Aircrew Quick Reference to the METAR and TAF Codes

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RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this

publication.

OPR: AFFSA/A3OF Certified by: HQ USAF/A3O-B

(Mr. Steven Pennington)

Supersedes AFPAM 11-238, 1 Nov 05 Pages: 36

The Aircrew Quick Reference Guide to the METAR and TAF Codes helps

aircrews quickly and clearly translate METAR and TAF codes into plain

language. See Attachment 1 for a list of source documents.

METAR reports are observed weather conditions while the TAF indicates

forecast conditions. Both are lines of text made up of coded data groups

separated by spaces. Some groups are not discussed because they are only

intended for use by the weather community. Differences between military

and civilian renderings of the code are discussed.

Aircrews should always check METAR and TAF reports thoroughly for all

hazards to flight safety and other elements that may affect aircraft

performance or mission accomplishment. When users have weather-related

questions, they should contact a certified US military forecaster or

MAJCOM-approved weather source for clarification. Weather briefing

requirements for USAF Aircrews are spelled out in AFI 11-202, Volume

3, General Flight Rules.

Refer recommended changes and questions about this publication to the

Office of Primary Responsibility (OPR) using the AF Form 847,

Recommendation for Change of Publication; route AF Form 847s from the

field through the appropriate functional’s chain of command. This

publication may not be supplemented.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This document includes clarifications of METAR sector visibility and

vertical visibility and removes references to runway surface conditions

(now reported via NOTAMs). It also incorporates several changes to the

TAF format, specifically: repositioning the AMD and COR modifiers for

emphasis, adding a ―prepared/disseminated‖ time group to military TAFs

(already included in civilian TAFs), reformatting of the TAF valid time

groups, noting that some civilian TAFs are valid for up to 30 hours, and

adding a ―T‖ before both maximum and minimum temperature groups in

military TAFs.

2

Introduction

Section I, METAR decoding: Page

Report Type 4

Location and Date/Time 5

Auto/Cor 6

Wind 7

Wind Variability 8

Visibility 9

Runway Visual Range 10

Type of Weather 11

Clouds 13

Temperature/Dewpoint 14

Altimeter Setting 15

Remarks, US 16

Remarks, Overseas 17

Section II, TAF decoding: Page

Report Type 19

Location 20

Date/Time 21

Time and Type of Change Expected 22

Wind 23

Visibility 24

Type of Weather 25

Clouds 26

Wind Shear 27

Icing 28

Turbulence 29

Minimum Altimeter Setting 30

Temperatures 31

Figures Page

1. Weather/Obscuration Table - METAR/TAF 12

2. Remarks Decode Table - METAR 18

3. Icing Intensity Decode Table - TAF 28

4. Turbulence Intensity Decode Table - TAF 29

Attachments Page

1. Glossary of References and Supporting Information 32

2. Temperature Conversion, Fahrenheit to Celsius 33

3. Reportable Visibility Conversion, Statute Miles to Meters 34

4. Runway Visibility Conversion 35

5. Pressure Conversion, Millibars to Inches 36

3

Table of Contents

What kind of report is this?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

This report is a METAR (roughly translated from French as

Aviation Routine Weather Report)—a scheduled observation

normally taken between 50-59 minutes past the hour (also

referred to as a routine hourly observation). A METAR can be

distinguished from a TAF by its single date/time group.

SPECI KBLV 011715Z 25015G30KT 210V290 3SM

BR BKN015 01/M01 A2984 RMK SLP034

SPECI (Aviation Selected Special Weather Report) refers to

an unscheduled report taken when certain criteria have been

met (such as a change from VFR to IFR) and may be taken

anytime.

4

METAR Report Type

How do I determine the location and the date and time of

issuance?

PAAQ 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM BKN005 03/M01 A2984 RMK A02 SLP034

KCLK 291012Z AUTO 08009KT 2SM -RA SCT005

OVC009 M01/M01 A2999 RMK AO2

The 4-character ICAO identifier is the location; PAAQ

(Palmer Municipal) and KCLK (Clinton Regional) are the

locations/stations in these examples.

The 7-character group following the ICAO identifier is the

date and time of issuance. The first two digits are the date; the

last four digits are the coordinated universal time (UTC),

sometimes called ―zulu time.‖

In the first example, 01 is the 1

st

day of the month, and

1657Z is 1657 UTC. The second example takes place on the

29

th

day of the month at 1012 UTC.

When ICAO identifiers are not available or cannot be used, a

4-character identifier starting with KQ will be used. This

practice is normally found in a contingency environment,

where the location/identifier combination is often classified.

Consult the local weather flight for more details.

5

METAR Location and Date/Time

What does AUTO and/or COR mean, if included?

Let’s look at the meanings of AUTO and COR separately.

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK A02A

SLP034

AUTO refers to an automated observation with measurements taken

by equipment such as the domestic Automated Weather Observing

System (AWOS) or Automated Surface Observation System

(ASOS), or the Air Force’s Automated Meteorological Station

(AMS), also known as AN/FMQ-19. AO1 denotes an observation

taken by equipment lacking a precipitation type discriminator (rain

vs. snow). AO2 denotes an observation taken by standard equipment

with a full complement of sensors. A02A denotes an automated

observation augmented by a human observer. Absence of these

indicators denotes a manual report by a human observer.

