Article title: Perception Of Premarital Sexual Relationship Among

Article title: Perception Of Premarital Sexual Relationship Among Students In Tertiary Institutions: A Case Study Of

Benue State University

Authors: Emmanuella Gbaa[1], Doowuese Gbaden[2], Ityonginengen Gbakaan[3], Iwuese Gbatse[4]

Affiliations: Department of Sociology, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria[1]

Orcid ids: 0000-0001-5118-2463[1]

Contact e-mail: [email protected]

License information: This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any

medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at

https://www.scienceopen.com/.

Preprint statement: This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed, under consideration and submitted to

ScienceOpen Preprints for open peer review.

DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPUOAUC.v1

Preprint first posted online: 19 November 2022

TITLE PAGE

PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONG

STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BENUE

STATE UNIVERSITY.

GBAA EMMANUELLA NGUEVESE

GBADEN EMMANUELLA DOOWUESE

GBAKAAN ITYONGINENGEN SOLOMON

GBATSE THERESA IWUESE

DECEMBER, 2016

Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................ i

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... xvi

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 17

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 17

1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................. 17

1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 20

1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................... 21

1.4 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................... 21

1.5 Significance of the Study ............................................................................. 22

1.6 Scope of the Study ...................................................................................... 22

1.7 Definition of Terms ...................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................... 24

REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................... 24

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 24

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 24

2.2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 34

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 37

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 37

3.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 37

3.1 The Study Area ........................................................................................... 37

3.3 The Study Population and Size ................................................................... 37

3.4 Sampling Procedure .................................................................................... 35

The rationale behind the distribution and selection of respondents across the faculties and

then departments was the population density from available records. .............................. 35

3.5 Method of Data Collection ........................................................................... 36

3.6 Methods of Data Analysis ........................................................................... 36

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 37

DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ....... 37

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 37

4.2 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents ..................................... 37

Source: field work, 2016. ................................................................................... 38

4.3. Distribution of Respondents according to Faculty ...................................... 39

4.4.4 Do your Friends Practice Premarital Sex ................................................. 44

4.4.7 Is sex only for Married People a Primitive Ideology? ................................ 53

4.5 ANSWERING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................. 61

4.5.2 Research question two: what are the factors which influence and condition the

youth attitude towards premarital sex? .............................................................. 62

4.5.4 Research question four: what are the possible ways of overcoming premarital

sexual relationship? ............................................................................................. 65

4.6 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...................................................................... 58

CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................... 60

Summary, Conclusion, Suggestions for Further Studies and ....................................... 60

Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 60

5.1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 60

5.2 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 61

5.3 Recommendations ...................................................................................... 61

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 63

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................ 66

ABSTRACT

The study uncovers how students in tertiary institutions perceive premarital sexual

relationships: A Case Study of Benue State University Makurdi. The Study

specifically determines youth’s perception of premarital sexual relationships as well

as the factors that influence youth’s attitude towards premarital sex, it also seek to

find out the consequences of youth’s involvement in premarital sexual relationship,

and also highlight media through which premarital sexual relations can be reduced

to the minima. The study employed the diffusion theory also known as the diffusion of

innovations theory in explaining youth’s perception of premarital sexual

relationships, the factors and consequences of premarital sexual relationships.

Similarly, a Multi-stage sampling technique: cluster to simple random, and to simple

random was employed in drawing respondents. Consequently, students between the

ages of 18-35 in Benue State University numbering 400 were randomly selected from

the 8 faculties via the use of Taro Yamane's sample size determination formula. Data

collected using structured questionnaire and was analyzed using simple percentages

and descriptive technique for more clarity. The study revealed that: the general

perception of youth on premarital sex is negative. But most of these youths engage in

premarital sex even though they have agreed it is wrong. They also believe that

abstinence is best way to avoiding premarital sex. The study also revealed that: lack

of self-esteem, the desire to feel among peers, the influence of pornography, alcohol

consumption, intake of hard drugs, the desire for money, the youth’s best way of

showing love and affection and indulging just for the fun of it are the causal factors

to youth’s indulgence in premarital sexual relationship in Benue State University.

