9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols Abbreviations and letter

221

9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols

9.1. Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid

distracting the reader by use of repetitious words or phrases.

9.2.  e nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbrevia-

tions are used. In the text of technical and legal publications, and in

parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and

bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Heads, leg-

ends, tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text.

9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols represening units

of measure are to be omitted to conform with practice adopted by

scienti c, technical, and industrial groups. Where the omission of

terminal punctuation causes confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch)

mistaken for the preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.

9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and they

should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not generally

known should be followed in the text by the spelled-out forms in

parentheses the  rst time they occur; in tables and leaderwork such

explanatory matter should be supplied in a footnote. As the printer

cannot rewrite the copy, the author should supply these explanatory

forms.

9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should be used

only with  gures; similarly, many other abbreviations and symbols

should not appear in isolation. For example, energy is measured in

foot-pounds, NOT energy is measured in  •lbs.

Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing

9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphen-

ation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period

unless otherwise indicated.

c.o.d. St. but  •lb

222 Chapter 9

9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set

without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and ini-

tials or numbers, will retain space.

H.S.T. B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.

J.F.K. H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con.

L.B.J. Res. 116)

U.S. C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)

U.N. A.B. Secrest, D.D.S.

U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.)

A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL–CIO

preferred) but

A.D., B.C. AT&T

e.s.t. Texas A&M

i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.) R&D

9.8.

Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted

a er initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies

and of other organized bodies. “Other organized bodies” shall be

interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly

identi ed with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute

of Technology), GM (General Motors), GMAC (General Motors

Acceptance Corp.), etc. (See “List of Abbreviations.”) Symbols, when

they appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example:

ARA (Area Redevelopment Act).

VFW TVA ARC

NLRB AFL–CIO ASTM

Geographic terms

9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a sentence

containing the name of another country.  e abbreviation U.S.

will be used when preceding the word Government or the name

of a Government organization, except in formal writing (treaties,

Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal cita-

tions and courtwork; and covers and title pages.

U.S. Government

U.S. Congress

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

U.S. district court

U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)

U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 223

U.S. monitor Nantucket

U.S.-NATO assistance

U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be successful if the

United States is to have a stable economy.

but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British

talks

9.10.

With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S.

is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a

noun.

U.S. foreign policy United States Steel Corp.

U.S. farm-support program (legal title)

U.S. attorney Foreign policy of the

U.S. citizen United States

United States Code (o cial title) not Temperatures vary in the U.S.

9.11.

 e names of foreign countries are not abbreviated, with the excep-

tion of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated due to its length.

9.12. In other than formal usage as de ned in rule 9.9, all States of the

United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are abbreviated

immediately following any capitalized geographic term, includ-

ing armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks, depot, fort, Indian

agency, military camp, national cemetery (also forest, historic site,

memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval shipyard, proving

ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military), and reserve or sta-

tion (military or naval).

Prince George’s County, MD Arlington National Cemetery, VA

Mount Rainier National Forest, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD

WA Baltimore-Washington

Stone Mountain, GA International Airport, MD

National Naval Medical Center, Redstone Arsenal, AL

Bethesda, MD

Mark Twain National Wildlife but

Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of Leavenworth freight yards,

hyphens here) Kansas

Richmond, VA Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin

9.13.

 e Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province, and freely

associated State abbreviations is to be used.

224 Chapter 9

United States

[Including freely associated States]

A la b a m a ........................................A L

A las ka ........................................... AK

American Samoa ........................AS

Arizona .........................................AZ

Arkan sas .......................................AR

California .....................................CA

Colorado ..................................... CO

Connecticut .................................CT

Delaware ....................................... DE

District of Columbia ................. DC

Federated States of

Micronesia ..............................FM

Florida ...........................................FL

Georgi a ......................................... GA

Gu am ............................................GU

Hawaii ............................................HI

Idaho ...............................................I D

Illinois .............................................IL

Ind iana ........................................... IN

Iowa .................................................IA

Kansas ........................................... KS

Kentuc ky .......................................KY

Louisiana ...................................... LA

Maine............................................ME

Marshall Islands .......................MH

Mar yland ....................................MD

Massachusetts ........................... MA

Mi ch igan .......................................MI

Minnesota .................................. MN

Mi s sis sip pi ....................................MS

Mi ss ou r i ...................................... MO

Montana .......................................MT

Nebras ka .......................................N E

Nevada .........................................NV

New Hampshire .........................NH

New Jersey .....................................NJ

New Mexico ...............................NM

New York .....................................NY

North Carolina ........................... NC

North Dakota .............................ND

Northern Mariana

Islands ......................................MP

Ohio .............................................. OH

Ok l a ho ma .................................... OK

Oregon ..........................................OR

Palau .............................................PW

Penns y l v ania ................................ PA

Puerto Rico .................................. PR

Rhode Island ................................. RI

South Carolina .............................SC

South Dakota ...............................SD

Tennessee ..................................... TN

Texas .............................................. TX

Utah ...............................................UT

Vermont ........................................VT

Virgin Islands ...............................VI

Vi rgi n ia ......................................... VA

Washin gton .................................WA

West Virginia.............................WV

Wis c ons i n ..................................... W I

Wyomi ng ....................................W Y

Canada

Alberta ..........................................AB

British Columbia ........................BC

Manitoba .....................................MB

New Brunswick ...........................NB

Newfoundland and Labrador ...NL

Northwest Territories ............... NT

Nova Scotia ..................................NS

Nunavut ....................................... NU

Ont a r io .........................................ON

Prince Edward Island .................PE

Quebec ......................................... QC

Saskatchewan ...............................SK

Yukon ............................................YT

9.14.  e names of other insular possessions, trust territories, and Long

Island, Staten Island, etc., are not abbreviated.

9.15.  e names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign political subdi-

visions are not abbreviated except as noted in rule 9.13.

Addresses

9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square, Boulevard,

Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a name or number,

are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and

lists.

9.17. In addresses, a single period is used with the abbreviations NW.,

SW., NE., SE. (indicating sectional divisions of cities) following

name or number. North, South, East, and West are spelled out at all

times.

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 225

9.18.  e word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even

in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, or leaderwork.

14th Street Bridge Ninth Avenue Bldg.

9.19.

 e words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated.

Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.

Descriptions of tracts of land

9.20. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are

used (not one-half or one-quarter).

south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.

9.21.

In the description of tracts of public land the following abbreviations

are used (periods are omitted a er abbreviated compass directions

that immediately precede and close up on  gures):

SE¼ NW¼ sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian

lot 6, NE¼ sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.

N½ sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian

Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.

T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26

T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, W½ E½ , W½ , and W½ SE¼ SE¼

sec. 32 (with or without a township number)

9.22.

In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group

at end of a line, use no hyphen and break a er fraction.

Names and titles

9.23.  e following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should

be followed as to periods:

Al Ben Fred Walt

Alex Ed Sam Will

9.24.

In signatures, an e ort should be made to retain the exact form used

by the signer.

George Wythe Geo. Taylor

9.25.

In company and other formal names, if it is not necessary to preserve

the full legal title, such forms as Bro., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and

& are used. Association and Manufacturing are not abbreviated.

226 Chapter 9

9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal

Government units.

Commodity Credit Corporation

Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

Pension Bene t Guaranty Corporation

9.27.

In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork,

abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR. and Ry.),

except in such names as “Washington Railway & Electric Co.” and

“Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp.” SS for steamship, MS for mo-

torship, etc., preceding name are used at all times.

9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled

out.

Gilbert and Sullivan Currier and Ives

9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding

a name is abbreviated if followed by  rst or given name or initial;

but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mlle., Mme., and Dr. are

abbreviated with or without  rst or given name or initial.

United States military titles and abbreviations

Ofﬁ cer rank

O cer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned o -

cers and warrant o cers.  e commissioned ranks are the highest in the

military.  ese o cers hold presidential commissions and are con rmed at

their ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps o cers are

called company grade o cers in the pay grades of O–1 to O–3,  eld grade

Radio Corp. of America

Aluminum Co. of America

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey

H.J. Baker & Bro.

Jones Bros. & Co.

American Telephone &

Telegraph Co.

Norton Enterprises, Inc.

Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd.

Chesapeake & Delaware Canal

Fairmount Building & Loan

Association

Electronics Manufacturing Co.

Texas College of Arts & Industries

Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.

U.S. News & World Report

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers

but

Little  eater Company

Senate Banking, Housing and

Urban A airs Committee

chapter9.indd 226chapter9.indd 226 2/4/09 3:48:37 PM2/4/09 3:48:37 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 227

o cers in pay grades O–4 to O–6, and general o cers in pay grades O–7

and higher.  e equivalent o cer groupings in the Navy are called junior

grade, mid-grade, and  ag.