KBLV 011657Z AUTO COR 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG FU BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02A SLP034 COR 1725

COR indicates a corrected observation. Disregard the previous

transmission. COR 1725 means that the correction was transmitted

at 1725Z.

6

METAR AUTO/COR

How do I determine the wind speed and direction?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

The data group followed by KT (knots) is the wind.

The first three digits are the true direction to the nearest 10

degrees from which the wind is blowing. The next two digits

are the sustained speed. If gusts are present, the next two or

three digits following the ―G” are the ―gust,‖ the maximum

wind speed in the last ten minutes.

In this example, the 25015G30KT group is the wind

direction and speed. Here, the wind is blowing from 250

degrees (true) at a sustained speed of 15 knots, gusting up to

30 knots.

Calm wind is encoded as 000000KT.

7

METAR Wind

How do I determine if the wind is varying between

directions?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

A wind variability group will be reported if the wind is

variable by 60 degrees or more and the speed is greater than 6

knots. This remark will contain the extremes of the wind

directions, separated by ―V.‖

In the example above, 210V290 reads, ―wind direction

varying between 210 and 290.‖

KBLV 011657Z AUTO VRB03KT 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK

A02 SLP034

VRB is used (without direction extremes) when the wind speed

is less than or equal to 6 knots. In the example above,

VRB03KT reads, ―wind direction is variable at 3 knots.‖

8

METAR Wind Variability

How do I determine the prevailing visibility?

KBLV 011657Z 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK SLP034

Visibility is measured in statute miles. In this example, 3/8SM

(3/8 of a statute mile) is the prevailing visibility. Prevailing

visibility is the greatest horizontal visibility observed

throughout at least half the horizon circle, not necessarily

continuous. Surface visibility is measured at a point six feet

above ground level.

Sector visibility may be reported in the remarks section if it

differs from the prevailing visibility and is less than 3 miles,

or otherwise considered operationally significant. For sector

visibility format, see VIS remarks in Figure 2 on page 18.

EDDF 071320Z 22008KT 9999 SCT036 SCT090

BKN280 19/10 Q1011 NOSIG

Most overseas locations report visibility in meters and omit

the SM identifier. The largest reportable metric value is

9999. This value represents a visibility greater than 9000

meters (7 SM or more). The contraction CAVOK (ceiling and

visibility OK) may be used when there is no significant

weather, the visibility is 10 km or greater, and the ceilings are

greater than 5,000 ft. To convert visibility values from meters

to statute miles see Attachment 3 or the Flight Information

Handbook conversion tables.

9

METAR Visibility

What if there is a group that begins with the letter “R?”

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK A02

SLP034

Runway Visual Range (RVR) follows the visibility and begins with

the letter ―R.‖ The runway heading will follow the ―R,‖ and in this

example, ―32L‖ represents runway 32-Left (C-Center, R-Right).

The last four digits report the visibility in feet.

In this example, R32L/1000FT reads, ―runway visual range for

runway 32 Left is 1,000 ft.‖

Most overseas locations report visibility in meters and omit the FT

identifier from the RVR group. The same RVR at an overseas

location would appear as R32L/0300 and read, ―runway visual

range for 32 Left is 300 meters.‖

How would I decode the formats M0600FT or P6000FT or

R06L2000V4000FT (not in example above)?

M0600FT

Reads, ―RVR is less than 600 feet.‖ (M =

less than)

P6000FT

Reads, ―RVR is greater than 6,000 feet.‖

(P = greater than)

R06L2000V4000FT

Reads, ―RVR for 6 Left is variable

between 2,000 and 4,000 feet.‖

―V‖ indicates that the RVR is variable

between two thresholds.

For RVR conversion charts, see Attachment 4 or the front section of

any Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) booklet.

10

METAR Runway Visual Range, “R”

How do I determine if there is any weather?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

If a weather element (precipitation or obstruction to visibility)

is observed, it will be found in the data group following the

visibility. The absence of a weather element group indicates

that no precipitation or obstruction to visibility is occurring at

the time of the observation. In this example, ―FG‖ represents

―Fog.‖

To methodically decode a weather group, look for six key

elements (depending on the phenomena, one or more may be

omitted). In order, these elements are: Intensity (symbol

preceding the code), Proximity, Descriptor, Precipitation

Description, Obscuration (other than precipitation), and

Other.

For a complete table of weather group elements and examples,

see Figure 1 on page 12, or reference Section C ―METAR and

TAF Code‖ of the Flight Information Handbook.

11

METAR Type of Weather

Figure 1. Weather/Obscuration Table

Phenomenon Qualifiers

Element 1: Intensity

Element 2: Proximity

Element 3: Description

-

Light

none

On station

BC

Patches

none

Moderate

VC

In the vicinity

(5-10 miles)

BL

Blowing

DSNT

> 10 miles

+

Heavy

DR

Low Drifting

Note: + can also mean

FZ

Freezing

a well-developed dust storm,

MI

Shallow

sandstorm, whirl, dust devil,

PR

Partial (covering

tornado, or waterspout

part of the sky)

SH

Shower(s)

TS

Thunderstorm

Types of Weather Phenomenon

Element 4: Precipitation

Element 5: Obscuration

Element 6: Other

DZ

Drizzle

BR

Mist, vis. ≥ 5/8SM

DS

Dust Storm

GR

Hail, diam. ≥ 5mm (.25")