Similarly, findings also validate that: premarital sex leads to unwanted pregnancies,

STDs, socio stigma and school dropout. By conclusion, the study recommends total

abstinence from sex, parents to discourage children from premarital sex through sex

education, good parental upbringing, creation of awareness on the dangers of

premarital sex, as well as their teachers through guidance and counseling and

community leaders by creating opportunities for youth training on the implications

of social vices, especially pre-marital sex and religious institutions should

incorporate sex education in their sermons and teachings.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

According to Oyalinka (1972), "Human beings are a class of primates known

as 'Homo-Sapiens', meaning, 'the modern man' or 'the wise man' with the highest

brain capacity among all creatures". In contrast to less civilized and wise primates,

human sexual behavior is strongly determined by cultural and social influences.

There is strict regulation on impulse behaviours.

In the traditional Nigerian society, premarital sex was considered repugnant

and forbidden. People never expressed their opinions on sex openly. Ukachi (1980)

emphasized that, "There were strict moral principles that determined the code of

conducts. Established moral codes guided individual members on social

behaviours". The bride and the groom were required to be ignorant on sexual

matters, until they were married. Social checks such as songs of contempt and

degradation were put in place to prevent the youths from indulging in sexual activity

before marriage. In Tiv society for instance, a groom, who on the wedding night,

discovers that his bride has lost her virginity would buy a new cloth, bore a large

hole in the middle, fold it neatly and send to the mother in law as a testament of her

daughter's shame. Eze (1994) asserted that, this made the intending brides, "strive to

maintain the good name of their families".

This restrictive stance towards premarital sexual intercourse was further

strengthened by the advent of Christianity. Schools were built and managed by

the missionaries with strict rules on illicit sexual behaviours. Often time, girls

were separated from the boys. Immorality was regarded as a sin against God and

man.

In the recent past, Western societies such as Europe and America,

underwent a radical change in their attitude towards sex which was termed sex

revolution. As a result of this sex revolution, sex became glorified and

commercialized. All types of behaviours such as nudity, homosexuality,

premarital sex, and sex and the likes were being experimented upon. In some

severe cases, gay marriages, pornography were legalized. This thus, informed

Armstrong's appraisal when he said that, "we live in a crazy world" (Armstrong:

1972).

Globalization occasioned by factors such as explosion in information

technology has made the crazy world, described by Armstrong (1972), to find its'

way to Africa and Nigeria. Onyemelukwe (1993) explained that, in contemporary

time, Nigerian youths have joined in the sex revolution in Europe and America.

The impacts of alien ideas and cultures, mass communication and conditions of

urban life on the behaviours and attitudes of Nigerian youths cannot be over

emphasized. There have been extensive interests, enquiry and curiosity in

premarital sexual activity. The youths are exposed to sexual stimuli in magazines,

television/movies, and the internet to a greater extent than before, thereby

creating a generally liberated sexual attitudes and values that encourage

premarital sexual activity among the youth, once considered a taboo.

Reiss (1964), Johnson (1966), Bell and Chakes (1970) concord on the above

position when they held that, "the opinions and attitudes of the present day youths

towards sex are becoming more liberal and permissive and this is as a result of

permissive environments in the society". Commenting, Onyemelukwe (1993) opined

that, factors responsible for this societal permissive attitude range from family

orientation, peer influence, increased urbanization, and decreased involvement of

youths in religious activities among others. The present time can therefore be

described as a period of sex explosion in which the youth indulge in unprecedented

sexual activities.

Momah, (2007) observed that, "in this age of moral laxity, the laws of God have

been set aside in the name of freedom. The moral codes of the past have given way

to situation ethics. Mothers are insisting that birth control pills be given to their

unmarried daughters. Movies, televisions, magazines and pornography of every kind

are being used to train and inflame our youths. Modern sex education has become the

tool of the devil because the biology and mechanics of sex are being taught without

restraint". The result of this promiscuity being veneral diseases and illegitimate births

is increasing among young people at an alarming rate. The teenagers who are more

sexually active than anyone else generally do not realize how easy it is to become

pregnant. The ultimate solution recommend by Planned Parenthood is abortion where

contraceptives fail. People's minds have been conditioned to accept the idea that an

unborn baby is something less than human.

