesurar

meat carne

mechanic n mechanico

mechanical mechanic

medical medical

medicine (remedy) medicamento;

(science) medicina

meet incontrar (se); (club, etc) reunir

meeting reunion

melt funder (se)

member membro

membership (numero de) membros

memorial monumento

memory memoria

mend reparar

mention n mention; v mentionar;

don’t ~ it nulle causa

merchant mercator; ~ ship nave

mercante

mercy mercede

mere a *mer

merry allegre

message message

messenger messagero

metal metallo

metre metro

middle a medie; n medio; ~ class

burgesia

milk n lacte

mill (for grinding) molino; (=factory)

fabrica

millimetre millimetro

million million; two ~ duo milliones

mind n mente; v prestar attention a(l);

do you ~? es il equal a vos?

mine n mina; pron le mie(s); v minar

miner minator

mineral a/n mineral

minister ministro

minute a minute; n minuta

mirror speculo

miserable miserabile

misery miseria

misfortune infortuna

miss n senioretta; v faller attinger;

(train, etc) perder

mistake n error

mistaken, be esser in error

misunderstand comprender mal

mix v miscer (se)

mixed mixte

mixture mixtura

model modello; scale ~ modello in

scala

moderate a moderate; v moderar

modern moderne

modest modeste

moment memento

Monday lunedi

money moneta

monkey simia

month mense

monthly mensual

moon a lunar; n luna

moral a/n moral

more a plus de; adv plus

moreover in ultra

morning matino; good ~ bon jorno

most a le major parte de; adv le plus

mostly in general, principalmente

mother matre

motion motion

motor motor

motorbike motocycletta

mountain montania

mouth bucca

move v mover (se)

movement movimento

Mr. senior

Mrs. seniora

much a multe; adv/pron multo

mud fango

multiply multiplicar (se)

murder n assassinato, homicidio; v

assassinar

murderer assassino, homicida

music musica

musical musical

musician musico

must deber

my mi

myself (subject) io mesme; (object) me

mysterious mysteriose

mystery mysterio

nail n (anat.) ungue; (for nailing) clavo

name n nomine; v nominar

namely a saper

narrow stricte

nation nation

national national

native a natal; n indigena, nativo

natural natural

naturally naturalmente

nature natura

near a proxime; adv proxime (a)

nearly quasi

neat ben ordinate, elegante

necessary necessari

necessity necessitate

neck collo

need n necessitate; v haber necessitate

needle agulia

neglect v negliger

neighbour vicino

neighbourhood vicinitate

neighbouring vicin

neither ni; ~ ... nor ni ... ni

nephew nepto

nest nido

net, network rete

never nunquam

new nove

news novas

newspaper jornal

next a proxime; adv postea, le proxime

vice; ~ to juxta

nice (of persons) sympathic; (things)

agradabile

niece nepta

night nocte

nine novem

nineteen dece-novem

nineteenth a dece-none; n dece-nono

ninth a none; n nono

no a nulle; adv (opposite of “yes”) no

noble (all senses) nobile

nobody nemo

noise ruito

noisy ruitose

none nulle

noon meridie

nor ni

north a del nord; n nord

nose naso

not non

note n note; v notar; take ~ of

constatar

notebook quaderno

nothing nihil

notice n attention; (=notification)

aviso; (printed, etc) annuncio; v

observar, remarcar

noun substantivo

November novembre

now nunc, ora; (with past tense) alora;

(= well) alora

nowhere in nulle parte

nuisance molestia; (person) cruce,

flagello

number n numero; v numerar; a large

~ of multe; a ~ of alicun

numerous numerose; (=many) multe

nurse n infirmera; v curar; male ~

infirmero

obey obedir a

object n objecto; v objectar

objection objection

observe observar

occasion occasion

occasionally de tempore in tempore

ocean oceano

October octobre

of de; ~ the del

off adv (=away) via; (=distant) distante;

(without) sin; prep (= from) de

offence falta, offense; (= crime)

crimine, delicto; (= outrage) ultrage

offend offender

offer n offerta; v offerer (se)

office officio; (room) bureau

officer (mil.) officiero; (of society)

membro del committee

official a official; n functionario,

official

often frequentemente

oil n oleo

old vetule; ~-fashioned antiquate;

how ~ are you? quante annos ha tu?

omit emitter

on adv continuemente; prep super, sur;

~ the wall al muro; ~ Wednesday

le mercuridi

once adv un vice; (= formerly)

antiquemente, olim

one (numeral) un; (person) on; (as

object) uno; ~ another le un le altere

oneself se

only a sol; adv solmente, solo

open a aperte; v aperir (se); ~ air aere

libere

opening apertura

operate vt operar; (= work) manovrar;

actionar; vi operar; (machine)

functionar

operation operation

opinion opinion

opportunity occasion, opportunitate

oppose opponer se a

opposite a opposite; adv/prep contra

or o

orange orange

order n ordine; (com.) *commanda,

ordine; v commandar, ordinar; (com.)