(or ≥ 1000m)

FC

Funnel cloud(s)

GS

Small Hail / Snow Pellets,

DU

Widespread Dust

e.g., tornado

diam. < 5mm (.25")

FG

Fog, vis. < 5/8SM

or waterspout

IC

Ice Crystals

(or ≥ 1000m)

PO

Well-developed

PL

Ice Pellets

FU

Smoke

dust/sand whirls

RA

Rain

HZ

Haze

SQ

Squalls

SG

Snow Grains

PY

Spray

SS

Sandstorm

SN

Snow

SA

Sand

UP

Unknown Precipitation

VA

Volcanic Ash

(Automated only)

E x a m p l e s :

+SHRASNPL heavy rain showers, snow, ice pellets

+DRSN heavy snow, drifting

TSRAGS thunderstorm, moderate rain, small hail

VCSH showers in vicinity

BR HZ mist (vis. >= 5/8SM), haze

FZDZ freezing drizzle

BCFG patchy fog (vis. < 5/8SM)

BLPY blowing spray

PRFG partial fog (sector vis. < 5/8SM)

+DS heavy dust storm

A similar table can be found in Section C of the Flight Information Handbook.

12

METAR Weather/Obscuration Table

How do I determine the layers of clouds?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK A02

SLP034

Each observed cloud layer is encoded in a cloud group with sky

coverage, altitude of the cloud base above ground level (AGL), and

sometimes cloud type. The first three letters of each cloud group

denote sky coverage as in the table below. In this example, BKN

indicates broken cloud coverage. To interpret the reported cloud

base, append two zeros to the value given. In this example, 005

represents the value 500 feet AGL. Finally, in augmented or manual

observations, codes for convective cloud types may be appended.

CB stands for cumulonimbus; TCU stands for towering cumulus.

If surface-based obscurations (e.g., clouds, smoke, haze) are

reported, and the lowest broken or overcast cloud base cannot be

determined, then vertical visibility in hundreds of feet determines

the ceiling. For example, VV002 represents a vertical visibility of

200 feet.

Sky coverage in eighths:

SKC or CLR

Sky clear

FEW

Few (Trace – 2/8)

SCT

Scattered (3/8 – 4/8)

BKN

* Broken (5/8 – 7/8)

OVC

* Overcast (8/8)

* The lowest layer reported as broken or overcast constitutes a ―ceiling‖

A similar table can be found in Section C, ―METAR and TAF

Code‖, of the Flight Information Handbook.

13

METAR Clouds

How do I determine the current temperature and

dewpoint?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

The group following the sky condition is the temperature and

dewpoint information in degrees Celsius. To convert

temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit see Attachment 2 or

the Flight Information Handbook conversion tables.

In this example, 01 is the temperature in degrees Celsius

(1ºC), and M01 is the dewpoint in degrees Celsius (-1ºC). An

―M‖ in the temperature or dewpoint field means ―minus‖

(below zero).

14

METAR Temperature/Dewpoint

How do I determine the current altimeter setting?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290

3/8SM R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984

RMK A02 SLP034

The 5-character group beginning with A, following the

temperature/dewpoint group is the altimeter setting in inches

and hundredths of an inch of mercury (inches Hg), used in the

United States and at US airfields overseas. In this example,

A2984 represents a current altimeter setting of 29.84 inches

Hg.

EDDF 071320Z 22008KT 9999 SCT036 SCT090

BKN280 19/10 Q1011 NOSIG

The 5-character group beginning with Q, following the

temperature/dewpoint group is the altimeter setting in

hectopascals (hPa), used at most overseas locations. A

hectopascal is equivalent to a millibar (mb). In this example,

Q1011 represents a current altimeter setting of 1011 hPa or

1011 mb.

To convert altimeter settings from mb (or hPa) to inches Hg,

see Attachment 5 or the Flight Information Handbook

conversion tables.

15

METAR Altimeter Setting

What is RMK?

KBLV 011657Z AUTO 25015G30KT 210V290 3/8SM

R32L/1000FT FG BKN005 01/M01 A2984 RMK A02

SLP034

In METAR reports from the United States and from overseas US

military airfields, RMK indicates the start of the Remarks section.

Remarks contain any pertinent information beyond the standard

fields provided and can be either encoded or spelled out in plain

language. For a partial listing of possible METAR remarks, see

Figure 2 on page 18. Additional abbreviations are constructed in

accordance with FAA Order 7340.1, Contractions.

In this example, the remark, SLP034, is the sea level pressure in

millibars (or hectopascals) to the nearest tenth. To decode, place a

―10‖ or ―9‖ before the first digit (use a 9 if the 3-digit value is 500

or more), and place a decimal point before the last digit. The sea

level pressure remark in the above example would read ―current sea

level pressure of 1003.4 millibars.‖

Caution: Do not confuse the METAR remarks ―5####‖ group or

―6####‖ group with the TAF ―5######‖ (turbulence) group or the

TAF ―6######‖ (icing) group. Unlike TAF code usage, METAR

―5‖ and ―6‖ group codes indicate pressure tendency and cumulative

precipitation amounts--if you need these values, contact your

weather provider for decoding instructions. See pages 28 and 29 for

more info on decoding TAF icing and turbulence forecasts.

16

METAR Remarks, US

What is supplemental information?