Warrant o cers hold warrants from their service secretary and are special-

ists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities.  e lowest

ranking warrant o cers serve under a warrant, but they receive commis-

sions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant o cer 2.  ese

commissioned warrant o cers are direct representatives of the President

of the United States.  ey derive their authority from the same source as

commissioned o cers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned

o cers, who are generalists.  ere are no warrant o cers in the Air Force.

O10

Army

Navy

Coast Guard

Marines Air Force

General of the Army

(Reserved for wartime only)

Fleet Admiral

(Reserved for wartime only)

General of the Air Force

(Reserved for wartime only)

General

GEN

Army Chief of Sta

Admiral

ADM

Chief of Naval Operations

and

Commandant of the

Coast Guard

General

Gen.

Commandant of the

Marine Corps

General

Gen.

Air Force Chief of Sta

Lieutenant

General

LTG

Vice Admiral

VA DM

Lieutenant

General

Lt. Gen.

Lieutenant

General

Lt. Gen.

Major General

Rear Admiral

Upper Half

RADM

Major General

Maj. Gen.

Major General

Maj. Gen.

Brigadier General

Rear Admiral

Lower Half

RDML

Brigadier General

Brig. Gen.

Brigadier General

Brig. Gen.

Colonel

COL

Captain

CAPT

Colonel

Col.

Colonel

Col.

Lieutenant Colonel

LTC

Commander

CDR

Lieutenant Colonel

Lt. Col.

Lieutenant Colonel

Lt. Col.

Major

MAJ

Lieutenant

Commander

LCDR

Major

Maj.

Major

Maj.

Captain

CPT

Lieutenant

Captain

Capt.

Captain

Capt.

chapter9.indd 227chapter9.indd 227 2/4/09 3:48:37 PM2/4/09 3:48:37 PM

228 Chapter 9

Second Lieutenant

2LT

Ensign

ENS

Second Lieutenant

2nd Lt.

Second Lieutenant

2nd Lt.

First Lieutenant

1LT

Lieutenant Junior Grade

LTJG

First Lieutenant

1st Lt.

First Lieutenant

1st Lt.

Chief Warrant O cer

CW5

Chief Warrant O cer

CWO5

Chief Warrant O cer 5

CWO5

NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant O cer 4

CW4

Chief Warrant O cer 4

CWO4

Chief Warrant O cer 4

CWO4

NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant O cer 3

CW3

Chief Warrant O cer 3

CWO3

Chief Warrant O cer 3

CWO3

NO WARRANT

Chief Warrant O cer 2

CW2

Chief Warrant O cer 2

CWO2

Chief Warrant O cer 2

CWO2

NO WARRANT

Warrant O cer 1

WO1

Warrant O cer 1

WO1

Warrant O cer 1

NO WARRANT

Army

Navy

Coast Guard

Marines Air Force

Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/o cers.html.

Enlisted rank

Service members in pay grades E–1 through E–3 are usually either in some

kind of training status or on their initial assignment.  e training includes

the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and

values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.

Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that

provides recruits with a speci c area of expertise or concentration. In the

Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in

the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air

Force specialty.

Leadership responsibility signi cantly increases in the mid-level enlisted

ranks.  is responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms

noncommissioned o cer and petty o cer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force

sta sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks.  e Navy

NCO equivalent, petty o cer, is achieved at the rank of petty o cer third

class.

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 229

At the E–8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the

same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a

 rst sergeant in the Air Force depends on the person’s job.  e same is true

for the positions at the E–9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants

and sergeants major receive the same pay but have di erent responsibilities.

E–8s and E–9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders’ senior

advisers for enlisted matters.

A third E–9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service.  e sergeant

major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief

petty o cer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are

the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.

Technical Sergeant

(TSgt)

Sta Sergeant

(SSG)

Petty O cer

First Class

(PO1)

Sta Sergeant

(SSgt)

Sta Sergeant

(SSgt)

Sergeant

(SGT)

Petty O cer

Second Class

(PO2)

Sergeant

(Sgt)

Army

Navy

Coast Guard

Marines Air Force

Sergeant Major

of the Army

(SMA)

Master Chief Petty

O cer

of the Navy

(MCPON)

and

Coast Guard

(MCPOCG)

Sergeant Major of the

Marine Corps

(SgtMajMC)

Chief Master Sergeant

of the Air Force

(CMSAF)

First

Sergeant

Major

(SGM)

Command

Sergeant

Major

(CSM)

Master

Chief

Petty

O cer

(MCPO)

Fleet/

Command

Master

Chief

Petty

O cer

Sergeant

Major

(SgtMaj)

Master

Gunnery

Sergeant

(MGySgt)

Chief

Master

Sergeant

(CMSgt)

Command

Chief

Master

Sergeant

(CCM)

First Sergeant

Master

Sergeant

(MSG)

First

Sergeant

(1SG)

Senior Chief Petty

O cer

(SCPO)

Master

Sergeant

(MSgt)

First

Sergeant

Senior

Master

Sergeant

(SMSgt)

First Sergeant

Sergeant First Class

(SFC)

Chief Petty O cer

(CPO)

Gunnery Sergeant

(GySgt)

Master

Sergeant

(MSgt)

Senior Airman

(SrA)

Corporal

(CPL)

Specialist

(SPC)

Petty O cer

 ird Class

(PO3)

Corporal

(Cpl)

230 Chapter 9

Airman First Class

(A1C)

Private First Class

(PFC)

Seaman

(SN)

Lance Corporal

(LCpl)

Airman

(Amn)

Private E–2

(PV2)

Seaman Apprentice

(SA)

Private First Class

(PFC)

Airman BasicPrivate

Seaman Recruit

(SR)

Private

Army

Navy

Coast Guard

Marines Air Force

Source: http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/enlisted.html.

9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.

9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and

Monsignor when followed by the  rst name, initials, or title.

Hon. Elihu Root; the Honorable Elihu Root; the Honorable Mr. Root

the Honorables John Roberts, John Paul Stevens, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg

Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend

King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)

Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry

Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd

Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird

9.32.

 e following and similar forms are used a er a name:

Esq., Jr., Sr.

2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)

Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.

Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.

9.33.

 e abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr.,

should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indi-

cating scholastic degrees.

John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.;

but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.

Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.

George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.

Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M.

9.34.

Sr. and Jr. should not be used without  rst or given name or initials,

but may be used in combination with any title.

A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior

President J. B. Nelson, Jr.

chapter9.indd 230chapter9.indd 230 2/4/09 3:48:38 PM2/4/09 3:48:38 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 231

9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious

and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their

sequence is as follows: Orders, religious  rst; theological degrees;

academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order

of bestowal.

Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.

T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.

Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.

9.36.

Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.

John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase

when spelled out).

She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.

9.37.

In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not

in tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding

a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., 2d, and 3d following a name, are set in

roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If

the name is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps

are available—otherwise in caps and lowercase.

Parts of publications

9.38.  e following abbreviations are used for parts of publications

mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of ref-

erences, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by  gures, letters, or

Roman numerals.

app., apps. (appendix,

appendixes)

art., arts. (article, articles)

bull., bulls. (bulletin, bulletins)

ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)

col., cols. (column, columns)

ed., eds. (edition, editions)

 g.,  gs. ( gure,  gures)

No., Nos. (number, numbers)

p., pp. (page, pages)

par., pars. (paragraph,

paragraphs)

pl., pls. (plate, plates)

pt., pts. (part, parts)

sec., secs. (section, sections)

subch., subchs. (subchapter,

subchapters)

subpar., subpars. (subparagraph,

subparagraphs)

subpt., subpts. (subpart, subparts)

subsec., subsecs. (subsection,

subsections)

supp., supps. (supplement,

supplements)

vol., vols. (volume, volumes)

232 Chapter 9

9.39.  e word article and the word section are abbreviated when appear-

ing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps

followed by a period and an en space, except that the  rst of a series

is spelled out.

A. 2; S. 2; etc.; but A 1; S 1

A. II; S. II; etc.; but A I; S I

9.40.

At the beginning of a legend, the word  gure preceding the legend

number is not abbreviated.

F 4.—Landscape.

Terms relating to Congress

9.41.  e words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numeri-

cal reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text

footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and

footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are

used:

106th Cong., 1st sess. Public Law 84, 102d Cong.

1st sess., 106th Cong. Private Law 68, 102d Cong.

9.42.

In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in paren-

theses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the

following abbreviations are used:

H.R. 416 (House bill)

S. 116 (Senate bill)

 e examples above may be

abbreviated or spelled

out in text.

H. Res. 5 (House resolution)

H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent

resolution)

H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)

S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)

S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent

resolution)

S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)

H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House

conference report)

H. Doc. 35 (House document)

S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)

H. Rept. 214 (House report)

S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)

Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)

Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)

Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)

Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous

document)

Public Res. 47

chapter9.indd 232chapter9.indd 232 2/4/09 3:48:38 PM2/4/09 3:48:38 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 233

9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,

leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.

Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38

Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)

Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)

but Public Law 85−1; Private Law 68

Calendar divisions

9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are abbrevi-

ated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibliographies.

