DOD INSTRUCTION 5410.19, VOLUME 3
C
OMMUNITY OUTREACH ACTIVITIES: HONORS TO NATIONAL
SYMBOLS; ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES
Originating Component: Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
Effective: September 29, 2021
Releasability: Cleared for public release. Available on the Directives Division Website
at https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/.
Approved by: John F. Kirby, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
Purpose: This instruction is composed of multiple volumes, each containing its own purpose. In
accordance with the authority in DoD Directive 5122.05:
• This instruction establishes and implements policy, assigns responsibilities, prescribes procedures,
and establishes requirements for DoD participation in community outreach activities.
• This volume:
o Establishes policy and general implementation guidelines for Service members in uniform
rendering appropriate honors to national symbols when officially supporting public events.
o Defines annual patriotic observances in the community that may receive maximum military
support, and establishes policy and implementation guidelines for official military ceremonial support
for these patriotic observances.
o Prescribes guidance for supporting national and foreign country commemorations and Military
Department birthdays.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: GENERAL ISSUANCE INFORMATION .............................................................................. 3
1.1. Applicability. .................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Policy. ............................................................................................................................... 3
SECTION 2: RESPONSIBILITIES ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Assistant to the secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. .................................................. 4
2.2. DoD Component Heads. ................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Secretaries of the Military Departments. .......................................................................... 4
2.4. Chief, National Guard Bureau. ......................................................................................... 5
SECTION 3: HONORS TO NATIONAL SYMBOLS ................................................................................. 6
3.1. The U.S. Flag Code and Related Authorities. ................................................................... 6
3.2. Service Members in Uniform Rendering Appropriate Honors at Public Events. ............. 6
a. The Pledge of Allegiance. .............................................................................................. 6
b. The National Anthem. .................................................................................................... 6
c. Sounding Taps. ............................................................................................................... 7
SECTION 4: ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES .................................................... 8
4.1. General Support. ............................................................................................................... 8
a. Length of Support. ......................................................................................................... 8
b. Support in and Around Joint Base Facilities.................................................................. 8
c. Reporting Requirement. ................................................................................................. 8
4.2. Memorial Day. .................................................................................................................. 8
4.3. Armed Forces Day, Armed Forces Week, and Veterans Day. ......................................... 8
a. Armed Forces Day and Week. ....................................................................................... 9
b. Veterans Day. ................................................................................................................. 9
c. Military Ceremonial Support. ........................................................................................ 9
4.4. Military Service Birthdays. ............................................................................................. 10
4.5. Independence Day. .......................................................................................................... 10
4.6. National Prisoner of War/Missing in Action (POW/MIA) Recognition Day. ................ 10
4.7. National and Foreign Country Commemorations. .......................................................... 10
SECTION 5: DOD INVOLVEMENT IN PRESIDENTIAL WREATH-LAYING CEREMONIES ..................... 11
GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................... 14
G.1. Acronyms. ...................................................................................................................... 14
G.2. Definitions. ..................................................................................................................... 14
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 16
TABLES
Table 1. Birth Dates ..................................................................................................................... 10
Table 2. Presidential Wreath Laying Duty by Military Service .................................................. 11
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 1: GENERAL ISSUANCE INFORMATION 3
SECTION 1: GENERAL ISSUANCE INFORMATION
1.1. APPLICABILITY.
a. OSD, the Military Departments, the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
and the Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, the Office of Inspector General of the DoD, the
Defense Agencies, the DoD Field Activities, and all other organizational entities within the DoD
(referred to collectively in this volume as the “DoD Components”).
b. All DoD community outreach activities that involve the military rendering proper honors
to national symbols, including all annual patriotic and military observances.
1.2. POLICY.
a. Community outreach programs are established and command relationships delineated
throughout the DoD for conducting community outreach activities and programs in accordance
with DoD Directive 5122.05 and this instruction.
b. Service members serve as an example for the civilian community at large when rendering
appropriate honors to national symbols at public events.
c. DoD Components will support patriotic observances that have a direct military connection
to the greatest extent possible in local communities across the United States and overseas, when
resources are available.
d. The Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs (OATSD(PA))
retains authority to coordinate support by multiple Military Services for patriotic and military
observances. This does not preclude installations providing support to local events in their
respective communities.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 2: RESPONSIBILITIES 4
SECTION 2: RESPONSIBILITIES
2.1. ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs:
a. Oversees DoD implementation of this volume.
b. May designate a DoD public affairs (PA) coordinator for community outreach activities
when multiple Military Services are involved, consistent with this instruction.