Overseas (except at US military installations), METAR remarks are called

―supplemental information.‖ Supplemental information follows the

altimeter setting and uses remark codes like US remarks, as in Figure 2 on

page 18, but is not preceded by RMK.

Supplemental information can also include:

- Recent weather elements, coded with a leading RE

- Sea surface temperature in ºC and sea state 0-9, coded W##/S#

- Runway state, coded as an 8-digit numerical group

- A 2-hour forecast trend as described below

EDDF 071320Z 22008KT 9999 SCT036 SCT090 BKN280

19/10 Q1011 NOSIG

Overseas METAR forecast trend groups either start with BECMG or

TEMPO, consistent with TAF coding conventions, or they consist entirely

of NOSIG, which indicates that no significant changes in reportable

weather elements are expected during the 2 hours following the reported

observation.

METARs issued by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) observers

have, as the last data group, a color code for ceiling and visibility data:

NATO Airfield Weather Color Code. source: AFMAN 15-111 USAFESUP1

Color Code

Color

* Ceiling at or above:

Visibility at or above:

BLU

blue

2500 feet

8000 meters

WHT

white

1500 feet

5000 meters

GRN

green

700 feet

3700 meters

YLO

yellow

300 feet

1600 meters

AMB

amber

200 feet

0800 meters

RED

red

< 200 feet

< 0800 meters

BLACK

black

Airfield not useable for reasons other than

ceiling or visibility

* Belgium, France, Netherlands, and United Kingdom use scattered clouds instead of ceiling

17

METAR Remarks, Overseas

Figure 2. Remarks Decode Table

A01 – Reported by automated

observation equipment that

CANNOT distinguish between rain

and snow

A02 – Reported by automated

observation equipment that CAN

distinguish between rain and snow

ACC W – AltoCumulus Castellanus

clouds West

ACSL SW-S – AltoCumulus Standing

Lenticular clouds SouthWest through

South

ALSTG/SLP ESTMD– Estimated

Pressure. Primary airfield sensors

are suspect or inoperative; backup

equipment is being used.

CB W MOV E – CumulonimBus clouds

West MOVing East

CBMAM DSNT S – CumulonimBus

MAMmatus clouds to the DiStaNT

South

CCSL OVR MT E – CirroCumulus

Standing Lenticular clouds OVeR

MounTain(s) to the East

CONS LTGCA – CONtinuouS (more

than 6 flashes per minute)

LighTninG, Cloud to Air

FROPA – … due to FROntal Passage

FRQ – FReQuent (1-6 flashes per

minute for lightning)

LTGCA – LighTninG, Cloud to Air

LTGCC – LighTninG, Cloud to Cloud

LTGCG – LighTninG, Cloud to Ground

LTGIC – LighTninG, In-Cloud

OCNL – OCcassioNaL (less than 1

flash per minute for lightning)

PK WND 28045/1955 – PeaK WiND

280 at 45 knots occurred at 1955Z

PK WND 34050/38 – PeaK WiND 340 at 50 knots

occurred at 38 minutes past the hour

PRESRR / PRESFR – PRESsure Rising Rapidly /

PRESsure Falling Rapidly

RAB20SNB20E55 – RAin and SNow Began at 20

minutes past the hour, Ended at 55 min past

RVRNO – RVR-equipped, but NO report

SFC VIS 2 1/2 – SurFaCe VISibility is 2 ½ statute

miles; remarked when (lower) tower visibility is

reported in METAR body

SLP015 – Sea Level Pressure is 1001.5 millibars

TCU OHD – Towering CUmulus clouds OverHeaD

TCU W – Towering CUmulus clouds to the West

TSB05E30 – ThunderStorm Began at 05 minutes

past the hour and Ended at 30 min past

TWR VIS 1 – ToWeR VISibility is 1 statute mile;

remarked when (lower) surface visibility is

reported in METAR body

VIRGA – VIRGA at the station; precipitation

observed but not reaching the ground

VIRGA DSNT NE – VIRGA to the DiStaNT

NorthEast

VIRGA SW – VIRGA to the SouthWest

VIS 1V2 – VISibility is Variable between 1 and 2

miles

VIS 2 RWY 11 – VISibility is 2 statute miles at

RunWaY 11

VIS N 2 – VISibility in the Northern sector is 2

statute miles

WND DATA ESTMD – Estimated Wind. Primary

airfield sensors are suspect or inoperative;

backup equipment is being used.

WSHFT45 – Wind SHiFT at 45 minutes past the

hour

18

METAR Remarks Decode Table

What type of report is this?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

This report is a TAF (Terminal Aerodrome Forecast)—a weather forecast

at an airport or military base for a specific period. A TAF is distinguished

from a METAR by its multiple date/time groups.

AMD KBLV 051820Z 0518/0612 21015KT 0800 TSRA BKN008CB

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 29008KT 1600 -RA OVC030 QNH2958INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/18Z

TM01/11Z AMD 1820

AMD (Amended Aerodrome Forecast) is issued because the previous

version is no longer representative of the current or expected weather. The

amended TAF supersedes the previous TAF. In the above example, AMD

1820 indicates that the forecast was amended at 1820Z. Always refer to

the date/time group at the end of the TAF to determine the most current

forecast.