(See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always spelled out.

In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of months may be

abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms follow:

Jan. Apr. Oct.

Feb. Aug. Nov.

Mar. Sept. Dec.

9.45.

In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within paren-

theses or brackets are also abbreviated.

(Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005)

(Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007)

[From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008]

[From the Mar. 4 issue]

On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was  nished. (In

footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)

On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text,

but with citation in parentheses)

but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was

 nished. (Not a citation or reference in text)

9.46.

Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if

necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:

Sun. Wed. Fri.

Mon.  urs. Sat.

Tue s.

chapter9.indd 233chapter9.indd 233 2/4/09 3:48:38 PM2/4/09 3:48:38 PM

234 Chapter 9

Time zones

9.47.  e following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of

time zones:

AKDT—Alaska daylight time

AKST—Alaska standard time

AKT—Alaska time (implies

standard or daylight time)

AST—Atlantic standard time

AT—Atlantic time

CDT—central daylight time

CST—central standard time

CT—central time

DST—daylight saving (no “s”) time

EDT—eastern daylight time

EST—eastern standard time

ET—eastern time

GCT—Greenwich civil time

GMAT—Greenwich mean

astronomical time

GMT—Greenwich mean time

HDT—Hawaii-Aleutian daylight time

(not observed in HI)

HST—Hawaii-Aleutian standard time

LST—local standard time

MDT—mountain daylight time

MST—mountain standard time

MT— mountain time

PDT—Paci c daylight time

PST—Paci c standard time

PT—Paci c time

UTC—coordinated universal time

Acronyms and coined words

9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of acronyms and

coined words, apply the formulas that follow:

Use all capital letters when only the  rst letter of each word or selected words is

used to make up the symbol:

APPR (Army package power reactor)

EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)

MAG (Military Advisory Group)

MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)

SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)

STEP (supplemental training and employment program)

Use all capital letters where  rst letters of pre xes and/or su xes are utilized as

part of established expressions:

CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

ESP (extrasensory perception)

FLIR (forward-looking infrared)

Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or

established by law:

ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)

MarAd (Maritime Administration)

NACo (National Association of Counties)

MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)

Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word

chapter9.indd 234chapter9.indd 234 2/4/09 3:48:38 PM2/4/09 3:48:38 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 235

of which uses more than the  rst letter of each word:

Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)

Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)

Inco (International Nickel Co.)

Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)

Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)

Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the  rst

letter of lowercased words:

loran (long-range navigation)

sonar (sound navigation ranging)

secant (separation control of aircra by nonsynchronous techniques)

9.49.

 e words infra and supra are not abbreviated.

Terms of measure

9.50. Compass directions are abbreviated as follows:

N. S. ESE.

NE. NNW. 10° N. 25° W.

E. W. NW. by N. ¼ W.

SW.

9.51.

 e words latitude and longitude, followed by  gures, are abbre-

viated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and

leaderwork, and the  gures are always closed up.

lat. 52°33'05" N. long. 13°21'10" E.

9.52.

Avoid breaking latitude and longitude  gures at end of line; space

out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use

hyphen.

9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in  gures. When the de-

gree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not

against the  gures. Note the following related abbreviations and let-

ter symbols and their usages:

abs, absolute

Bé, Baumé

°C,

degree Celsius

°F, degree Fahrenheit

°R, degree Rankine

K, kelvin

273.15 K

°API

API, American Petroleum

Institute

Twad, Twaddell

100 °C

212 °F

671.67 °R

18 °API

Without  gures preceding it, ˚C or ˚F should be used only in boxhead and over  gure columns in tables.

Preferred form (superseding Centigrade).

chapter9.indd 235chapter9.indd 235 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

236 Chapter 9

9.54. References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as

follows:

10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.) 12 p.m. (12 noon)

2:30 p.m. 12 a.m. (12 midnight)

9.55.

 e word o’clock is not used with abbreviations of time.

not 10 o’clock p.m.

9.56.

Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit

name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the  rst

letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W

for watt).  e exception is the letter L for liter.  e same form is used

for singular and plural.  e preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is

cm; use cc only when requested.

A space is used between a  gure and a unit symbol except in the

case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.

3 m 45 mm 25 °C but 33°15'21"

Pre xes for multiples and submultiples Metric units

E exa (10

) d deci (10

—1

) m meter (for length)

P peta (10

) c centi (10

—2

) g gram (for weight or mass)

T tera (10

) m milli (10

—3

) L liter (for capacity)

G giga (10

) µ micro (10

—6

)

M mega (10

) n nano (10

—9

)

k kilo (10

) p pico (10

—12

)

h hecto (10

) f femto (10

—15

)

da deka (10) a atto (10

—18

)

Length Area Volume

km kilometer km

square kilometer km

cubic kilometer

hm hectometer hm

square hectometer hm

cubic hectometer

dam decameter dam

square decameter dam

cubic dekameter

m meter m

square meter m

cubic meter

dm decimeter dm

square decimeter dm

cubic decimeter

cm centimeter cm

square centimeter cm

cubic centimeter

mm millimeter mm

square millimeter mm

cubic millimeter

chapter9.indd 236chapter9.indd 236 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 237

Weight Land area Capacity of containers

kg kilogram ha hectare kL kiloliter

hg hectogram a acre hL hectoliter

dag dekagram daL dekaliter

g gram L liter

dg decigram dL deciliter

cg centigram cL centiliter

mg milligram mL milliliter

μg microgram

9.57.

A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of the metric

system.

A ampere V volt mF millifarad

VA voltampere W watt mH millihenry

F farad kc kilocycle μF microfarad (one-

H Henry kV kilovolt millionth of a farad)

Hz Hertz kVA kilovoltampere

J joule kW kilowatt

9.58.

 e following forms are used when units of English weight and

measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same form of ab-

breviation being used for both singular and

plural:

Length Area and volume

in inch in

square inch

 foot in

cubic inch

yd yard mi

square mile

mi mile (statute) 

cubic foot

Time Weight Capacity

yr year gr grain gill (not abbreviated)

mo month dr dram pt pint

d day oz ounce qt quart

h hour lb pound gal gallon

min minute cwt hundredweight pk peck

s second dwt pennyweight bu bushel

ton(s) (not abbreviated) bbl barrel

but t metric ton (tonne)

9.59.

In astrophysical and similar scienti c matter, magnitudes and units

of time may be expressed as follows:

4.5

238 Chapter 9

Money

9.60.  e following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for

indicating money:

(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the

table “Currency” in Chapter 17 “Useful Tables.”)

$, dol (dollar) Mex $2,650

c, ct, ¢ (cent, cents) ₧ (peso)

TRL175 (Turkish) £ (pound)

USD15,000 d (pence)

€ (euro)

Use “USD” if omission would result in confusion.

Standard word abbreviations

9.61. If abbreviations are required, use these forms:

2,4D (insecticide)

3d—third

4˚—quarto

8˚—octavo

A1 (rating)

A.A.—Alcoholics Anonymous

AARP—American Association of

Retired Persons

abbr.—abbreviation

abs.—abstract

acct.—account

ACDA—Arms Control and

Disarmament Agency

ACTH—adrenocorticotropic

hormone

A.D.—(anno Domini) in the year

of our Lord (A.D. 937)

ADDH—attention de cit disorder

with hyperactivity

ADHD—attention de cit hyper-

activity disorder

AEF—American Expeditionary

Forces

AF—audiofrequency

AFB—Air Force Base

AFL–CIO—American Federation

of Labor and Congress of

Industrial Organizations

AID—Agency for International

Development

AIDS—acquired immuno-

de ciency syndrome

a.k.a.—also known as

A.L.R.—American Law Reports

AM—amplitude modulation (no

periods)

A.M.—(anno mundi) in the year of

the world

A.M. or M.A.—master of arts

a.m.—(ante meridiem) before noon

Am. Repts.—American Reports

Amtrak—National Railroad

Passenger Corporation

AMVETS—American Veterans of

World War II; Amvet(s)

(individual)

antilog—antilogarithm (no period)

AOA—Administration on Aging

API—American Petroleum

Institute

chapter9.indd 238chapter9.indd 238 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 239

APO—Army post o ce (no

periods)

App. D.C.—District of Columbia

Appeal Cases

App. Div.—Appellate Division

APPR—Army package power

reactor

approx.—approximately

ARC—American Red Cross

ARS—Agricultural Research

Service

ASCS—Agricultural Stabilization

and Conservation Service

ASME—American Society of

Mechanical Engineers

A.S.N.—Army service number

ASTM—American Society for

Testing and Materials

ATM—automatic teller machine

Atl.—Atlantic Reporter; A.2d,

Atlantic Reporter, second

series

AUS—Army of the United States

Ave.—avenue

AWACS—airborne warning and

control system

AWOL—absent without leave

B.A. or A.B.—bachelor of arts

BBB—Better Business Bureau

B.C.—before Christ (1200 B.C.)