commandar; in ~ in ordine; in ~ to

pro; out of ~ in reparation

ordinary ordinari

organ (all senses) organo

organization organisation

organize organisar (se)

origin origine

original original

ornament ornamento

other altere

otherwise alteremente, alias

ought (v conditional) deberea

our nostre

ours le nostre(s)

ourselves nos

out adv foras; ~ of ex

outer exterior

outline n contorno, skeleto; idea

general; v contornar

output (of worker) production; (of

machine) rendimento

outside a exterior; adv foras, al

exterior; prep foras de, al exterior de

over super; (= across) trans; (=

finished) finite

overcome superar

overlook dar super; (fig.) *condonar,

non vider

owe deber

owing to a causa de, gratias e

own a proprie; v posseder

owner possessor, proprietario

Pacific n Pacifico

pack n pacco; v (esp. large items)

imballar; (small items) impacchettar

package pacchetto

page pagina

pain dolor

painful dolorose

paint n color; v pinger

painter pictor

painting pictura

pair par

pale pallide

pan (frying) patella; (= saucepan)

casserola

paper papiro; news~ jornal

parcel pacchetto

pardon v pardonar

parent parente

park n parco; v parcar

parking parcamento

part n parte; v partir

particular particular

particularly particularmente, super

toto

partly in parte

partner partenario

party (political) partito; (social) partita

pass vt/vi passar

passage passage

passenger passagero

past a passate; n passato

path sentiero; (course) via

patience patientia

patient a/n patiente

pause n pausa; v pausar

pavement trottoir

pay n paga; v pagar; (attention) prestar

payment pagamento

peace pace

peaceful pacibile

pearl perla

peculiar peculiar

pen penna, pluma

pencil stilo

penny penny

people populo; (collectively) gente; ~

say on dice

perfect a perfecte

perform (drama) representar; (a duty)

exequer

performance representation;

execution

perhaps forsan

permanent permanente

permission permission

permit permitter

person persona

personal personal

persuade persuader

petrol gasolina

photograph n photographia; v

photographar

pick (= choose) seliger; (= gather)

colliger; ~ up prender

picture pictura

piece pecia

pig porco

pile n cumulo; v cumular

pin spinula

pinch *pinciar

pipe tubo; (tobacco) pipa

pity n pietate; v haber pietate de

place n loco; v placiar, poner

plain a plan; simple; n plana

plan n plano; v planar

plant a vegetal; n planta; (indust.)

machineria; v plantar

plate platta; (for food) platto

play n joco; (theat.) drama, spectaculo;

vt jocar (a); (mus.) sonar

player jocator

pleasant placente

please int per favor; v placer a

pleasure placer

plentiful abundante

plenty abundantia; ~ of multe, un

abundantia de

plough n aratro; v arar

plural plural

pocket tasca

poem poema

poet poeta

poetry poesia

point n puncto; (= sharp end) puncta; v

punctar; ~ of view puncto de vista

poison n veneno; v invenenar

Poland Polonia

pole palo; (elec., geog.) polo; (= Polish

national) polaco, polonese

police policia

policeman agente de policia

Polish a polac, polonese; n (wax) cera;

vt polir

political politic

politician politico

politics politica

pool stagno

poor (both senses) povre

popular popular

popularity popularitate

population population

Portugal Portugal

Portuguese a/n portugese

position position

possess posseder

possession possession

possibility possibilitate

possible possibile

post a postal; n (= pole) palo; (= job)

posto; (= mail) posta; v postar; ~

office posta

postman currero

pot (cooking) marmita; (= jar) *potto

pound (money) libra sterling

pour vt *versar; (tea) servir; vi currer

multo; ~ in vt infunder; vi entrar in

massa; ~ out vt effunder

poverty povressa

powder n pulvere

power (gen.) poter; (= strength) fortia;

(mech.) potentia; (elec.) energia; ~

station central

powerful potente

practical practic

practically quasi

practice practica

practise practicar

praise n laude; v laudar

pray precar

prayer precaria

preach predicar

precious preciose

prefer preferer

prejudice prejudicio

preparation preparation

prepare preparar

presence presentia

present a presente; n (in time)

presente; (= gift) dono; v presentar;

be ~ assistar (a)

preserve preservar; (food) conservar

president presidente

press n pressa; v premer; (= urge)

insister (super)

pressure pression

pretence pretexto, simulation

pretend finger, simular; (= claim)

pretender

pretty a belle; adv bastante; quasi

prevent evitar, impedir

prevention prevention

price precio

pride orgolio; (in a good sense) feritate

priest prestre

print v imprimer

printer imprimitor

printing impression

prison prision

prisoner prisionero

private a private

prize premio

probable probabile

problem problema

procession procession

produce v producer; (indust.) fabricar

product producto

production production

profession profession

profit n profito; v profitar (de)