c. Coordinates overall DoD support for Presidential wreath-laying ceremonies on behalf of
the White House. This includes coordinating twice a year with the Military Department PA
offices to review Service responsibility for Presidential wreath-laying ceremonies and to resolve
any assignment or ceremonial concerns identified.
d. Issues guidance in accordance with this volume to promote annual patriotic observances,
particularly Memorial Day, Armed Forces Day, and Veterans Day.
e. Selects the annual Armed Forces Day message theme, and ensures an Armed Forces Day
poster is created and distributed annually.
f. Coordinates with each Military Department to ensure the best use of available ceremonial
resources for Armed Forces Day, Independence Day, Memorial Day, Veterans Day, and other
patriotic observances. Resolves conflicting priorities that may preclude a Military Department
from supporting an observance when resources are limited.
g. Acts as approving authority for all DoD outreach participation in programs or events that,
by their nature or because of expected media coverage, could be of national or international
interest.
2.2. DOD COMPONENT HEADS.
The DoD Component heads:
a. Review and revise existing guidance within their Components to ensure those regulations
comply with this volume.
b. Coordinate outreach activities with other DoD Component heads in a general geographic
vicinity when it is apparent that more than one Component may be involved in a community
outreach activity and a DoD PA coordinator has not been designated.
2.3. SECRETARIES OF THE MILITARY DEPARTMENTS.
In addition to the responsibilities in Paragraph 2.2., the Secretaries of the Military Departments:
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 2: RESPONSIBILITIES 5
a. Designate appropriate representatives to place wreaths in honor of former Presidents in
accordance with the procedures in Section 5.
b. Oversee community outreach activities or approve Military Department participation in
public events, consistent with this volume, and in areas of responsibility not otherwise reserved
or assigned in Paragraphs 2.1. and 2.4.
c. Ensure military support to outreach engagements comply with the requirements in this
volume.
2.4. CHIEF, NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU.
In addition to the responsibilities in Paragraph 2.2., the Chief, National Guard Bureau, designates
appropriate representatives to place wreaths in honor of former Presidents in accordance with the
procedures in Section 5.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 3: HONORS TO NATIONAL SYMBOLS 6
SECTION 3: HONORS TO NATIONAL SYMBOLS
3.1. THE U.S. FLAG CODE AND RELATED AUTHORITIES.
a. Refer to Sections 1-10 of Title 4, United States Code, also known and referred to in this
volume as “the Flag Code,” and Service publications for guidance on honoring the U.S. flag, the
flag’s position, and display of the flag.
b. The design and dimensions of the flag are addressed in Section 1 of the Flag Code. The
Flag Code does not provide alternative rules or guidelines for oversized flags.
c. Sections 4 and 9 of the Flag Code advise how Service members in uniform will render
proper honors to the U.S. flag: standing at attention, facing the flag, and rendering a military
salute. Service publications such as Air Force Instruction 34-1201, Department of the Army
Field Manual 3-21.5, and United States Navy Regulations, Chapter 12 give additional guidance.
d. Section 5 of the Flag Code establishes the proper display of the flag and use by civilians
and civilian groups or organizations not required to conform with regulations of U.S. Executive
Departments.
e. Section 8 of the Flag Code advises on respect for the flag, including how it should never
touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, the floor, water, or merchandise. Service
members supporting community outreach events must consistently show proper respect to the
U.S. flag and uphold the intent of the Flag Code and other applicable Service publications. For
example, Service members will not step on the flag, regardless of its size.
f. In accordance with Army Field Manual 3-21.5, the national and organization flags carried
by color-bearing units are called the national color and the organizational color. While the Army
Field Manual 3-21.5 provides guidance in the conduct of drill and ceremonies for the Army,
other applicable Service publications govern the performance of military color guards.
g. Military Services should provide a traditional color guard to present the national colors
whenever possible for community outreach activities.
3.2. SERVICE MEMBERS IN UNIFORM RENDERING APPROPRIATE HONORS AT
PUBLIC EVENTS.
a. The Pledge of Allegiance.
Pursuant to Section 4 of the Flag Code, Service members in uniform should remain silent,
face the flag, and render the military salute. Service members not in uniform and veterans may
also render the military salute.
b. The National Anthem.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 3: HONORS TO NATIONAL SYMBOLS 7
Section 301 of Title 36, United States Code, designates the national anthem and describes
proper conduct during its presentation.
(1) When the national anthem is played and the flag displayed, Service members in
uniform (excluding the color guard) will give the military salute at the first note of the anthem
and maintain that position until the last note. Service members and veterans who are present but
not in uniform may also render the military salute. All other persons present should stand at
attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. Men not in uniform should remove
any hats or caps with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the
heart.