B.C.E.—Before Common Era

BCG—(bacillus Calmette-Guerin)

antituberculosis vaccine

bf.—boldface

BGN—Board on (not of)

Geographic Names

BIA—Bureau of Indian A airs

BIS—Bank for International

Settlements

Blatch. Pr. Cas.—Blatchford’s

Prize Cases

Bldg.—building

B. Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.—bachelor of

literature

BLM—Bureau of Land

Management

BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics

Blvd.—boulevard

b.o.—buyer’s option

B.S. or B.Sc.—bachelor of science

c. and s.c.—caps and small caps

ca.—(circa) about

ca—centiare

CACM—Central American

Common Market

CAD—computer-aided design

CAP—Civil Air Patrol

CARE—Cooperative for

American Remittances to

Everywhere, Inc.

CAT scan—computerized axial

tomography

C.C.A.—Circuit Court of Appeals

CCC—Commodity Credit

Corporation

CCITT—Consultative Committee

for International Telegraphy

and Telephony

C.Cls.—Court of Claims

C.Cls.R.—Court of Claims Reports

C.C.P.A.—Court of Customs and

Patents Appeals

CCR—Commission on Civil Rights

CDC—Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention

C.E.—Common Era

CEA—Council of Economic

Advisers

cf.—(confer) compare or see

CFR—Code of Federal Regulations

CFR Supp.—Code of Federal

Regulations Supplement

CHAMPUS—Civilian Health

and Medical Program of the

Uniformed Services

CIA—Central Intelligence Agency

CIC—Counterintelligence Corps

C.J.—(corpus juris) body of law;

Chief Justice

240 Chapter 9

CNN—Cable News Network

CO—commanding o cer

Co.—company (commercial)

c.o.d.—cash on delivery

COLA—cost-of-living adjustment

Comp. Dec.—Comptroller’s

Decisions (Treasury)

Comp. Gen.—Comptroller

General Decisions

con.—continued

conelrad—control of

electromagnetic radiation

(civil defense)

Conus—continental United States

Corp.—corporation (commercial)

cos—cosine (no period)

cosh—hyperbolic cosine (no

period)

cot—cotangent (no period)

coth—hyperbolic cotangent (no

period)

c.p.—chemically pure

C.P.A.—certi ed public

accountant

CPI—Consumer Price Index

CPR—cardiopulmonary

resuscitation

cr.—credit; creditor

C–SPAN—Cable Satellite Public

A airs Network

csc—cosecant (no period)

csch—hyperbolic cosecant (no

period)

Ct.—court

Dall.—Dallas (U.S. Supreme

Court Reports)

DAR—Daughters of the American

Revolution

d.b.a.—doing business as

d.b.h.—diameter at breast height

D.D.—doctor of divinity

D.D.S.—doctor of dental surgery

DDT—dichlorodiphenyl-

trichloroethane

DHS—Department of Homeland

Security

Dist. Ct.—District Court

D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.—doctor of

literature

DNC—Domestic Names

Committee (BGN)

do.—(ditto) the same

DOC—Department of Commerce

DOD—Department of Defense

DOE—Department of Energy

DOJ—Department of Justice

DOL—Department of Labor

DOS—Department of State

DOT—Department of

Transportation

DP—displaced person (no period)

D.P.H.—doctor of public health

D.P.Hy.—doctor of public hygiene

DPT—diphtheria, pertussis,

tetanus innoculation

dr.—debit; debtor

Dr.—doctor; drive

d.s.t.—daylight saving (no “s”) time

D.V.M.—doctor of veterinary

medicine

E.—east

EDGAR—Electronic Data

Gathering, Analysis and

Retrieval (SEC)

EEOC—Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission

EFTA—European Free Trade

Association

EFTS—electronic funds transfer

system

e.g.—(exempli gratia) for example

EHF—extremely high frequency

emcee—master of ceremony

e.o.m.—end of month

EOP—Executive O ce of the

President

EPA—Environmental Protection

Agency

chapter9.indd 240chapter9.indd 240 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 241

et al.—(et alii) and others

et seq.—(et sequentia) and the

following

etc.—(et cetera) and so forth

EU—European Union

Euratom—European Atomic

Energy Community

Euro—currency (common)

Eurodollars—U.S. dollars used to

 nance foreign trade

Ex. Doc. (with letter)—executive

document

Ex-Im Bank—Export-Import

Bank of the United States

f.,  .—and following page (pages)

FAA—Federal Aviation

Administration

FACS—Faculty of the American

College of Surgeons

FAO—Food and Agriculture

Organization

f.a.s.—free alongside ship

FAS—Foreign Agricultural

Service

FBI—Federal Bureau of

Investigation

FCA—Farm Credit

Administration

FCC—Federal Communications

Commission

FCIC—Federal Crop Insurance

Corporation

FCSC—Foreign Claims

Settlement Commission

FDA—Food and Drug

Administration

FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation

FDLP—Federal Depository

Library Program

Fed.—Federal Reporter; F.3d,

Federal Reporter, third series

FEOF—Foreign Exchange

Operations Fund

FHA—Federal Housing

Administration

FmHA—Farmers Home

Administration

FHLBB—Federal Home Loan

Bank Board

FHWA—Federal Highway

Administration

FICA—Federal Insurance

Contributions Act

FLSA—Fair Labor Standards Act

FM—frequency modulation

FMC—Federal Maritime

Commission

FMCS—Federal Mediation and

Conciliation Service

FNMA—Federal National

Mortgage Association

(Fannie Mae)

FNS—Food and Nutrition Service

f˚—folio

f.o.b.—free on board

FPC—Federal Power Commission

FPO— eet post o ce (no periods)

FR—Federal Register

(publication)

FRG—Federal Republic of

Germany

FRS—Federal Reserve System

FS—Forest Service

FSLIC—Federal Savings and Loan

Insurance Corporation

FSS—Federal Supply Service

F.Supp.—Federal Supplement

FTC—Federal Trade Commission

FWS—Fish and Wildlife Service

GAO—Government

Accountability O ce

GATT—General Agreement on

Tari s and Trade

GDR—German Democratic

Republic

GI—general issue; Government

issue

chapter9.indd 241chapter9.indd 241 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

242 Chapter 9

GIS—Geographic Information

System

G.M.&S.—general, medical, and

surgical

GNMA—Government National

Mortgage Association

(Ginnie Mae)

GNP—gross national product

Gov.—Governor

GPO—Government Printing

O ce

GPS—Global Positioning System

gr. wt.—gross weight

GSA—General Services

Administration

GSE—Government-Sponsored

Enterprise

H.C.—House of Commons

H. Con. Res. (with number)—

House concurrent resolution

H. Doc. (with number)—House

document

hazmat—hazardous material

HDTV—high de nition television

HE—high explosive (no periods)

HF—high frequency (no periods)

HHS—Health and Human

Services (Department of)

HIV—human immunode ciency

virus

H.J. Res. (with number)—House

joint resolution

HMO—health-maintenance

organization

HOV—high-occupancy vehicle

How.—Howard (U.S. Supreme

Court Reports)

H.R. (with number)—House bill

H. Rept. (with number)—House

report

H. Res. (with number)—House

resolution

HUD—Housing and Urban

Development (Department of)

IADB—Inter-American Defense

Board

IAEA—International Atomic

Energy Agency

ibid.—(ibidem) in the same place

ICBM—intercontinental ballistic

missile

id.—(idem) the same

IDA—International Development

Association

IDE—integrated drive electronics

i.e.—(id est) that is

IEEE—Institute of Electrical and

Electronic Engineers

IF—intermediate frequency (no

periods)

IFC—International Finance

Corporation

IMCO—Intergovernmental

Maritime Consultative

Organization

IMF—International Monetary

Fund

Insp. Gen. (also IG)—inspector

general

Interpol—International Criminal

Police Organization

IOU—I owe you

IQ—intelligence quotient

IRA—individual retirement

account

IRBM—intermediate range

ballistic missile

IRE—Institute of Radio Engineers

IRO—International Refugee

Organization

IRS—Internal Revenue Service

ISO—International Standards

Organization

ITO—International Trade

Organization

ITU—International

Telecommunications Union

JAG—Judge Advocate General

chapter9.indd 242chapter9.indd 242 2/4/09 3:48:39 PM2/4/09 3:48:39 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 243

jato—jet-assisted takeo

J.D.—(jurum or juris doctor)

doctor of laws

JOBS—Job Opportunities in the

Business Sector

JIT—just in time

Jpn.—Japan or Japanese where

necessary to abbreviate

Jr.—junior

Judge Adv. Gen.—Judge Advocate

General

LAFTA—Latin American Free

Trade Association

lat.—latitude

LC—Library of Congress

LCD—liquid crystal display

lc.—lowercase

L.Ed.—Lawyer’s edition (U.S.