This permissive attitude accounts for a large percentage of youth problems.

Among undergraduates of higher institutions, there is a high rate of abortions, drops-

outs and even death of students. This impacts society negatively since youths are

leaders of tomorrow. This research work thus undertakes to examine how students of

Benue State University perceive premarital sexual relationship and how this impacts

their academic attainment and life generally.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

It has been observed that there is a general decline in moral values in the modern

society especially in the area of sexuality. Osisioma (1998) lamented that in Nigeria,

culture no longer holds a grip on the youths as our society seems to be plagued with

decaying moral codes. The sense of right and wrong is eroded. This seems to affect

the youths more than any other group as this manifest in their acceptance of

premarital sex, homosexual behaviour, abortion, drug addiction, and indecent

dressing. This trend is blamed on negligence of parents and the impact of western

culture, transmitted by the mass media. According to Denga (1983), "Sexually

explicit movies expose young people to adult issues at an impressionable age". These

have made the youths to develop carefree attitudes to issues of sexuality. This

therefore, informs the researcher's desire to investigate the attitude of Benue State

University undergraduates towards premarital sex and to seek their knowledge of the

attendant consequences.

1.3 Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study:

1. What is the perception of youths towards premarital sexual relations?

2. What are the factors that influences youths attitude towards premarital sex?

3. What are the consequences of premarital sexual relationship among the

youth in tertiary institutions of learning?

4. How can premarital sexual relations be reduced?

1.4 Aims and Objectives

This study is aimed at uncovering how youths in tertiary institutions

perceive premarital sexual relationships with particular focus on the Benue

State University Makurdi. The study is aimed at achieving the following

specific objectives:

1. To determine youths perception of premarital sexual relationship.

2. To highlight factors that influence youths attitude towards premarital sex.

3. To find out the consequences of youths involvement in premarital

sexual relationship.

4. To highlight media through which premarital sexual relations can be

reduced to the minima.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Findings of this research work will be useful to the government in

discovering the harmful effects of premarital sex on the youths, and the role it

needs to play to curtail this problem.

The study will also help school administrators who are seemingly

unaware of the permissive sexual attitudes of their students, and the modalities

most effective in checking the menace.

This study will reveal the negative impact of parental neglects of their children

and their permissive attitude to their children's sexuality which leads to

consequences which would otherwise be avoided.

The youths themselves will benefit from the findings of this work as it will

enable them to identify the problems associated with premarital sexual relationship

with particular reference to their future.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This research work is focused on the attitudes of youths towards premarital

sexual relationship. The research is limited to the undergraduates of Benue State

University Community, Makurdi. This study does not involve the Staff of Benue

State University.

1.7 Definition of Terms

The following terms which are re-occurring and relevant to this research work

are hereby briefly explained:

1. Premarital Sexual Relationship: This is the act of involving in sexual intercourse

with the opposite sex before marriage is contracted.

2. Perception: The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (New 8

edition) defined

perception as "the ability to understand the true nature of something".

3. Attitudes: The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (New 8

edition) defines

attitude as '"the way that you behave towards somebody/something that shows

how you think and feel".

4. Student/ Undergraduate: A student is a person who is studying at a university or

college. An Undergraduate is a university or college student who is studying for

his first degree (Advanced Learners Dictionary (New 8

edition).

5. Tertiary Institution: this refers to a University or College.

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This section, of the study houses review of related literature which is an

examination of studies carried out on premarital sexual relationships among the

youths. The chapter is subdivided into the following headings: Premarital Sexual

Relationships; causes of premarital sexual relationships; and Religious and

Cultural Perspectives on premarital sexual relationships; and consequences of

premarital sexual relationships.