AMD KBLV 051925Z 0518/0612 21015KT 0800 TSRA BKN008CB

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 29008KT 1600 -RA OVC030 QNH2958INS

BECMG 0520/0521 18015KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/18Z

TM01/11Z COR 1925

AMD is also used with COR (Corrected Aerodrome Forecast) to indicate

that a TAF has been corrected. When a corrected TAF is issued, disregard

previous TAFs. In the above example, COR 1925 indicates that the

amended forecast was corrected at 1925Z. Always refer to the date/time

group at the end of the TAF for the most current forecast.

19

TAF Report Type

How do I determine the location?

PAAQ 041419Z 0414/0512 VRB03KT 6SM BR OVC003

TEMPO 0414/0418 5SM BR

FM042000 34005KT P6SM FEW008 SCT070

KCLK 081126Z 0812/0912 07009KT 3SM -SN BR OVC003

FM082100 05008KT 1SM -SN BR OVC001

The 4-character ICAO identifier is the location. PAAQ (Palmer

Municipal) and KCLK (Clinton Regional) are the locations/stations

in these examples.

When ICAO identifiers are not available or cannot be used, a 4-

character identifier starting with KQ will be used. This is usually

in a contingency environment, and the location/identifier

combination is often classified. Consult the local weather flight for

more details.

20

TAF Location

How do I determine the date and valid times of the forecast?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

KPVU 081123Z 0812/0906 32009KT P6SM OVC050

TEMPO 0812/0816 SCT050

FM081600 VRB04KT P6SM SCT200

KSLC 081123Z 0812/0918 35007KT P6SM BKN120

FM090400 15005KT P6SM SCT200

FM090900 14004KT P6SM SCT120 BKN200

The next two groups that follow the ICAO identifier show the

preparation/dissemination time of the TAF and the valid time of the

forecast. In the KBLV (Scott AFB) example, 051151Z shows that

the TAF was prepared/disseminated on the 5

th

day of the month at

1151Z. The valid time of the forecast follows as 0512/0612 and

indicates that the forecast valid time is from 1200Z on the 5

th

day of

the month to 1200Z on the 6

th

day.

Although most TAFs are forecasted for a 24-hour period, the valid

times may vary, up to a maximum of 30 hours. For example, the

TAF at KPVU (Provo Municipal) is only valid from 1200Z on the

8

th

day until 0600Z on the 9

th

day, while the TAF at KSLC (Salt

Lake City International) is valid from 1200Z on the 8

th

day until

1800Z on the 9

th

day.

21

TAF Date/Time

How do I determine the time and type of changes that will occur?

KSTL 051130Z 0512/0612 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030

WS010/18025KT

TEMPO 0513/0516 1 1/2SM BR

FM051600 16010KT P6SM NSW SKC

BECMG 0522/0524 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020

PROB40 0600/0606 2SM TSRA OVC008CB

BECMG 0606/0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCT040

Civilian and military forecasters alike encode the time and type of change

expected with TEMPO, FM, and BECMG groups.

TEMPO represents a temporary condition. In this example, TEMPO

0513/0516 1 1/2SM BR reads, ―Temporary condition between

1300Z and 1600Z on the 5

th

day of 1 1/2 statute mile visibility in mist.‖

Only the temporary changing conditions are included in TEMPO groups.

FM means ―from‖ and indicates a rapid weather change where all data

groups in the previous line are superseded. In this example, FM051600

reads, ―From 1600Z on the 5

th

day…‖.

BECMG means ―becoming‖ or a ―gradual change‖ in meteorological

conditions and becomes the predominant group by the end time listed.

In this example, BECMG 0522/0524 reads ―Becoming from 2200Z to

2400Z on the 5

th

day.‖

PROB40 (civilian use only) represents a 40% probability or chance of

conditions occurring along with associated weather conditions (wind,

visibility, sky conditions).

In this example, PROB40 0600/0606 2SM TSRA 0VCOO8CB reads,

―40% chance between 0000Z and 0600Z on the 6

th

day of visibility 2

statute miles in moderate thunderstorms, 800 overcast cumulonimbus

clouds.‖

22

TAF Time and Type of Change Expected

How do I determine the wind speed and direction?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

The data group after the valid time and followed by KT (knots) is

the forecast wind speed.

The first three digits within a wind group are the true direction to

the nearest 10 degrees from which the wind will blow. The next two

digits are the sustained speed. If gusts are forecasted, the next two

or three digits following the ―G‖ are the ―gust,‖ the maximum wind

speed in a ten-minute window.

In this example, 14005KT, 16010KT, 21015G30KT, 29008KT,

31012G22KT, and 30008KT are the wind direction and speed

groups.

In the first wind group, the wind is forecasted to blow from 140

degrees (true) at a sustained speed of 05 knots. No gust is

forecasted.

In the third wind group, the wind is forecasted to blow from 210

degrees (true) at a sustained speed of 15 knots, gusting up to 30

knots.

23

TAF Wind

How do I determine the forecast visibility?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

In the military and at most overseas locations, visibility is forecasted in

meters. The 4-character group following the wind is the forecast visibility.

In the KBLV example, 8000, 3200, 1600, 3200, and 9999 are the forecast

visibilities in meters. 9999 is the greatest value forecasted. A value of 9999

indicates a forecast visibility of greater than 9000 meters (7 statute miles or

greater). To convert visibility values from meters to statute miles, see

Attachment 3 or the Flight Information Handbook conversion tables.