Supreme Court Reports)

liq.—liquid

lf.—lightface

LF—low frequency

LL.B.—bachelor of laws

LL.D.—doctor of laws

loc. cit.—(loco citato) in the place

cited

log (no period)—logarithm

long.—longitude

loran (no periods)—long-range

navigation

lox (no periods)—liquid oxygen

LPG—lique ed petroleum gas

Ltd.—limited

Lt. Gov.—lieutenant governor

M—money supply: M1, M2, etc.

M.—monsieur; MM., messieurs

m.—(meridies) noon

M—more

MAC—Military Airli Command

MAG—Military Advisory Group

MarAd—Maritime

Administration

MC—Member of Congress

(emcee, master of ceremonies)

M.D.—doctor of medicine

MDAP—Mutual Defense

Assistance Program

MediCal—Medicaid California

memo—memorandum

MF—medium frequency;

micro che

MFN—most favored nation

MIA—missing in action (plural

MIA’s)

MIRV—multiple independently

targetable reentry vehicle

Misc. Doc. (with number)—

miscellaneous document

Mlle.—mademoiselle

Mme.—madam

Mmes.—mesdames

mo.—month

MOS—military occupational

specialty

M.P.—Member of Parliament

MP—military police

Mr.—mister (plural Messrs.)

MRI—magnetic resonance

imaging

Mrs.—mistress

Ms.—feminine title (plural Mses.)

M.S.—master of science

MS.—MSS., manuscript,

manuscripts

MSC—Military Seali Command

Msgr.—monsignor

m.s.l.—mean sea level

MSNBC—Microso National

Broadcasting Co.

MTN—multilateral trade

negotiations

N.—north

NA—not available; not applicable

NACo.—National Association of

Counties

NAFTA—North American Free

Trade Agreement

chapter9.indd 243chapter9.indd 243 2/4/09 3:48:40 PM2/4/09 3:48:40 PM

244 Chapter 9

NAS—National Academy of

Sciences

NASA—National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

NATO—North Atlantic Treaty

Organization

NCUA—National Credit Union

Administration

NE.—northeast

n.e.c.—not elsewhere classi ed

n.e.s.—not elsewhere speci ed

net wt.—net weight

N.F.—National Formulary

NFAH—National Foundation on

the Arts and the Humanities

NIH—National Institutes of

Health

NIST—National Institute of

Standards and Technology

n.l.—natural log or logarithm

NLRB—National Labor Relations

Board

NNTP—Network News Transfer

Protocol

No.—Nos., number, numbers

NOAA—National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

n.o.i.b.n.—not otherwise indexed

by name

n.o.p.—not otherwise provided

(for)

n.o.s.—not otherwise speci ed

NOVS—National O ce of Vital

Statistics

NPS—National Park Service

NRC—Nuclear Regulatory

Commission

NS—nuclear ship

NSA—National Security

Agency

NSC—National Security Council

NSF—National Science

Foundation

n.s.k.—not speci ed by kind

n.s.p.f.—not speci cally provided

for

NW.—northwest

OAPEC—Organization of Arab

Petroleum Exporting

Countries

OAS—Organization of American

States

OASDHI—Old-Age, Survivors,

Disability, and Health

Insurance Program

OASI—Old-Age and Survivors

Insurance

OCD—O ce of Civil Defense

OD—o cer of the day

OD—overdose; Odd, overdosed

O.D.—doctor of optometry

OECD—Organization for

Economic Cooperation and

Development

OK—Oked, Oking, Oks

OMB—O ce of Management and

Budget

Op. Atty. Gen.—Opinions of the

Attorney General

op. cit.—(opere citato) in the work

cited

OPEC—Organization of

Petroleum Exporting

Countries

OSD—O ce of the Secretary of

Defense

OTC—Organization for Trade

Cooperation

PA—public address system

Pac.—Paci c Reporter; P.2d,

Paci c Reporter, second

series

PAC—political action committee

(plural PAC’s)

Passed Asst. Surg.—passed

assistant surgeon

PBS—Public Building Service

PCV—Peace Corps Volunteer

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 245

Pet.—Peters (U.S. Supreme Court

Reports)

Ph—phenyl

Phar.D.—doctor of pharmacy

Ph.B. or B.Ph.—bachelor of

philosophy

Ph.D. or D.Ph.—doctor of

philosophy

Ph.G.—graduate in pharmacy

PHS—Public Health Service

PIN—personal identi cation

number

Pl.—place

p.m.—(post meridiem) a er noon

P.O. Box (with number)—but post

o ce box (in general sense)

POP—Point of Presence; Post

O ce Protocol

POW—prisoner of war (plural

POWs)

PTSD—post-traumatic-stress

disorder

Private Res. (with number)—

private resolution

Prof.—professor

pro tem—(pro tempore)

temporarily

P.S.—(post scriptum) postscript;

public school (with number)

PTA—parent-teachers’ association

Public Res. (with number)—public

resolution

PX—post exchange

QT—on the quiet

racon—radar beacon

radar—radio detection and

ranging

R&D—research and development

rato—rocket-assisted takeo

Rd.—road

RDT&E—research, development,

testing, and evaluation

REA—Rural Electri cation

Administration

Rev.—reverend

Rev. Stat.—Revised Statutes

RF—radiofrequency

R.F.D.—rural free delivery

Rh—Rhesus (blood factor)

RIF—reduction(s) in force; RIFed,

RIFing, RIFs

R.N.—registered nurse

ROTC—Reserve O cers’

Training Corps

RR.—railroad

RRB—Railroad Retirement Board

Rt. Rev.—right reverend

Ry.—railway

S.—south; Senate bill (with

number)

SAC—Strategic Air Command

SAE—Society of Automotive

Engineers

S&L(s)—savings and loan(s)

SALT—strategic arms limitation

talks

SAR—Sons of the American

Revolution

SBA—Small Business

Administration

sc.—(scilicet) namely (see also ss)

s.c.—small caps

S. Con. Res. (with number)—

Senate concurrent resolution

s.d.—(sine die) without date

SDI—Strategic Defense Initiative

S. Doc. (with number)—Senate

document

SE.—southeast

SEATO—Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization

SEC—Securities and Exchange

Commission

sec—secant

sech—hyperbolic secant

2d—second

SHF—superhigh frequency

shoran—short range (radio)

chapter9.indd 245chapter9.indd 245 2/4/09 3:48:40 PM2/4/09 3:48:40 PM

246 Chapter 9

SI—Systeme International d’Unités

sic—thus

sin—sine

sinh—hyperbolic sine

S.J. Res. (with number)—Senate

joint resolution

sonar—sound, navigation, and

ranging (no period)

SOP—standard operating

procedure

SOS—wireless distress signal

SP—shore patrol

SPAR—Coast Guard Women’s

Reserve (semper paratus—

always ready)

sp. gr.—speci c gravity

Sq.—square (street)

Sr.—senior

S. Rept. (with number)—Senate

report

S. Res. (with number)—Senate

resolution

SS—steamship

ss—(scilicet) namely (in law) (see

also sc.)

SSA—Social Security

Administration

SSS—Selective Service System

St.—Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints

St.—street

Stat.—Statutes at Large

STP—standard temperature and

pressure

Sup. Ct.—Supreme Court

Reporter

Supp. Rev. Stat.—Supplement to

the Revised Statutes

Supt.—superintendent

Surg.—surgeon

Surg. Gen.—Surgeon General

SW.—southwest

S.W.2d—Southwestern Reporter,

second series

SWAT—special weapons and

tactics (team)

T.—Tps., township, townships

tan—tangent

tann—hyperbolic tangent

TB—tuberculosis

T.D.—Treasury Decisions

TDY—temporary duty

Ter.—ter race

t.m.—true mean

TNT—trinitrotoluol

TV—television

TVA—Tennessee Valley Authority

uc.—uppercase

UHF—ultrahigh frequency

UMTA—Urban Mass

Transportation

Administration

U.N.—United Nations

UNESCO—United Nations

Educational, Scienti c, and

Cultural Organization

UNICEF—United Nations

Children’s Fund

U.S.—U.S. Supreme Court Reports

U.S.A.—United States of America

USA—U.S. Army

USAF—U.S. Air Force

U.S.C.—United States Code

U.S.C.A.—United States Code

Annotated

U.S.C. Supp.—United States Code

Supplement

USCG—U.S. Coast Guard

USDA—U.S. Department of

Agriculture

USES—U.S. Employment Service

U.S. 40—U.S. No. 40, U.S.

Highway No. 40

USGS—U.S. Geological Survey

USIA—U.S. Information Agency

USMC—U.S. Marine Corps

USN—U.S. Navy

chapter9.indd 246chapter9.indd 246 2/4/09 3:48:40 PM2/4/09 3:48:40 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 247

Standard letter symbols for units of measure

9.62.  e same form is used for singular and plural senses.