programme programma

progress n progresso; v progressar

promise n promissa; v promitter

promptly tosto

pronounce pronunciar

proof prova

proper proprie

properly correctemente

property proprietate

proposal proposition

propose (= suggest) proponer; (= plan)

proponer se (de)

protect proteger

protection protection

proud orgoliose; (in a good sense) fer

prove provar

provide fornir, provider

provided that a condition que

pub taverna

public a public; n publico

publication publication

pull n tirada; v tirar

pump n pumpa; v pumpar

punish punir

punishment punition

pupil scholar

pure pur

purpose fin, intention

purposely con intention

push n pulsata; v pulsar

put poner; ~ (something) in mitter

(alique) in; ~ on (clothing) vestir

puzzle n enigma, problema; v

confunder

quality qualitate

quantity quantitate

quarrel n querela; v querelar

quarter a quarte; n quarto; (place)

quartiero; a ~ past plus un quarte; a

~ to minus un quarte

queen regina

question n question; v questionar; ~

mark puncto de interrogation

quick rapide

quickly rapidemente; (= without delay)

presto

quiet silentiose, tranquille

quite (= entirely) toto; (= rather)

bastante

rabbit conilio

race cursa; (biol.) racia

radio radio

rail (=bar) barra; (rly.) rail

railway ferrovia

rain n pluvia; v pluver

raincoat impermeabile

raise (= lift) altiar, levar; (= breed)

elevar; (a question) sublevar; (prices)

augmentar

rank rango

rapid a rapide

rare rar

rat ratto

rate rata

rather (= somewhat) bastante; (=

sooner) plus tosto

raw crude; ~ material materia prime

ray radio

razor rasorio

reach attinger

read leger

reader lector

reading lectura

ready preparate; (= willing) disposite,

preste

real real

reality realitate

really realmente, vermente

realise (= understand) comprender; (=

make real) realisar

reason n ration; v rationar

reasonable rational; (= inexpensive)

rationabile

receipt (act) reception; (document)

quitantia

receive reciper

recent recente

recognition recognition

recognize recognoscer

recommend recommendar

record n registro; (grammophone)

disco; (sport) record; v registrar

red rubie

reduce vt reducer

reduction reduction

refer referer (se) (a)

reference referentia

reflect vt reflecter; vi pensar

reflection reflexion

refuse n immunditias; v refusar

regard n reguardo; v reguardar

regret n regret; v regrettar

regular regular

rejoice v gauder

relate narrar; (= refer) referer

relation (in gen.) relation

relative a relative; n cognato

relief alleviamento

relieve (pain) alleviar

religion religion

religious religiose

remark n observation; v observar

remarkable remarcabile

remedy n remedio; v remediar

remember memorar

remind rememorar (un cosa a un

persona)

rent n location; v locar

repair n reparation; v reparar

repeat v repeter

replace reimplaciar

reply n responsa; v responder

report n reporto; v reportar

represent representar

representative n representante

republic republica

reputation reputation

request n requesta; v requestar

rescue n salvamento; v salvar

reserve n reserva; v reservar

resign dimitter se (de)

resignation dimission; (state of mind)

resignation

resist resister a

resistance resistentia

respect n respecto; v respectar

responsibility responsabilitate

responsible responsabile (de)

rest n reposo; (= remainder) resto;

vt/vi reposar

restaurant restaurante

result n resultato; v resultar

retire vi retirar se; (on pension)

pensionar se

retirement retiro

return n retorno; vt/vi retornar

review n revista; (of book) recension; v

revider; (a book) recenser

reward recompensa; (= prize) premio

rich ric

rid of, get eliminar

ride v ir (a cavallo, a motocycletta)

right a juste; (= not left) dextre; adv

directemente; n (legal) derecto;

(=opposite of “left”) dextra

ring n (= circle) rondo; (of metal, etc)

anulo; vt/vi sonar

ripe matur

rise n ascension; (prices, wages)

augmento; v levar se; (mountain, tree)

elevar se; (sun) levar se

risk n risco; v riscar

rival a/n rival

river fluvio; (small) riviera

road cammino, via

roar n rugito; v rugir

roast rostir (se)

rob robar

rock petra

rod barra, virga; connecting ~ biella;

fishing ~ canna a piscar

roll n role; (of bread) panetto; vt/vi

rolar

roof n tecto

room camera; (large) sala; (= space)

spatio

root radice

rope n corda; (thick) fun

rough rude; brutal; (= not smooth)

aspere; (of figures) approximative;