Overseas locations may use the contraction ―CAVOK‖ (ceiling and visibility

OK) when there is no significant weather, the visibility is 10 km or greater,

and the ceilings are greater than 5,000 ft.

KSTL 051130Z 0512/0612 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030

WS010/18025KT

TEMPO 0513/0516 1 1/2SM BR

FM051600 16010KT P6SM NSW SKC

BECMG 0522/0524 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020

PROB40 0600/0606 2SM TSRA OVC008CB

BECOMG 0606/0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCT040

In the CONUS, civilian TAFS forecast visibility in statute miles up to

6 statute miles, beyond which P6SM is used to indicate forecast visibility

greater than 6 statute miles.

24

TAF Visibility

How do I determine if there is any forecast weather?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

The weather data group (forecast precipitation or obstruction to

visibility) follows the visibility data group.

In this example, BR means ―mist,‖ -SHRA means ―light rain

showers,‖ TSRA means a ―thunderstorm with moderate rain,‖ and

-RA means ―light rain.‖ NSW (no significant weather) is used to

indicate that the weather or obscuration listed in the previous group

is no longer expected to occur. Absence of a weather or obscuration

group means that no weather or obscuration is expected during the

forecast period.

To methodically decode a weather group, look for six key elements

(depending on the phenomena, one or more may be omitted). In

order, these elements are: Intensity (symbol preceding the code),

Proximity, Descriptor, Precipitation Description, Obscuration

(other than precipitation) and Other.

For a complete table of weather group elements and examples, see

Figure 1 on page 12, or reference Section C, ―METAR and TAF

Code‖, of the Flight Information Handbook.

25

TAF Type of Weather

How do I determine the layers of forecast clouds?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT 9999 SKC QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

Cloud height is forecasted in hundreds of feet. Add two zeros to the end of

the value given. In this example, FEW030, BKN008CB, OVC020, and

SKC represent the values 3,000 few, 800 broken cumulonimbus, 2,000

overcast, and sky clear. Overseas locations may use the contraction

CAVOK (ceiling and visibility OK) when there is no significant weather,

the visibility is 10 km or greater, and the ceilings are greater than 5,000 ft.

In place of cloud layers, vertical visibility in hundreds of feet will appear

in a TAF cloud group when the sky is forecast to be totally obscured. For

example, VV002 represents a vertical visibility of 200 feet. Vertical

visibility in a TAF represents the forecast ceiling.

When a surface-based partial obscuration is forecasted, it will be encoded

as FEW000, SCT000, or BKN000 in the cloud layer area. A remark will

appear after the altimeter that will describe the phenomena responsible.

For example, FG SCT000 would indicate the weather element causing the

obscuration is caused by fog and the layer amount is SCT. Surface-based

partial obscurations will not be considered a ceiling.

Sky coverage (eighths):

SKC or CLR

Sky clear

FEW

Few (Trace – 2/8)

SCT

Scattered (3/8 – 4/8)

BKN

* Broken (5/8 – 7/8)

OVC

* Overcast (8/8)

* The lowest layer reported as broken or overcast constitutes a ―ceiling‖

A similar table can be found in Section C, ―METAR and TAF Code‖, of

the Flight Information Handbook.

26

TAF Clouds

How do I determine if wind shear is in the forecast?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

A wind shear group is included if non-convective low-level winds

(up to 2,000 feet) will change in speed and/or direction and result in

a shearing action. WS indicates forecast wind shear and is followed

by a 3-digit height in hundreds of feet AGL, a slant character, ‖/,‖

and forecast wind at the height indicated. WS010/18040KT reads,

―forecast wind shear at 1,000 feet above the station; wind at 1,000

feet is from 180 degrees (true) at 40 knots.‖

The remark WSCONDS is used to indicate the potential for wind

shear when there is not enough information available to reliably

predict the height, direction and speed of the wind shear. WSCONDS

is normally used beyond the first 6 hours of the TAF.

For some locations, the wind shear group will follow the minimum

altimeter setting group (in the TAF remarks) instead of following

the cloud group.

27

TAF Wind Shear

How do I determine forecast icing conditions?

KBLV 051153Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS T08/0518Z TM01/0611Z

If forecasted, the icing group will be prefixed by the number 6, and follows

the cloud group. To decode, follow these instructions:

1. Find the icing designator ―6‖ following the cloud group (620304).

2. The next digit gives icing type and intensity (620304). See Figure 3.

3. The next three digits give the base of the icing layer in hundreds of feet

(620304).

4. The last digit provides the icing layer depth in thousands of feet

(620304), so add this value to the base height to determine the top limit

of the icing conditions.

In the above example, the icing forecast will read, ―light rime icing (in

cloud) from 3,000 to 7,000 feet.‖

Figure 3. Icing Intensity Decode Table

CODE

DECODE

0

Trace Icing or None (see note)

1

Light Mixed Icing

2

Light Rime Icing In Cloud

3

Light Clear Icing In Precipitation

4

Moderate Mixed Icing

5

Moderate Rime Icing In Cloud

6

Moderate Clear Icing In Precipitation

7

Severe Mixed Icing

8

Severe Rime Icing In Cloud

9

Severe Clear Icing In Precipitation

Note: Air Force code ―0‖ means a trace of icing,

World Meteorological Organization code ―0‖ means no icing

28

TAF Icing

How do I determine forecast turbulence conditions?