USNR—U.S. Naval Reserve

U.S.P.—United States

Pharmacopeia

USPS—U.S. Postal Service

U.S.S.—U.S. Senate

v. or vs.—(versus) against

VA—Department of Veterans

A airs

VAT—value added tax

VCR—video cassette recorder

VHF—very high frequency

VIP—very important person

viz—(videlicet) namely

VLF—very low frequency

VTR—video tape recording

W.—west

w.a.e.—when actually employed

Wall.—Wallace (U.S. Supreme

Court Reports)

wf—wrong font

Wheat.—Wheaton (U.S. Supreme

Court Reports)

WHO—World Health

Organization

WIPO—World Intellectual

Property Organization

WMAL—WRC, etc., radio stations

w.o.p.—without pay

Yale L.J.—Yale Law Journal

ZIP Code—Zone Improvement

Plan Code (Postal Service)

ZIP+4—9-digit ZIP Code

A—ampere

Å—angstrom

a—are

a—atto (pre x, one-quintillionth)

aA—attoampere

abs—absolute (temperature and

gravity)

ac—alternating current

AF—audiofrequency

Ah—ampere-hour

A/m—ampere per meter

AM—amplitude modulation

asb—apostilb

At—ampere-turn

at—atmosphere, technical

atm—atmosphere

at wt—atomic weight

au—astronomical units

avdp—avoirdupois

b—barn

B—bel

b—bit

bbl—barrel

bbl/d—barrel per day

Bd—baud

bd.  .—board foot (obsolete); use  m

Bé—Baumé

Bev (obsolete); see GeV

Bhn—Brinell hardness number

bhp—brake horsepower

bm—board measure

bp—boiling point

Btu—British thermal unit

bu—bushel

c—, ct; cent(s)

c—centi (pre x, one-hundredth)

C—coulomb

°C—degree Celsius

cal—calorie (also: cal

, International

Table; cal

—thermochemical)

cd/in—candela per square inch

cd/m—candela per square meter

cg—centigram

cd•h—candela-hour

Ci—curie

cL—centiliter

cm—centimeter

c/m—cycles per minute

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248 Chapter 9

cm—square centimeter

cm—cubic centimeter

cmil—circular mil

cp—candlepower

cP—centipoise

cSt—centistokes

cwt—hundredweight

D—darcy

d—day

d—deci (pre x, one-tenth)

d—pence

da—deka (pre x, 10)

dag—dekagram

daL—dekaliter

dam—dekameter

dam—square dekameter

dam—cubic dekameter

dB—decibel

dBu—decibel unit

dc—direct current

dg—decigram

dL—deciliter

dm—decimeter

dm—square decimeter

dm—cubic decimeter

dol—dollar

doz—dozen

dr—dram

dwt—deadweight tons

dwt—pennyweight

dyn—dyne

EHF—extremely high frequency

emf—electromotive force

emu—electromagnetic unit

erg—erg

esu—electrostatic unit

eV—electronvolt

°F—degree Fahrenheit

F—farad

f—femto (pre x, one-quadrillionth)

 m—board foot; board foot measure

fc—footcandle

fL—footlambert

fm—fentometer

FM—frequency modulation

 —foot

 —square foot

 —cubic foot

 H

O—conventional foot of water

 •lb—foot-pound

 •lbf—foot-pound force

 /min—foot per minute

 /min—square foot per minute

 /min—cubic foot per minute

 -pdl—foot poundal

 /s—foot per second

 /s—square foot per second

 /s—cubic foot per second

 /s—foot per second squared

 /s—foot per second cubed

G—gauss

G—giga (pre x, 1 billion)

g—gram; acceleration of gravity

Gal—gal cm/s

gal—gallon

gal/min—gallons per minute

gal/s—gallons per second

GB—gigabyte

Gb—gilbert

g/cm—gram per cubic centimeter

GeV—gigaelectronvolt

GHz—gigahertz (gigacycle per second)

gr—grain; gross

h—hecto (pre x, 100)

H—henry

h—hour

ha—hectare

HF—high frequency

hg—hectogram

hL—hectoliter

hm—hectometer

hm—square hectometer

hm—cubic hectometer

hp—horsepower

hph—horsepower-hour

Hz—hertz (cycles per second)

id—inside diameter

ihp—indicated horsepower

chapter9.indd 248chapter9.indd 248 2/4/09 3:48:40 PM2/4/09 3:48:40 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 249

in—inch

in—square inch

in—cubic inch

in/h—inch per hour

inH

O—conventional inch of water

inHg—conventional inch of mercury

in-lb—inch-pound

in/s—inch per second

J—joule

J/K—joule per kelvin

K—kayser

K—kelvin (use without degree symbol)

k—kilo (pre x, 1,000)

k—thousand (7k=7,000)

kc—kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz),

kilocycles per second

kcal—kilocalorie

keV—kiloelectronvolt

kG—kilogauss

kg—kilogram

kgf—kilogram-force

kHz—kilohertz (kilocycles per second)

kL—kiloliter

klbf—kilopound-force

km—kilometer

km—square kilometer

km—cubic kilometer

km/h—kilometer per hour

kn—knot (speed)

kΩ—kilohm

kt—kiloton; carat

kV—kilovolt

kVA—kilovoltampere

kvar—kilovar

kW—kilowatt

kWh—kilowatthour

L—lambert

L—liter

lb—pound

lb ap—apothecary pound

lb—avdp, avoirdupois pound

lbf—pound-force

lbf/ —pound-force foot

lbf/ —pound-force per square foot

lbf/ —pound-force per cubic foot

lbf/in—pound-force per square inch

(see psi)

lb/ —pound per foot

lb/ —pound per square foot

lb/ —pound per cubic foot

lct—long calcined ton

ldt—long dry ton

LF—low frequency

lin  —linear foot

l/m—lines per minute

lm—lumen

lm/ —lumen per square foot

lm/m—lumen per square meter

lm•s—lumen second

lm/W—lumen per watt

l/s—lines per second

L/s—liter per second

lx—lux

M—mega (pre x, 1 million)

M—million (3 M=3 million)

m—meter

m—milli (pre x, one-thousandth)

M1—monetary aggregate

m—square meter

m—cubic meter

µ—micro (pre x, one-millionth)

µm—micrometer

mA—milliampere

µA—microampere

MB—megabyte

mbar—millibar

µbar—microbar

Mc—megacycle; see also MHz

(megahertz), megacycles per

second

mc—millicycle; see also mHz

(millihertz), millicycles per

second

mD—millidarcy

meq—milliquivalent

MeV—megaelectronvolts

mF—millifarad

µF—microfarad

250 Chapter 9

mG—milligauss

mg—milligram

µg—microgram

Mgal/d—million gallons per day

mH—millihenry

µH—microhenry

MHz—megahertz

mHz—millihertz

mi—mile (statute)

mi—square mile

mi/gal—mile(s) per gallon

mi/h—mile(s) per hour

mil—mil

min—minute (time)

µin—microinch

mL—milliliter

mm—millimeter

mm—square millimeter

mm—cubic millimeter

µm—square micrometer

µm—cubic micrometer

µµ—micromicron (use of compound

pre xes obsolete; use pm,

picometer)

µµf—micromicrofarad (use of

compound pre xes obsolete; use

pF)

mmHg—conventional millimeter of

mercury

m—megohm

mo—month

mol—mole (unit of substance)

mol wt—molecular weight

mp—melting point

ms—millisecond

µs—microsecond

Mt—megaton

mV—mi ll ivolt

µV—microvolt

MW—megawatt

mW—milliwatt

µW—microwatt

MWd/t—megawatt-days per ton

Mx—maxwell

n—nano (pre x, one-billionth)

N—newton

nA—nanoampere

nF—nanofarad

N•m—newton meter

N/m

—newton per square meter

nmi—nautical mile

Np—neper

ns—nanosecond

N•s/m

—newton second per square

meter

nt—nit

od—outside diameter

Oe—oersted (use of A/m, amperes per

meter, preferred)

oz—ounce (avoirdupois)

p—pico (pre x, one-trillionth)

P—poise

Pa—pascal

pA—picoampere

pct—percent

pdl—poundal

pF—picofarad (micromicrofarad,

obsolete)

pF—water-holding energy

pH—hydrogen-ion concentration

ph—phot; phase

pk—peck,

p/m—parts per million

ps—picosecond

psi—pounds per square inch

pt—pint

pW—picowatt

qt—quart

quad—quadrillion (10

)

°R—rankine

°R—roentgen

R—degree rankine

R—degree reaumur

rad—radian

rd—rad

rem—roentgen equivalent man

r/min—revolutions per minute

rms—root mean square

chapter9.indd 250chapter9.indd 250 2/4/09 3:48:40 PM2/4/09 3:48:40 PM

Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 251

Standard Latin abbreviations

9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.

r/s—revolutions per second

s—second (time)

s—shilling

S—siemens

sb—stilb

scp—spherical candlepower

s• —second-foot

shp—sha horsepower

slug—slug

sr—steradian

sSf—standard saybolt fural

sSu—standard saybolt universal

std 3—standard cubic foot (feet)

Sus—saybolt universal second(s)