(sea) grosse

round a ronde; adv (use verbal prefix:)

circum-; prep circa

row (of people, seats, etc) rango

royal royal

rub v fricar

rubber a de gumma; n gumma

rude (both senses) rude

ruin n ruina; v ruinar

rule n governamento; (= ruling) regula;

v governar, reger

ruler soverano; (for drawing lines)

regula

run vi currer; (river) fluer; (= pass)

passar; (machine) functionar; vt

diriger

rush vi precipitar se

Russia Russia

Russian a russe; n russo

rust n ferrugine; v oxydar (se)

sacred sacre

sacrifice n sacrificio; v sacrificar

sad triste

saddle sella

safe a secur; (= unhurt) salve

safety securitate

sail n vela; vt/vi navigar

sailor marinero

sake consideration

salary salario

sale vendita; (= clearance) liquidation

salt sal

same mesme

sand sablo

satisfaction satisfaction

satisfactory satisfactori

satisfy satisfacer

Saturday sabbato

save (gen.) salvar; economisar;

(money) sparniar

say dicer

scale scala

scarce pauco commun, rar

scarcely a pena

scatter dispersar (se)

scene scena

scenery (natural) paisage; (theat.)

decoration

school schola; ~ boy scholar

(mascule); ~ girl scholar (feminin)

science scientia

scientific scientific

scientist scientista

scorn n disdigno; v disdignar

Scot scoto

Scotland Scotia

Scottish scotese

screen pannello de projection

screw n vite; v vitar

sea a marin; n mar

search n cerca; ~ for cercar

season n saison

seat n sede

seated sedite

second a secunde; n secunda

secret a secrete; n secreto

secretary secretario

see vider; (= understand) comprender

seed semine

seem parer

seize sasir

seldom rarmente

self ego; see also myself, yourself etc

selfish egoistic

sell vender (se)

seller venditor

send inviar; (= shoot) lancear; ~ away

dimitter; ~ for facer venir

sensation sensation

sense (both senses) senso; common ~

senso commun

sensible practic

sentence phrase

separate a separate; v separar

September septembre

serious seriose; (wound, etc) grave

servant domestico, servitor

serve vt/vi servir; ~ as servir de

service servicio; church ~ servicio

divin

set n collection, serie; (china) servicio;

v poner; (sun) poner se; ~ out partir;

~ up establir

settle decider; (colony) colonisar;

(debt) pagar; (quarrel) componer; ~

down installar se

settlement colonia; (of quarrel)

composition

settler colono

seven septe

seventeen dece-septe

seventeenth a dece-septime; n dece-

septimo

seventh a septime; n septimo

seventy septanta

several a plure; pron plures

severe sever; (weather) rigorose

sew suer

sex sexo

shade n umbra; (fig.) nuance

shadow umbra

shake vt succuter; vi tremer; ~ hands

stringer le manos

shame n vergonia

shape n forma; v formar

share n (= what you put in)

contribution, quota; (= what you get

out) parte, portion; (fin.) action; v

posseder/usar in commun; ~ in

prender parte in; ~ out distribuer,

divider

sharp (of blade) affilate; (needle,

senses) acute; intelligente; (= distinct)

nette

shave rasar (se)

she illa

sheep ove; (plural) oves

sheet (metal, etc) lamina; (for bed)

drappo de lecto; (paper) folio; (water)

extension

shelf planca

shell a (gen.) scalia; (= seashell)

concha; (crab) *carapace; (mil.)

granata; (fig. ) *carcassa

shelter n refugio; v proteger (se)

shield scuto; (fig. ) protection

shine vi lucer; (sun) brillar

ship n nave; vt (= send) expedir

shipment cargo

shirt camisa

shock n choc; v choccar; electric ~

succussa electric

shocked scandalisate

shoe scarpa; ~ lace cordon de scarpas

shoot vt tirar (un balla); fusilar (un

persona); vi lancear se

shop n boteca; (= store) magazin;

(indust. ) officina

shopping, go visitar le botecas

shore bordo

short breve, curte; (= not tall) de parve

statura

shortly in pauco

shot a fusilate; n tiro

shoulder spatula

shout n crito; v critar

show n monstra; (theat.) spectaculo; v

monstrar; (= exhibit) exponer; (=

indicate) indicar; (= prove)

demonstrar

shower pluvia passager; (toilet) ducha;

have a ~ duchar se

shut a clause; v clauder (se)

sick malade; be ~ esser malade; (=

vomit) vomir

side a lateral; n latere; argument, (in

argument, etc) parte

sight (= power of seeing) viso; (= thing

seen) vista; v apperciper; catch ~ of

intervider; in ~ in vista

sign n signo; (board, etc) pannello/

tabula indicator; v signar

signal n signal; v signalar

silence n silentio

silent silente; be ~ tacer

silk a de seta; n seta

silver a de argento; (colour) argentee;

n argento

simple simple; (= easy) facile

simplicity simplicitate

simply simplemente; (= quite) toto

since adv postea; conj post que; (=

because) proque; prep depost

sincere sincer

sing cantar

single sol; (= not married) celibe

sink v (gen. and fig.) declinar; (ship)