KBLV 051153Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 FEW030 QNH2960INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 520004

QNH2952INS T08/0518Z TM01/0611Z

If forecasted, the turbulence code will be prefixed by the number 5, and

will follow the cloud or icing group. To decode, follow these instructions:

1. Look for the turbulence designator ―5‖ that follows the cloud or icing

group (520004).

2. The next digit will determine the intensity (520004). See Figure 4.

3. The next three digits will determine the base limit of the turbulence

layer in hundreds of feet AGL (520004).

4. The last digit will determine the turbulence layer depth in thousands of

feet (520004), so add this value to the base height to determine the top

limit of the turbulence conditions.

In the above example, the turbulence forecast will read, ―occasional

moderate turbulence in clear air from the surface to 4,000 feet.‖

Figure 4. Turbulence Intensity Decode Table

CODE

DECODE

0

None

1

Light turbulence

2

Moderate turbulence in clear air, occasional

3

Moderate turbulence in clear air, frequent

4

Moderate turbulence in cloud, occasional

5

Moderate turbulence in cloud, frequent

6

Severe turbulence in clear air, occasional

7

Severe turbulence in clear air, frequent

8

Severe turbulence in cloud, occasional

9

Severe turbulence in cloud, frequent

X

Extreme turbulence

Note: Occasional is defined as occurring less than 1/3 of the time

29

TAF Turbulence

How do I determine the forecast lowest altimeter setting?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

Forecast minimum altimeter settings are only found in military

forecasts. These are near the end of the line, beginning with QNH

(minimum) and ending with INS (inches). To convert altimeter

settings from inches Hg to hectopascals (millibars), use Attachment

4 or the Flight Information Handbook conversion tables.

In the example shown above, QNH2960INS, QNH2959INS,

QNH2958INS, QNH2952INS, and QNH2950INS are read as

minimum altimeter settings of 29.60, 29.59, 29.58, 29.52, and 29.50

inches of mercury, respectively.

30

TAF Minimum Altimeter Setting

How do I determine the forecast temperatures?

KBLV 051151Z 0512/0612 14005KT 8000 BR FEW030

WS010/18040KT QNH2960INS

BECMG 0513/0514 16010KT 3200 -SHRA OVC020 QNH2959INS

TEMPO 0514/0516 21015G30KT 1600 TSRA BKN008CB OVC020

BECMG 0516/0517 29008KT 3200 -RA OVC030 620304

QNH2958INS

BECMG 0518/0519 31012G22KT 9999 NSW SCT040 WSCONDS

520004 QNH2952INS

BECMG 0520/0521 30008KT CAVOK QNH2950INS T08/0518Z

TM01/0611Z

Forecast temperatures for the forecast period are routinely found

only in military TAFs. They are found on the last line, following the

minimum altimeter, beginning with the designator ―T,‖ maximum

temperature first. To convert temperature units from Celsius to

Fahrenheit, use Attachment 2 or the Flight Information Handbook

conversion tables.

In this example, T08/0518Z indicates a forecast maximum

temperature of 8°C on the 5

th

day at 1800Z, and TM01/0611Z

indicates a forecast minimum temperature of -1°C on the 6

th

day at

1100Z.

HERBERT J. CARLISLE, Lt Gen, USAF

DCS, Operations, Plans, and Requirements

31

TAF Temperatures

GLOSSARY OF REFERENCES

AND SUPPORTING INFORMATION

References

AFMAN 15-111, Surface Weather Observations

AFMAN 15-124, Meteorological Codes

ICAO Document 8896AN/893/4, Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice,