T—tera (pre x, 1 trillion)

T 3—trillion cubic feet

T—tesla

t—tonne (metric ton)

tbsp—tablespoonful

thm—therm

ton—ton

tsp—teaspoonful

Twad—twaddell

u—(uni ed) atomic mass unit

UHF—ultrahigh frequency

V—volt

VA— vo l t a m p er e

var—var

VHF—very high frequency

V/m—volt per meter

W—watt

Wb—weber

Wh—watthour

W/(m•K)—watt per meter kelvin

W/sr—watt per steradian

W/(sr•m2)—watt per steradian square

meter

x—unknown quantity (italic)

yd—yard

yd2—square yard

yd3—cubic yard

yr—year

a.—annus, year; ante, before

A.A.C.—anno ante, Christum in the

year before Christ

A.A.S.—Academiae Americanae

Socius, Fellow of the American

Academy [Academy of Arts and

Sciences]

A.B.—artium baccalaureus, bachelor

of arts

ab init.—ab initio, from the beginning

abs. re.—absente reo, the defendant

being absent

A.C.—ante Christum, before Christ

A.D.—anno Domini, in the year of our

Lord

a.d.—ante diem, before the day

ad  n.—ad  nem, at the end, to one end

ad h.l.—ad hunc locum, to this place,

on this passage

ad inf.—ad in nitum, to in nity

ad init.—ad initium, at the beginning

ad int.—ad interim, in the meantime

ad lib.—ad libitum, at pleasure

ad loc.—ad locum, at the place

ad val.—ad valorem, according to

A.I.—anno inventionis, in the year of

the discovery

al.—alia, alii, other things, other

persons

A.M.—anno mundi, in the year of the

world; Annus mirabilis, the

wonderful year [1666]; a.m., ante

meridiem, before noon

an.—anno, in the year; ante, before

ann.—annales, annals; anni, years

A.R.S.S.—Antiquariorum Regiae

Societatis Socius, Fellow of the

Royal Society of Antiquaries

252 Chapter 9

A.U.C.—anno urbis conditae, ab

urbe conolita, in [the year from]

the building of the City [Rome],

753 B.C.

B.A.—baccalaureus artium, bachelor

of arts

B. Sc.—baccalaureus scientiae,

bachelor of science

C.—centum, a hundred; condemno, I

condemn,  nd guilty

c.—circa, about

cent.—centum, a hundred

cf.—confer, compare

C.M.—chirurgiae magister, master of

surgery

coch.—cochlear, a spoon, spoonful

coch. amp.—cochlear amplum, a

tablespoonful

coch. mag.—cochlear magnum, a large

spoonful

coch. med.—cochlear medium, a

dessert spoonful

coch. parv.—cochlear parvum, a

teaspoonful

con.—contra, against; conjunx, wife

C.P.S.—custos privati sigilli, keeper of

the privy seal

C.S.—custos sigilli, keeper of the seal

cwt.—c. for centum, wt. for weight,

hundredweight

D.—Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d.,

decretum, a decree; denarius, a

penny; da, give

D.D.—divinitatis doctor, doctor of

divinity

D.G.—Dei gratia, by the grace of God;

Deo gratias, thanks to God

D.N.—Dominus noster, our Lord

D. Sc.—doctor scientiae, doctor of

science

d.s.p.—decessit sine prole, died

without issue

D.V.—Deo volente, God willing

dwt.—d. for denarius, wt. for weight

pennyweight

e.g.—exempli gratia, for example

et al.—et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or

aliae, and others

etc.—et cetera, and others, and so forth

et seq.—et sequentes, and those that

et ux.—et uxor, and wife

F.— lius, son

f.— at, let it be made; forte, strong

fac.—factum similis, facsimile, an

exact copy

fasc.—fasciculus, a bundle

 .— ores,  owers;  oruit,  ourished;

 uidus,  uid

f.r.—folio recto, right-hand page

F.R.S.—Fraternitatis Regiae Socius,

Fellow of the Royal Society

f.v.—folio verso, on the back of the leaf

guttat.—guttatim, by drops

H.—hora, hour

h.a.—hoc anno, in this year; hujus

anni, this year’s

hab. corp.—habeas corpus, have the

body—a writ

h.e.—hic est, this is; hoc est, that is

h.m.—hoc mense, in this month; huius

mensis, this month’s

h.q.—hoc quaere, look for this

H.R.I.P.—hic requiescat in pace, here

rests in peace

H.S.—hic sepultus, here is buried; hic

situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in

this sense

H.S.S.—Historiae Societatis Socius,

Fellow of the Historical Society

h.t.—hoc tempore, at this time; hoc

titulo, in or under this title

I—Idus, the Ides; i., id, that;

immortalis, immortal

ib. or ibid.—ibidem, in the same place

id.—idem, the same

i.e.—id est, that is

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 253

imp.—imprimatur, sanction, let it be

printed

I.N.D.—in nomine Dei, in the name of

God

in f.—in  ne, at the end

inf.—infra, below

init.—initio, in the beginning

in lim.—in limine, on the threshold, at

the outset

in loc.—in loco, in its place

in loc. cit.—in loco citato, in the place

cited

in pr.—in principio, in the beginning

in trans.—in transitu, on the way

i.q.—idem quod, the same as

i.q.e.d.—id quod erat demonstrandum,

what was to be proved

J.—judex, judge

J.C.D.—juris civilis doctor, doctor of

civil law

J.D.—jurum or juris doctor, doctor of

laws

J.U.D.—juris utriusque doctor, doctor

of both civil and canon law

L.—liber, a book; locus, a place

£—libra, pound; placed before  gures

thus £10; if l., to be placed a er, as

401.

L.A.M.—liberalium artium magister,

master of the liberal arts

L.B.—baccalaureus literarum,

bachelor of letters

lb.—libra, pound (singular and plural)

L.H.D.—literarum humaniorum

doctor, doctor of the more

humane letters

Litt. D.—literarum doctor, doctor of

letters

LL.B.—legum baccalaureus, bachelor

of laws

LL.D.—legum doctor, doctor of laws

LL.M.—legum magister, master of

laws

loc. cit.—loco citato, in the place cited

loq.—loquitur, he, or she, speaks

L.S.—locus sigilli, the place of the seal

l.s.c.—loco supra citato, in the place

above cited

£ s. d.—librae, solidi, denarii, pounds,

shillings, pence

M.—magister, master; manipulus,

handful; medicinae, of medicine;

m., meridies, noon

M.A.—magister artium, master of arts

M.B.—medicinae baccalaureus,

bachelor of medicine

M. Ch.—magister chirurgiae, master

of surgery

M.D.—medicinae doctor, doctor of

medicine

m.m.—mutatis mutandis, with the

necessary changes

m.n.—mutato nomine, the name being

changed

MS.—manuscriptum, manuscript;

MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts

Mus. B.—musicae baccalaureus,

bachelor of music

Mus. D.—musicae doctor, doctor of

music

Mus. M.—musicae magister, master of

music

N.—Nepos, grandson; nomen, name;

nomina, names; noster, our; n.,

natus, born; nocte, at night

N.B.—nota bene, mark well

ni. pri.—nisi prius, unless before

nob.—nobis, for (or on) our part

nol. pros.—nolle prosequi, will not

prosecute

non cul.—non culpabilis, not guilty

n.l.—non licet, it is not permitted; non

liquet, it is not clear; non longe,

not far

non obs.—non obstante,

notwithstanding

non pros.—non prosequitur, he does

not prosecute

chapter9.indd 253chapter9.indd 253 2/4/09 3:48:41 PM2/4/09 3:48:41 PM

254 Chapter 9

non seq.—non sequitur, it does not

follow logically

O.—octarius, a pint

ob.—obiit, he, or she, died; obiter,

incidentally

ob. s.p.—obiit sine prole, died without

issue

o.c.—opere citato, in the work cited

op.—opus, work; opera, works

op. cit.—opere citato, in the work cited

P.—papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex,

bishop; populus, people; p.,

partim, in part; per, by, for; pius,

holy; pondere, by weight; post,

a er; primus,  rst; pro, for

p.a.—or per ann., per annum, yearly;

pro anno, for the year

p. ae.—partes aequales, equal parts

pass.—passim, everywhere

percent.—per centum, by the hundred

pil.—pilula, pill

Ph. B.—philosophiae baccalaureus,

bachelor of philosophy

P.M.—post mortem, a er death

p.m.—post meridiem, a ernoon

pro tem.—pro tempore, for the time

being

prox.—proximo, in or of the next

[month]

P.S.—postscriptum, postscript; P.SS.,

postscripta, postscripts

q.d.—quasi dicat, as if one should say;

quasi dictum, as if said; quasi

dixisset, as if he had said

q.e.—quod est, which is

Q.E.D.—quod erat demonstrandum,

which was to be demonstrated

Q.E.F.—quod erat faciendum, which

was to be done

Q.E.I.—quod erat inveniendum, which

was to be found out

q.l.—quantum libet, as much as you

please

q. pl.—quantum placet, as much as

seems good

q.s.—quantum su cit, su cient

quantity

q.v.—quantum vis, as much as you

will; quem, quam, quod vide,

which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or

quae vide, which see (plural)