*affundar (se)

sir senior; (as in “Sir John”) sir

sister soror

sit vt/vi seder; ~ down seder se

sitting room salon

situation situation

six sex

sixteen dece-sex

sixteenth a dece-sexte; n dece-sexto

sixty sexanta

size grandor; (of garment) numero,

talia

skilful habile

skill habilitate

skilled experte

skin n pelle; v pellar

skirt n gonna; v costear

sky celo

slave sclavo

slavery sclavitude

sleep n somno; v dormir; go to ~

addormir se

sleeper dormiente; (rly.) transversa; (=

sleeping car) wagon lectos

slide vt/vi glissar

slight legier, superficial; (= small)

parve

slightly un pauco

slip vt/vi glissar

slippery lubric

slope n inclination; (downward)

declination; vi inclinar; declinar

slow lente; ~ down *decelerar (se)

small parve

smell n odor; vt olfacer; vi odorar

smile n surriso; v surrider

smoke n fumo; vt/vi fumar

smooth a lisie; v lisiar

snake serpente

snow n nive; v nivar

so adv (= accordingly, thus) assi;

(qualifying adjective or adverb) si,

tanto; conj (= therefore) dunque; ~ as

to a fin de; ~-called si-nominate; ~

do we anque nos; ~ many tante; ~

much a tante; adv tanto; ~ that

(purpose) a fin que; (result) de sorta

que; as ... so como ... assi

soap n sapon

social social

society societate

sock calcetta

soft molle; (= tender) tenere; stupide

soil n solo

soldier soldato

solemn solemne

solid a solide; n solido

solution (both senses) solution

solve solver

some a alicun; adv circa; pron

alicunos;

somehow de un modo o un altere

someone alicuno

something alique, qualcosa

sometimes de tempore in tempore

somewhat bastante

somewhere in alicun parte

son filio

song canto

soon tosto; as ~ as si tosto que; as ~

as possible al plus tosto

sore dolorose

sorrow dolo, tristessa

sorry n pardono!; be ~ doler se (de)

sort a sorta; v assortir

soul anima

sound n sono; v sonar

south a del sud; n sud

space a spatial; n spatio

Spain Espania

Spaniard espaniol

Spanish a/n espaniol

spare a disponibile; (mech.) de

*recambio; v sparniar; (= do without)

*passar se sin

speak parlar

speaker parlator; (radio, etc)

altoparlator

special special

speech linguage; (= oration) discurso

speed velocitate

spell orthographiar

spelling orthographia

spend dispender; (time) passar

spin vt/vi girar; (thread) filari

spirit (gen.) spirito; alcohol; energia

spite n despecto; in ~ of nonobstante

splendid splendide

split n fissura; v finder (se)

spoil v guastar (se)

spoon coclear

sport sport

spot (= mark) macula; (= dot) puncto;

(= place) localitate

spread n diffusion, extension; v

extender (se); (fig.) diffunder (se)

spring (season) primavera; (mech.)

resorto

square a quadrate; n quadrato; (in a

town) placia

staff personal

stage stadio; (theat.) scena

stairs scala

stamp n (postal) timbro; v timbrar;

(with foot) calcar; ~ out extirpar

stand vt (= bear) suffrer; (= put) poner;

vi star; ~ up levar se; ~ up to resister

standard a normal; n standard

star stella

start vt/vi comenciar; (mech.) poner

(se) in marcha

state n (both senses) state; v declarar

statement declaration

statesman homine de stato

station station

stay restar; (on holiday) sojornar

steady continue

steal furar

steam vapor

steamer (nave a) vapor

steel a de aciero; n aciero

steep precipitose

steer diriger

step n (walking) passo; (= stair) scalon;

v facer un passo

stick n baston; vi attachar; vi (mech.)

esser bloccate

stiff rigide

still a immobile; adv ancora

stock n (= provision) stock; (fin.)

actiones; v stockar

stocking calcea

stomach stomacho

stone a de petra; n petra

stop int basta!; vt/vi (= cease) cessar;

(= halt) stoppar; (= prevent) impedir;

bus ~ halto/station de autobus; pull

~ puncto

store n provision (= shop or

warehouse) magazin; v immagazinar

storm tempesta

story (= tale) conto; (narrative) historia

straight a (= not curved) recte; adv

directe; ~ ahead directemente

strange estranie

stranger estraniero

straw a de palea; n palea

strawberry fraga

stream rivo; (fig.) *jecto, torrente

street strata

strength fortia

stretch v extender (se)

strict stricte

strike n (indust.) exopero; v (= hit)

colpar; go on ~ exoperar

string corda; (= series) serie

strip n lista; v spoliar

stripe n lista, *stria

stroke n (= blow) colpo; (pen) tracto

strong forte

strongly forte

struggle n lucta; v luctar

student studente

study n (all senses) studio; v studiar

stuff n substantia; (worthless) cosalia;

v reimpler

stupid stupide

subject a subjecte; n subjecto; v

submitter

substance substantia

succeed (both senses) succeder (a)