(2) When the flag is not displayed, those present should face toward the music and act in
the same manner they would if the flag were displayed.
(3) Service members will remain silent during the playing of the national anthem.
c. Sounding Taps.
Section 596 of Public Law 112-239 expresses the sense of Congress that “Taps” should be
designated as the National Song of Military Remembrance. The playing of Taps will be in
accordance with DoD Instruction 1300.15. Upon hearing Taps at a military funeral or memorial
ceremony, Service members in uniform will render appropriate honors, as set by each Military
Service policy.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 4: ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES 8
SECTION 4: ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES
4.1. GENERAL SUPPORT.
Military ceremonial and aerial demonstration resources may support civilian-sponsored formal
observances of national holidays that are open to the public when these observances are held
within 7 days of the holiday’s date.
a. Length of Support.
Ceremonial support for a patriotic or military observance in a single location will not exceed
7 days.
b. Support in and Around Joint Base Facilities.
Events may receive the support of a color guard and no more than one other ceremonial unit,
except in communities where the joint base program has been implemented. When community
outreach events are held within 7 days of a DoD-defined patriotic observance, it is appropriate to
have minimal, diverse representation from each Military Department at these outreach events.
For example, a Joint Armed Forces Color Guard and a single ceremonial unit from each Service
represented on the joint base may be appropriate, if ceremonial resources are available. Where
possible, divide community outreach resources among requests for support to maximize public
exposure of the Military Services.
c. Reporting Requirement.
Local PA officers should provide, through command PA channels, a list of projected
ceremonial and aerial demonstration support for patriotic observances when the support of
multiple Military Services has been requested. Military Services will notify OATSD(PA) for
situational awareness and to request approval, if necessary.
4.2. MEMORIAL DAY.
Memorial Day is observed on the last Monday in May. An annual national concert is staged at
the U.S. Capitol. Chief of Ceremonies and Special Events at the Joint Forces Headquarters-
National Capital Region and the U.S. Army, Military District of Washington, serves as the DoD
PA coordinator for multiple Military Service support in the National Capital Region in
accordance with Paragraph 2.1.b. in this volume.
4.3. ARMED FORCES DAY, ARMED FORCES WEEK, AND VETERANS DAY.
Armed Forces Day, Armed Forces Week, and Veterans Day pay special tribute to past and
present Service members. Special planning and coordination are required to ensure that military
participation is effective and reflects the spirit of the traditions and accomplishments of the
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 4: ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES 9
Military Departments. The United States Coast Guard is included in the observances of Armed
Forces Day, Armed Forces Week, and Veterans Day.
a. Armed Forces Day and Week.
(1) Armed Forces Day is celebrated annually on the third Saturday of May; Armed
Forces Week begins on the second Saturday of May and ends on the third Sunday of May (or the
fourth Sunday if the month begins on a Sunday).
(2) Military installations are encouraged to extend hospitality to the general public by
hosting open houses and similar activities as prescribed.
(3) Armed Forces Day and Week will be observed in the geographic Combatant
Command areas of responsibility in the manner the Combatant Commander concerned
determines is most suitable, excluding United States Northern Command since OATSD(PA)
oversees this observance in the United States.
b. Veterans Day.
(1) Veterans Day is observed on November 11.
(2) The Secretary of the Department of Veterans Affairs chairs an annual Veterans Day
National Committee, which includes representatives from major organizations for veterans.
Each year, that committee designates certain communities as regional sites for observing
Veterans Day.
(3) Ceremonial support for non-local events must be in accordance with Paragraph 4.3.c.
c. Military Ceremonial Support.
Military ceremonial support is authorized for local events observing Armed Forces Day,
Armed Forces Week, or Veterans Day as resources permit.
(1) Communities are authorized to receive non-local ceremonial support if they are:
(a) Included in the current DoD Public Affairs Community Engagement Plan; or
(b) Designated as official regional sites by the Veterans Day National Committee.
(2) The Military Services may approve military flyovers for observances when the event
occurs within 7 calendar days of the official holiday date or are included as part of the current
DoD Public Affairs Community Engagement Plan.
(3) OATSD(PA) may assist in determining the appropriate allocation of limited
resources when multiple Military Services receive requests to support the same event.
Resolution will be based on the broadest outreach to the public, ability to support other events in
the geographic area, cost, and best benefit to the DoD and Military Departments involved.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 4: ANNUAL PATRIOTIC AND MILITARY OBSERVANCES 10
4.4. MILITARY SERVICE BIRTHDAYS.
Birthdays for the Military Services, as well as for the U.S. Merchant Marine and National Guard,
are an opportune time to engage the public and promote their respective missions.