R.—regina, queen; recto, right-hand

page; respublica, commonwealth

嗱—recipe, take

R.I.P.—requiescat, or requiescant, in

pace, may he, she, or they, rest in

peace

R.P.D.—rerum politicarum doctor,

doctor of political science

R.S.S.—Regiae Societatis Sodalis,

Fellow of the Royal Society

S.—sepultus, buried; situs, lies;

societas, society; socius or

sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half;

solidus, shilling

s.a.—sine anno, without date;

secundum artem, according to

art

S.A.S.—Societatis Antiquariorum

Socius, Fellow of the Society of

Antiquaries

sc.—scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or

she, carved or engraved it

Sc. B.—scientiae baccalaureus,

bachelor of science

Sc. D.—scientiae doctor, doctor of

science

S.D.—salutem dicit, sends greetings

s.d.—sine die, inde nitely

sec.—secundum, according to

sec. leg.—secundum legem, according

to law

sec. nat.—secundum naturam,

according to nature, or naturally

sec. reg.—secundum regulam,

according to rule

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 255

Information technology acronyms and initialisms

9.64. If abbreviations are required, use these forms:

seq.—sequens, sequentes, sequentia,

the following

S.H.S.—Societatis Historiae Socius,

Fellow of the Historical Society

s.h.v.—sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo,

under this word

s.l.a.n.—sine loco, anno, vel nomine,

without place, date, or name

s.l.p.—sine legitima prole, without

lawful issue

s.m.p.—sine mascula prole, without

male issue

s.n.—sine nomine, without name

s.p.—sine prole, without issue

S.P.A.S.—Societatis Philosophiae

Americanae Socius, Fellow of the

American Philosophical Society

s.p.s.—sine prole superstite, without

surviving issue

S.R.S.—Societatis Regiae Socius or

Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal

Society

ss—scilicet, namely (in law)

S.S.C.—Societas Sanctae Crucis,

Society of the Holy Cross

stat.—statim, immediately

S.T.B.—sacrae theologiae

baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred

theology

S.T.D.—sacrae theologiae doctor,

doctor of sacred theology

S.T.P.—sacrae theologiae professor,

professor of sacred theology

sub.—subaudi, understand, supply

sup.—supra, above

t. or temp.—tempore, in the time of

tal. qual.—talis qualis, just as they

come; average quality

U.J.D.—utriusque juris doctor, doctor

of both civil and canon law

ult.—ultimo, last month (may be

abbreviated in writing but should

be spelled out in printing)

ung.—unguentum, ointment

u.s.—ubi supra, in the place above

mentioned

ut dict.—ut dictum, as directed

ut sup.—ut supra, as above

ux.—uxor, wife

v.—versus, against; vide, see; voce,

voice, word

v. —— a., vixit —— annos—lived [so

many] years

verb. sap.—verbum [satis] sapienti, a

word to the wise su ces

v.g.—verbi gratia, for example

viz—videlicet, namely

v.s.—vide supra, see above

AARP—Apple Address Resolution

Protocol

ABLS—Automated Bid List System

ABM—asynchronous balanced mode

ACES—access certi cates for

electronic services

ACP—Access Content Package

ACS—Access Content Storage

ACSIS—Acquisition, Classi cation,

and Shipment Information

System

AES—advanced encryption standard

AIFF—audio interchange  le format

AIP—Archival Information Package

AIS—Archival Information Storage

ANSI—American National Standards

Institute

AP—access processor

ARK—archival resource key

ARP—address resolution protocol

ASCII—American Standard Code for

Information Interchange

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256 Chapter 9

ASP—application service provider

BAC—billing address code

BBS—bulletin board service

BPEL—business process execution

language

BPI—business process information

BPS—business process storage

CA—certi cation authority

CCSDS—Consultative Committee for

Space Data Systems

CD—compact disk

CDN—content delivery network

CDR—critical design review

CD–ROM—compact disk read only

memory

CE—content evaluator

CFR—Code of Federal Regulations

CGP—Catalog of U.S. Government

Publications

CMS—content management system

CMYK—cyan, magenta, yellow, black

CO—content originator

COOP—continuity of operations plan

CP—content processor

CPI—content packet information

CRC—cyclic redundancy checks

CSV—comma separated variable

DBMS—database management system

DES—data encryption standard

DIP—Dissemination Information

Package

DMI—desktop management interface

DNS—domain name system

DO—digital objects

DOI—Digital Object Identi er

DoS—denial of service

DPI—dots per inch

DSR—deployment system review

DSSL—document style and semantics

language

DVD—digital versatile disc

EA—enterprise architecture

EAD—encoded archival description

EAC—estimate at completion

EAP—enterprise application platform

EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded

Decimal Interchange Code

ePub—Electronic Publishing Section

FAQ—frequently asked question

FBCA—Federal Bridge Certi cate

Authority

FDDI— ber distributed data interface

FDLP—Federal Depository Library

Program

FDsys—Federal Digital System

FICC—Federal Identity Credentialing

Committee

FIFO— rst in  rst out

FIPS—Federal Information Processing

Standard

FOB—free on board

FOSI—format output speci cation

instance

FTP— le transfer protocol

GAP—GPO Access Package

GDI—graphical device interface

GFE—government furnished

equipment

GFI—government furnished

information

GGP—gateway-to-gateway protocol

GIF—graphics interchange format

GILS—Government Information

Locator Service

GUI—graphical user interface

HDTV—high de nition television

HMAC—key hashed message

authentication code

HSM—hardware security module

HTML—hypertext markup language

HTTP—hypertext transfer protocol

Hz—Hertz

ICMP—internet control message

protocol

ID—Information Dissemination

IDD—interface design description

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Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 257

IEEE—Institute of Electronics and

Electrical Engineers

IETF—Internet Engineering Task

Force

ILS—Integrated Library System

IP—internet protocol

IPR—internal progress review

IPSEC—internet protocol security

ISO—International Organization for

Standardization

ISP—internet service provider

ISSN—International Standard Serial

Number

IT—information technology

ITU—International

Telecommunications Union

JDF—Job De nition Format

JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts

Group

LAN—local area network

LDAP—lightweight directory access

protocol

LPI—lines per inch

MAC—message authentication code

MARC—Machine Readable

Cataloging

METS—Metadata Encoding and

Transmission Standard

MHz—megahertz

MIME—multipurpose internet mail

extensions

MIPS—millions of instructions per

second

MMAR—Materials Management

Procurement Regulation

MODS—Metadata Object Descriptive

Schema

MPCF—marginally punched

continuous forms

NAT—network address translation

NDIIPP—National Digital

Information Infrastructure and

Preservation Program

NFC—National Finance Center

NIST—National Institute of

Standards and Technology

NNTP—network news transfer

protocol

OAI—Open Archives Initiative

OAI–PMH—Open Archives Initiative

Protocol for Metadata Harvesting

OAIS—Open Archival Information

Systems

OCLC—Online Computer Library

Center

OCR—optical character recognition

OLTP—online transaction processing

PRONOM—Practical Online

Compendium of File Formats

PTR—program tracking report

PURL—persistent uniform resource

locator

RAID—redundant array of

inexpensive disks

RAM—random access memory

RFC—request for comments

RGB—red, green, blue

RI—representation information

RMA—reliability, maintainability,

availability

RPC—remote procedure call

RSA—Rivest, Shamir, Adleman

(public key decryption algorithm)

RTF—rich text format

RVTM—requirements veri cation

traceability matrix

SAML—security assertion markup

language

SDLC—so ware/system development

life cycle

SDR—system design review

Section 508—Section 508 of the

Rehabilitation Act

SGML—standard generalized markup

language

SHA—secure hash algorithm

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258 Chapter 9

SIP—Submission Information Package

SLIP—serial line internet protocol

SMP—storage management processor

SMS—storage management system

SMTP—simple mail transfer protocol

SNMP—simple network management

protocol

SPA—simpli ed purchase agreement

SSL—secure sockets layer

SSP—system security plan

SSR—so ware speci cation review

TDES—Triple Data Encryption

Standard

TIFF—tagged image  le format

TLS—transport layer security

UDP—user datagram protocol

URL—uniform resource locator

URN—uniform resource name/

number

VLAN—virtual local area network

VPN—virtual private network

VRML—virtual reality modeling

language

W3C—World Wide Web Consortium

WAIS—wide area information service

WAN—wide area network

WAP—wireless application protocol

WAV—waveform audio format

WIP—work in process

WML—wireless markup language

WMS—work ow management system

WWW—World Wide Web

WYSIWYG—what you see is what

you get

XML—extensible markup language

XMLDsig—xml signature

XMLENC—xml encryption

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