success (bon) successo

successful succedite

successfully con (bon) successo

such a tal; adv si; ~ a un tal

sudden subite

suddenly subito

suffer suffrer

suffering n suffrentia

sugar sucro

suggest suggerer

suggestion suggestion

suit n (clothing) habito; v convenir a

suitable convenibile

Summer estate

sun sol

Sunday dominica

sunrise levar del sol

sunset poner del sol

sunshine (lumine del) sol

supper souper

supply n provision; v fornir

support n supporto; (= backing)

appoio; v supportar; (= back) appoiar

suppose supponer

sure certe, secur

surely certo, sin dubita

surface superficie

surprise n surprisa; v surprender

surround circumferer

surroundings ambiente

suspect v suspectar

suspicion suspicion

swallow v glutir

swear (solemnly) jurar; (bad language)

blasphemar

Swede svedese

Sweden Svedia

Swedish svedese

sweep vt scopar; vi avantiar

rapidemente

sweet a dulce; n bonbon; (= dessert)

dessert

swell vi tumer; vt tumefacer

swim natar

swing balanciar (se)

Swiss a switze; n switzo

Switzerland Switza

sympathy sympathia

system systema

table tabula

tail cauda

take prender; (= carry) portar; (= need)

requirer; ~ away levar, subtraher; ~

back reprender; ~ off (clothes) dis-

vestir se de; ~ place occurrer

talk n conversation; (= lecture)

discurso; v parlar

tall alte; (of a man) grande

tap n valvula; v (= hit) colpar legier-

mente

taste n gusto; v gustar

tasty saporose

tax n taxa; v taxar

tea the

teach inseniar (un cosa a un persona)

teacher inseniante; (at school) maestro

teaching inseniamento

team equipa

tear n lacrima; (= rent) laceration; v

lacerar (se)

telegraph n telegrapho; v telegraphar

telephone n telephono; v telephonar

television television

tell (gen.) dicer, informar; (story)

contar; (= order) dicer (a un persona

de facer un cosa); (= distinguish)

distinguer; (= know) saper

temper (bon/mal) humor; lose one’s

~ inrabiar se

temperature temperatura

temple (building) templo

tend tender; (= care for) curar

tendency tendentia

tender a tenere

tent tent

tenth a decime; n decimo

term termino; (= period) periodo;

(scholastic) trimestre

terrible terribile

test n prova; (med., scholastic) test; v

prosar; (in school) examinar

text texto

textbook manual

than que

thank v regratiar; ~ you gratias; ~ you

very much multe gratias

that a ille; conj que; pron illo; relative

pron que; (= who) qui, que, le qual(es)

the le; ~ ... ~ quanto ... tanto

theatre theatro

their lor

theirs le lore(s)

them (m. and gen.) les; (f.) las; (things)

los

themselves (subject) (illes) mesme;

(object) se

then alora; (= next) postea

there ibi, illac; ~ is/are il ha

therefore dunque, ergo

these a iste; pron (things) istos;

(persons) istes

they (m. and gen.) illes; (f.) illas;

(things) illos; (people in general) on

thick spisse

thin tenue; (= lean) magre; (not dense)

rar

thing cosa

think pensar; (= believe) creder; ~ of

pensar a; (= hold an opinion about)

pensar de

third a tertie; n tertio

thirst sete

thirsty, be haber sete

thirteen dece-tres

thirteenth a dece-tertie; dece-tertio

thirty trenta

this a iste; pron isto

thorough minutiose

thoroughly a fundo

those (things) illos; (persons) illes

though ben que

thought (= idea) pensata; (=thinking)

pensamento

thousand mille; two ~ duo milles

thread filo

threat menacia

threaten menaciar

three tres

throat gorge

through per, a transverso de

throughout adv/prep in omne parte

(del)

throw jectar; ~ back rejectar

thumb pollice

thunder n tonitro; v fulminar

Thursday jovedi

thus assi

ticket billet (pronounce ‘bilyet’)

tide marea (alte o basse)

tie n cravata; ~ up ligar

tight stricte

till prep usque

time tempore; (as in ‘three times’) vice;

~ table horario; what’s the ~ qual

hora es il?

tin (metal) stanno; (= can) cassa de

latta

tip n (= advice) aviso; (= money)

gratification; (= point) puncta; v

inclinar (se); avisar; gratificar

tire fatigar (se)

tired fatigate

title titulo

to a; (purpose) pro; to the al

tobacco tabaco

today hodie

toe digito (de pede)

together conjunctemente, insimul

toilet (= lavatory) W.C.; ~ paper

papiro hygienic

tomorrow deman; day after ~ post-

deman

tongue (both senses) lingua

tonight iste vespera

tonne tonna

too (= excessively) troppo; (= also)

anque, tamben; ~ many troppe; ~

much a troppe; adv troppo; you ~

anque tu

tool utensile

tooth dente

top alto, parte superior; on ~ of super

total a/n total

touch n tocco; contacto; v toccar

touch dur, forte, *resistente

tour tour

tourist tourista

towards verso

towel toalia

tower turre

town citate, urbe; ~ hall palatio

municipal

toy joculo

track piste; (rly.) via

trade n commercio; (= occupation)

mestiero; v commerciar; ~ union

syndicato

train n traino; v exercitar (se)

tram tram

tramway tramvia

transistor transistor

translate traducer

translation traduction

trap n trappa; v trappar

travel n viages; v viagiar; ~ agency

bureau de viages

treasure tresor

treasurer cassero, tresorero

treat v tractar; (med.) curar

treatment tractamento; (med.)