ISBN 92-9194-345-2

AFMAN 15-111 USAFESUP1, United States Air Forces in Europe Supplement to

Surface Weather Observations

FAA Order 7340.1, Contractions

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AGL—Above Ground Level

FAA—Federal Aviation Administration

ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization

METAR—Aviation Routine Weather Report

NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization

RVR—Runway Visual Range

SPECI—Aviation Selected Special Weather Report

TAF—Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

UTC—Coordinated Universal Time, sometimes called ―zulu time‖

32

Attachment 1

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION

Degrees Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius

ºF

From

To

ºC

From

To

ºC

From

To

ºC

From

To

ºC

128.3

130.0

54

83.3

85.0

29

38.3

40.0

04

-4.8

-3.1

M20

126.5

128.2

53

81.5

83.2

28

36.3

38.2

03

-6.6

-4.9

M21

124.7

126.4

52

79.7

81.4

27

34.7

36.2

02

-8.4

-6.7

M22

122.9

124.6

51

77.9

79.6

26

32.9

34.6

01

-10.2

-8.5

M23

121.1

122.8

50

76.1

77.8

25

32.0

32.8

00

-12.0

-10.3

M24

119.3

121.0

49

74.3

76.0

24

31.2

31.9

M00

-13.8

-12.1

M25

117.5

119.2

48

72.5

74.2

23

29.4

31.1

M01

-15.6

-13.9

M26

115.7

117.4

47

70.7

72.4

22

27.6

29.3

M02

-17.4

-15.7

M27

113.9

115.6

46

68.9

70.6

21

25.8

27.5

M03

-19.2

-17.5

M28

112.1

113.8

45

67.1

68.8

20

24.0

25.7

M04

-21.0

-19.3

M29

110.3

112.0

44

65.3

67.0

19

22.2

23.9

M05

-22.8

-21.1

M30

108.5

110.2

43

63.5

65.2

18

20.4

22.1

M06

-24.6

-22.9

M31

106.7

108.4

42

61.7

63.4

17

18.6

20.3

M07

-26.4

-24.7

M32

104.9

106.6

41

59.9

61.6

16

16.8

18.5

M08

-28.2

-26.5

M33

103.1

104.8

40

58.1

59.8

15

15.0

16.7

M09

-30.0

-28.3

M34

101.3

103.0

39

56.3

58.0

14

13.2

14.9

M10

-31.8

-30.1

M35

99.5

101.2

38

54.5

56.2

13

11.4

13.1

M11

-33.6

-31.9

M36

97.7

99.4

37

52.7

54.4

12

9.6

11.3

M12

-35.4

-33.7

M37

95.9

97.6

36

50.9

52.6

11

7.8

9.5

M13

-37.2

-35.5

M38

94.1

95.8

35

49.1

50.8

10

6.0

7.7

M14

-39.0

-37.3

M39

92.3

94.0

34

47.3

49.0

09

4.2

5.9

M15

-40.8

-39.1

M40

90.5

92.2

33

45.5

47.2

08

2.4

4.1

M16

-42.6

-40.9

M41

88.7

90.4

32

43.7

45.4

07

0.6

2.3

M17

-44.4

-42.7

M42

86.9

88.6

31

41.9

43.6

06

-1.2

+0.5

M18

-46.2

-44.5

M43

85.1

86.8

30

40.1

41.8

05

-3.0

-1.3

M19

-48.0

-46.5

M44

33

Attachment 2

REPORTABLE VISIBILITY CONVERSION

Statute Miles (SM) to Meters (m)

STATUTE

MILES

METERS

STATUTE

MILES

METERS

STATUTE

MILES

METERS

0

0000

1-1/8

1800

2-3/4

4400

-

0050

-

1900

-

4500

1/16

0100

1-1/4

2000

-

4600

-

0150

-

2100

-

4700

1/8

0200

1-3/8

2200

3

4800

-

0250

-

2300

-

4900

3/16

0300

1-1/2

2400

-

5000

-

0350

-

2500

4

6000

¼

0400

1-5/8

2600

-

7000

-

0450

-

2700

5

8000

5/16

0500

1-3/4

2800

6

9000

-

0550

-

2900

7

9999

3/8

0600

1-7/8

3000

8

9999

-

0650

-

3100

9

9999

-

0700

2

3200

10

9999

-

0750

-

3300

11

9999

½

0800

-

3400

12

9999

-

0900

-

3500

13

9999

5/8

1000

2-1/4

3600

14

9999

-

1100

-

3700

15

9999

¾

1200

-

3800

20

9999

-

1300

-

3900

25

9999

7/8

1400

2-1/2

4000

30

9999

-

1500

-

4100

35

9999

1

1600

-

4200

40

9999

-

1700

-

4300

Etc.

9999

Double underline marks a change in increment

34

Attachment 3

RUNWAY VISIBILITY CONVERSION

RVR IN

HUNDREDS

OF FEET

STATUTE

MILES

NAUTICAL

MILES

METERS

KILO

METERS

12

1/4 *

2/10

370

.4

16

1/4

2/10

490

.5

20

3/8

3/10

610

.6

24

1/2

4/10

730

.7

32

5/8

6/10

970

1.0

40

3/4

7/10

1220

1.2

45

7/8

8/10

1370

1.4

50

1

9/10

1520

1.5

60

1-1/4

1-1/10

1830

1.8

* Helicopter Only

35

Attachment 4

PRESSURE CONVERSION

Millibars (mb)* to Inches of Mercury (inches Hg)

_ _ _0

_ _ _1

_ _ _2

_ _ _3

_ _ _4

_ _ _5

_ _ _6

_ _ _7

_ _ _8

_ _ _9

094_

27.76

27.79

27.82

27.85

27.88

27.91

27.94

27.96

27.99

28.02

095_

28.05

28.08

28.11

28.14

28.17

28.20

28.23

28.26

28.29

28.32

096_

28.35

28.38

28.41

28.44

28.47

28.50

28.53

28.56

28.59

28.61

097_

28.64

28.67

28.70

28.73

28.76

28.79

28.82

28.85

28.88

28.91

098_

28.94

28.97

29.00

29.03

29.06

29.09

29.12

29.15

29.18

29.21

099_

29.23

29.26

29.29

29.32

29.35

29.38

29.41

29.44

29.47

29.50

100_

29.53

29.56

29.59

29.62

29.65

29.68

29.71

29.74

29.77

29.80

101_

29.83

29.85

29.88

29.91

29.94

29.97

30.00

30.03

30.06

30.09

102_

30.12

30.15

30.18

30.21

30.24

30.27

30.30

30.33

30.36

30.39

103_

30.42

30.45

30.47

30.50

30.53

30.56

30.59

30.62

30.65

30.68

104_

30.71

30.74

30.77

30.80

30.83

30.86

30.89

30.92

30.95

30.98

105_

31.01

31.04

31.07

31.10

31.12

31.15

31.18

31.21

31.24

31.27

* A millibar (mb) is equal to a hectopascal (hPa)

36

Attachment 5