valuable.
6. Philip A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth
Century, 2 vols. (New York, 1895), 1:586–7.
7. James C. Ballagh, A History of Slavery in Virginia (Baltimore, 1902),
pp. 31–2.
8. Eric E. Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, 1944), p. 19.
9. Lerone Bennett Jr, The Shaping of Black America (Chicago, 1975),
pp. 40–41.
10. For example: Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period in American
History, 4 vols. (New Haven, 1914–1938); Wesley Frank Craven, The
Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 1607–1689 (Baton Rouge,
1949); idem, Colonies in Transition, 1660–1713 (New York, 1967); and
idem, White, Red and Black, The Seventeenth-Century Virginian ; Carl N.
Degler, Out of Our Past (New York, 1959 and 1970); Winthrop D. Jordan,
White Over Black, American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 ,
(Chapel Hill, 1968); Richard L. Morton, Colonial Virginia , 2 vols. (Chapel
Hill, 1960); Edward D. Neill, Virginia Carolorum (Albany, NY, 1886);
Herbert L. Osgood, American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols.
(New York, 1904–1907); Thomas J. Wertenbaker Patrician and Plebeian in
Virginia (Charlottesville, 1910); idem, Virginia under the Stuarts (Princeton,
1914); and idem, The Planters of Colonial Virginia, (Princeton, 1922).
11. By Russell R. Menard, in his works Economy and Society in Early
Colonial Maryland (New York, 1985), especially pp. 191–201, 234–5, 268–9,
286, and “From Servants to Slaves: The Transformation of the Chesapeake
Labor System,” Southern Studies, 16:355–90 (1977); and by David W.
Galenson in his “White Servitude and the Growth of Black Slavery in Colonial