therapia

tree arbore

tremble tremer

trial prova, tentative; (= jur.) judicio

tribe tribe

trick n (= artifice) artificio; (= swindle)

fraude; vt dupar, *ingannar; (= hoax)

mystificar

trip n (= run) cursa, percurso; (=

excursion) tour

trouble n (= distress) affliction; (=

difficulty) difficultate, pena; (= bother)

molestia; (indust.) conflicto; v

incommodar (se); (= upset) disturbar

trousers pantalones

true ver; (= faithful) fidel

truly vermente; yours ~ fidelmente

vostre

trunk (of tree) trunco; (= box) coffro

trust n confidentia; responsabilitate;

(fin.) trust; v fider se a

truth veritate

try v provar, tentar; (jur.) judicar

tube tubo; (rly.) metro

Tuesday martedi

tune melodia

turn n torno; vt tornar, girar; vi rotar,

girar; ~ into converter (se) in; ~ off

(elec.) accender; (a tap) aperir; ~

right *virar/girar al dextra

twelfth a dece-secunde; n dece-

secundo

twelve dece-duo

twenty vinti

twenty-nine vinti-novem

twist n torto; v torquer (se)

twisted torte

twisting n torquimento

two duo

type n typo; v scriber a machina

typewriter machina a scriber

ugly fede, repulsive

umbrella parapluvia

un- (negative prefix) with adjectives use

“in-”, which becomes “il-” before L,

“ir-” before R, “im-” before M and P;

with verbs, use “dis-”

uncle oncle

under sub

underground (rly. ) metro

underneath adv infra; prep sub

understand comprender

union union; trade ~ syndicato

unit unitate

unite unir (se)

United States a statounitese; n Statos

Unite

universal universal

universe n universo

university universitate

unless a minus que

until usque

up in alto

upon super, sur

upper superior

upright vertical; (morally) honeste

upset inverter; (fig.) disregular,

perturbar

upwards in alto

urge vt recommendar con insistentia (a

un persona de facer un cosa); vi urger

urgent urgente

us nos

use n uso; v usar, utilisar; ~ up

exhaurir; be ~d to soler

useful utile

useless inutile

usual usual

vain van; in ~ in van

valley valle

valuable preciose

value n valor; v valutar

variety varietate

various varie

vegetable a/n vegetal

verb verbo

verse verso

very multo

vessel (= ship) vascello; (= container)

vaso, vasculo

victory victoria

view n vista; v contemplar; point of ~

puncto de vista

village village

violence violentia

violent violente

virtue virtute; by ~ of per

visit n visita; v visitar

visitor visitator

voice voce

vote n vote; v votar

voyage viage (marin)

wages page, salario

waist cinctura

wait (for) attender

waiter servitor; (shouted, to attract his

attention) garson!

wake up eveliar (se)

Wales Galles

walk n promenada; vi promenar se

wall muro; (of room) pariete

wander vagar

want n (= lack) manco; v voler

war guerra

warm calide

warmth calor

warn prevenir

wash vt lavar; have a ~ lavar se

washing n lavage

waste n perdita; v guastar (= container)

wasteful prodige

watch n (action) vigilia; (timepiece)

horologio; v observar, vigilar super;

(TV etc) spectar

water n aqua

wave n unda; vt agitar; vi undular; (to

someone) facer signos con le mano

wax cera

way via, cammino; (= manner)

maniera, methodo; ~ out exito

we nos

weak debile

weaken debilitar (se)

weakness debilitate

wealth ricchessa

wealthy ric

weapon arma

wear vt portar; vi (= last) durar; ~ out

consumer (de)

wearing vestite de

weather tempore; ~ report bulletin

meteorologic

weave texer

Wednesday mercuridi

week septimana

weekly septimanal

weigh vt/vi pesar

weight peso

welcome a benvenite; n *benvenita; v

dar le *benvenita a

well a san; adv ben; int alora; n puteo

Welsh a/n gallese

Welshman gallese

west a del west; n west

wet a humide; v molliar; ~ day die de

pluvia

what a qual, que; pron que; (= that

which) lo que; ~ a pity qual damno!