Table 1. Birth Dates
Organization
Birthday
U.S. Merchant Marine
June 12, 1775
U.S. Army
June 14, 1775
U.S. Marine Corps
November 10, 1775
U.S. Navy
October 13, 1775
U.S. Air Force
September 18, 1947
U.S. Coast Guard
August 4, 1790
National Guard
December 13, 1636
U.S. Space Force
December 20, 2019
4.5. INDEPENDENCE DAY.
Independence Day is recognized on July 4. PA officers will incorporate the theme that Service
members and DoD employees support and defend the U.S. Constitution in communication plans
each year.
4.6. NATIONAL PRISONER OF WAR/MISSING IN ACTION (POW/MIA)
RECOGNITION DAY.
National POW/MIA Recognition Day is observed on the third Friday of September. POW/MIA
Recognition Day flyovers will be conducted on a rotational basis by each Military Department at
the annual Pentagon observance so training hours may be scheduled in advance. The rotational
assignments are delineated in the annual DoD Public Affairs Community Engagement Plan.
4.7. NATIONAL AND FOREIGN COUNTRY COMMEMORATIONS.
Supporting official U.S. commemoration activities or foreign country commemorations that have
a historical significance for the United States or a Military Department must comply with
applicable law, regulations, and DoD policy.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 5: DOD INVOLVEMENT IN PRESIDENTIAL WREATH-LAYING CEREMONIES 11
SECTION 5: DOD INVOLVEMENT IN PRESIDENTIAL WREATH-LAYING
CEREMONIES
5.1. The Deputy Assistant to the President for Scheduling and Advance and the Director, White
House Military Office, coordinate placing Presidential wreaths at the tombs, burial sites, or
monuments of all former Presidents each year.
5.2. Responsibilities for the overall coordination of DoD support for Presidential wreath-laying
ceremonies are laid out in Section 2.
5.3. The minimum acceptable military grade for the designated representatives for Presidential
wreath-laying ceremonies is O-7, unless overriding considerations prevent the attendance of a
general officer/flag officer.
5.4. Each Military Department will forward information on the designated representative,
through the OATSD(PA) Director, Community and Public Outreach at
osd.pentagon.pa.mbx.cpo-review@mail.mil, to the Deputy Assistant to the President for
Scheduling and Advance and the Director, White House Military Office. The information must
include the name, grade, title, address, and telephone number of each designated representative.
This will be done at least 60 days in advance of the first day of the month during which the
wreath will be laid.
5.5. The Deputy Assistant to the President for Scheduling and Advance and the Director, White
House Military Office, will provide each wreath and coordinate final details of each ceremony.
5.6. Table 2 breaks down the wreath-laying responsibilities by Military Service and National
Guard Bureau.
Table 2. Presidential Wreath Laying Duty by Military Service
Military Service
Tasked With
Wreath Laying
Birth Date Former President
Former
President’s
Military
Service
Location
Air Force
Jan 7
Millard W.
Fillmore
New York
National
Guard
Aug 27 Lyndon B. Johnson
Naval
Reserve
LBJ Ranch, TX
Army
Jan 29
William McKinley
Army
Jan 30
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
None
Feb 9
William H.
Harrison
Army
Feb 12
Abraham Lincoln
Illinois State
Militia
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 5: DOD INVOLVEMENT IN PRESIDENTIAL WREATH-LAYING CEREMONIES 12
Table 2. Presidential Wreath Laying Duty by Military Service, Continued
Military Service
Tasked With
Wreath Laying
Birth Date
Former President
Former
President’s
Military
Service
Army
Feb 22
1
George Washington
Continental
Army
Mar 18
Grover Cleveland
None
Mar 29
John Tyler
Army
Apr 13
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Militia
2
Apr 27
Ulysses S. Grant
Army
Apr 28 James Monroe
Continental
Army
Richmond, VA
May 8 Harry S Truman
Missouri
National
Guard,
Army, and
Army
Reserve
Independence, MO
May 29 John F. Kennedy
Navy
(Purple
Heart
recipient)
Arlington National
Cemetery, VA
Aug 20
Benjamin Harrison
Army
Sep 15 William H. Taft
None
Oct 4
Rutherford B.