whatever a qualcunque; pron

quecunque; ~ happens sia que sia

wheat frumento

wheel rota

when quando

whenever quandocunque

where ubi; (= whither) a ubi

whereever ubicunque

whether esque; ~ ... or sia ... sia

which a qual, que; pron que, le qual(es)

while durante que; (= although) ben

que; (= whereas) e, ma

whip flagella

whisper n susurro; v susurrar

whistle n (both senses) sibilo; v sibilar

white blanc

who qui, le qual(es)

whole a integre; n toto; the ~ of tote le

whom que; (after preposition) qui, le

qual(es)

whose cuje

why proque

wicked perverse

wide large, vaste; (= large) grande

widely largemente

widespread general, extense, diffuse

width largor, amplitude

widow vidua

widower viduo

wife marita

wild (animals, plants) salvage; (=

fierce) feroce; (= mad) fantastic,

insensate

will n voluntate; v (future verbal

auxiliary) va + infinitive; (= wish)

voler

willing ben disposite, servicial

win v vincer (un battalia); (= gain)

ganiar

wind n vento; vt bobinar; vi serpentar

window fenestra; (shop) vitrina

wine vino

wing (all senses) ala

Winter hiberno

wipe essugar

wire filo (metallic)

wisdom sagessa

wise sage

wish n desiro; vt desirar; (= want) voler

with con; (= by, of, from) de

within intra

without prep sin

witness n (person) teste; (= evidence)

testimonio

woman femina

wonder n (object) meravilia; (feeling)

stupor, admiration; v (= marvel)

meraviliar se; (= ask oneself)

demandar se

wonderful meraviliose, stupide

wood (substance) ligno; (trees) bosco

wooden de ligno

wool lana

word parola

work a labor, travalio; (= something

produced by work) obra; vi laborar,

travaliar; (= function) functionar; vt

facer functionar, operar

workshop officina

worker obrero, travaliator

world a mundial; n mundo

worm verme; earth ~ lumbrico

worn portate; (= heavily used)

deteriorate; ~ out foras de uso

worry n anxietate, inquietude; vt

inquietar; (= bother) vexar; vi

inquietar se, perturbar se

worse a pejor; adv pejo

worship n adoration; v adorar

worst a/n (le) pejor

worth n valor; be ~ valer

wound n *ferita, vulnere; v ferir,

vulnerar

wrap (up) vt involver; vi coperir se

wreck n (event) naufragio; (ship)

vascello naufragate; (fig.) ruina; v

destruer, ruinar; be ~ed naufragar

wrist carpo

write scriber

wrong a (= immoral) injuste, immoral;

(= inappropriate) improprie; (=

incorrect) false, incorrecte; n (gen.)

mal, torto; be ~ haber torto; do ~

facer mal; go ~ vader mal

yard (= court) corte; (indust.) deposito

year anno

yearly annual

yellow jalne

yes si

yesterday heri

yet adv jam; conj totevia

yield n rendimento; v ceder

you vos; (familiar) tu; (as object) vos; te

young juvene

your vostre; (familiar “you”) tu

yours le vostre(s); (familiar “you”) le

tue(s)

yourself vos; (familiar “you”) te

yourselves vos

youth n (period of life; = young people)

juventute; (= young man) juvene; ~

hostel albergo de juventute

zero zero

zoo jardin zoologic, *zoo

SUMMARY OF INTERLINGUA GRAMMAR

Articles – The definite article is always le (for singular and plural) and the

indefinite article is always un.

Nouns – As in English, nouns have no grammatical gender. Nouns ending in a

vowel take -s in the plural and nouns ending in a consonant take -es.

Pronouns – The natural gender determines the form of the third person singular

and plural pronouns, ille(s) for males, illa(s) for females and illo(s) for things.

Subject io tu ille illa illo nos vos illes illas illos

Object me te le la lo nos vos les las los

Reflexive me te se se se nos vos se se se

(Adjective mi tu su su su nostre vostre lor lor lor)

Note: Prepositions take the object case of personal pronouns in the first and second

persons and the subject case in the third person.

Adjectives – Adjectives are invariable and usually follow the noun.

Adverbs – The adverb is formed from the adjective by adding -mente.

Verbs – The infinitive ends in -ar, -er or -ir.

The present participle replaces the infinitive -ar with -ante, -er with -ente, -ir with -

iente.

The past participle replaces the infinitive -ar with -ate, -er and -ir with -ite.

The imperative drops the -r of the infinitive. No pronoun is used.

The present tense drops the -r of the infinitive.

The future tense adds (stressed) -a to the infinitive.

The past tense replaces the -r of the infinitive with -va.

The perfect tense uses the auxiliary ha with the past participle.

The future perfect uses the auxiliary habera with the past participle.

The pluperfect tense uses the auxilary habeva with the past participle.

The conditional tense adds -ea (stressed e) to the infinitive.

The conditional perfect tense uses the auxiliary haberea with the past participle.

The passive uses the appropriate tense of the auxiliary esser with the past participle.