Hayes
Army
Fremont, OH
4
Oct 14
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
Army
Abilene, KS
Nov. 2
5
Warren G. Harding
None
Nov 19
James A. Garfield
Army
Nov 24
Zachary Taylor
Army
Dec 28 Woodrow Wilson None
Marine Corps
Feb 6
Ronald W. Reagan
Army
Reserve
Mar 16
James Madison
Virginia
Militia
Army Reserve
Feb 12
Abraham Lincoln
Illinois State
Militia
Mar 15
Andrew Jackson
Tennessee
State Militia
and Army
National
Guard Bureau
Jan 9
Richard M. Nixon
Navy
Jul 11
John Quincy
Adams
None
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
SECTION 5: DOD INVOLVEMENT IN PRESIDENTIAL WREATH-LAYING CEREMONIES 13
Table 2. Presidential Wreath Laying Duty by Military Service, Continued
Military Service
Tasked With
Wreath Laying
Birth Date
Former President
Former
President’s
Military
Service
Apr 23
James Buchanan
Pennsylvania
Militia
June 12 George H.W. Bush
Navy and
Texas Air
National
Guard
College Station, TX
Jul 4
Calvin Coolidge
None
Jul 14 Gerald R. Ford
Naval
Reserve
Grand Rapids, MI
Aug 10
Herbert C. Hoover
None
Oct 5 Chester A. Arthur
New York
State Militia
Albany, NY
Nov 2
James K. Polk
Tennessee
Militia
Nov 23
Franklin Pierce
Army
Dec 5
Martin Van Buren
None
Dec 29
Andrew Johnson
Army
Navy
Oct 27 Theodore Roosevelt
Army
(Medal of
Honor
recipient)
Oyster Bay, NY
Oct 30
John Adams
None
1
Wreath laying approved for the Washington’s Birthday holiday (third Monday in February).
2
Monticello staffer lays wreath at Monticello.
3
Army may coordinate with Indiana National Guard due to proximity if Army general officer is not
available.
4
Army may coordinate with Ohio National Guard due to proximity.
5
Wreath-laying approved for the third Saturday in July, coinciding with the Harding Symposium and
Harding Home tribute.
6
Army may coordinate with Ohio National Guard due to proximity.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
GLOSSARY 14
GLOSSARY
G.1. ACRONYMS.
A
CRONYM
M
EANING
OATSD(PA)
Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
PA
public affairs
POW/MIA
prisoner of war/missing in action
G.2. DEFINITIONS.
Unless otherwise noted, these terms and their definitions are for the purpose of this issuance.
T
ERM
D
EFINITION
armed forces
The Army, the Marine Corps, the Navy, the Air Force, Space Force,
and the Coast Guard, including their National Guard and Reserve
Components.
ceremonial support
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
community
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
community outreach
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
community outreach
activity
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
DoD PA coordinator
Defined in Volume 2 of this instruction.
DoD support
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
events
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
flyover
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction. (See definitions under
“aerial demonstration.”)
local event
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
military observances
Military Service (and National Guard) birthdays and commemorative
observances of military battles and conflicts.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
GLOSSARY 15
T
ERM
D
EFINITION
National Capital
Region
Defined in DoD Instruction 4515.14.
open house
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
PA
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
patriotic observances
Select national holidays prescribed by Federal law that are
recognized by the DoD as opportunities to educate the public about
the military, its members, and missions by participating in military,
civilian, and city sponsored outreach activities. For the purpose of
this volume, these observances include Memorial Day (last Monday
in May), Independence Day (July 4), Veterans Day (November 11),
Armed Forces Day (third Saturday in May), and POW/MIA
Recognition Day (third Friday in September).
public event
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction. (See definitions under
“event.”)
sponsor
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
support (general)
Defined in Volume 1 of this instruction.
DoDI 5410.19, Volume 3, September 29, 2021
REFERENCES 16
REFERENCES
Air Force Instruction 34-1201, “Protocol,” June 9, 2017
Department of the Army Field Manual 3-21.5, “Drill and Ceremonies,” July, 2003, as amended
DoD Directive 5122.05, “Assistant To The Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs
(ATSD(PA)),” August 7, 2017
DoD Instruction 1300.15, “Military Funeral Support,” December 27, 2017, as amended
DoD Instruction 4515.14, “Washington Local Commuting Area,” June 28, 2013, as amended
DoD Instruction 5410.19, Volume 1, “Community Outreach Activities: Policy Overview and
Evaluation Procedures,” September 29, 2021
DoD Instruction 5410.19, Volume 2, “Community Outreach Activities: OSD Outreach
Programs, Speaking Engagements, and Support to Non-DoD Organizations,”
September 29, 2021
Public Law 112-239, “National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013,”
January 2, 2013
United States Code, Title 4
United States Code, Title 36, Section 301
United States Navy Regulations, Chapter 12, “Flags, Pennants, Honors, Ceremonies and
Customs”