2.1.1 Premarital Sexual Relationships

There are varied perspectives on the concept of premarital sexual

relationships by different scholars. According to Adama A.U (2006) , premarital

sexual relationship is the act of having sex by a man or woman before marriage is

contracted. This means that any intercourse between a man and a woman before

they are formally engaged in, marriage is considered a premarital sexual.,

relationship. Oko (1982) described premarital sex an ill wind that brings neither

boy/man nor girl/woman any good behavior. It generates bundles of misery,

frustration and disappointment.

Lending his voice to this debate, Menankiti O. (2006) stated that, sex is

probably the most universal and controversial topic of discussion. It cuts across

national boundaries and barriers, cultures, age and income brackets. Youths are

particularly drawn to sex discussions because it will appear that apart from eating

and drinking, all other aspects of youth life gravitate around sex and the opposite

sex.

Menankiti's submission above affirms the fact that, sex is one of the most

potent forces in youth. Few subjects can be more curious in their minds than sex

issues. Sexual experience can start as early as the pre-teen years in some children.

A report by the Alan Guhmancher Institute in the United States said, eight in ten

males and seven in ten females report having sex while in their teens. This is

hardly surprising and should be expected, in a world where television supplies a

daily dose of glamorized sex.

Menankiti (2006) further reported that, decades ago, virginity was a virtue.

Society had a stigma on wayward boys and girls. But it is sad to observe that,

many today do not view virginity as a virtue. In those days, it was unthinkable to

have a pregnant woman wedding in the Church. Today, in the mainstream

Churches, more than 50% of the girls wedding are already pregnant. In the face of

a promiscuous world, how can youths remain chaste before marriage? This

explains Adama A.U (2006) position when he asserted that, premarital sex is a

situation where the children are abandoned to their fate, exposing them to whims

and caprices, and vices by careless parents.

According to Conger (1961), "Of all the development events of adolescents,

the most dramatic is the increase in sexual drive and the new and often mysterious

feelings and thoughts that accompany it". As a result of adolescent' dramatic

liberalization in premarital sexual attitudes, Wagner (1980) was highly^ worried

when he compared it with the standard behavior. Also, Okieh (1981) complained 'hat

virginity as an aspect of growing up is now something indulged in indiscriminately.

On another occasion, Armstrong (1981) expressing his views emphasized

that, the premarital lovemaking which is now rampant among adolescents in form

of necking, petting and sexual intercourse are governed by "'private love", that is,

carnal love and not God's love (Agape love). It is just mere sexual gratification.

Zelnik, Kanter and Ford (1981) noted that, there is now a liberal attitude towards

premarital sex among teenagers and this is in a very high increase. Their observation

is global. The situation is not different in Nigeria because, according to Salami

(1981), and Lantunji (1981), the Nigerian society saturated with moral laxities that

premarital sex is common at all levels of our school systems. Amazingly, they noted

also that, adolescents of pubertal age in Primary Schools indulge in it too. This

attitude of the present youths towards premarital sex has become more widespread

for almost all age groups (Phipps-Yonas, 1980).

Agbaje (1991) as quoted in Atkinson, Atkinson and Hilgard (Study on

adolescents' sexual standard and behavior' found that the last twenty years have

witnessed an almost revolutionary change in attitude towards sexual activity. They

went further to say that, in surveys regarding premarital sex, homosexuality, extra-

marital sex and specific sexual acts are probably more open and permissive today

than they had at any time in recent history. They concluded that, young people are

exposed to sexual stimuli in magazines, television and movies to a greater extent

than before, satisfactory birth control methods and abortions and condoms have

lessened the fear of pregnancy. All of these changes give the newly matured

individual more freedom. They have more permissive attitudes towards sexual

intercourse, and this has been accompanied by changes in actual behavior. These

changing attitudes have devastating effects on the health of people.

Morton (1971) opined that, the commonest factor for the spread of veneral

diseases (VD) is the frequency of sexual contact and the increase in sexual

freedom. The unfortunate thing in adolescent premarital sexual intercourse is that

they are not properly guided. Onyemelukwe (1993) commenting on this situation

said that, there is a public outcry against premarital sex even in our urban centers

where the general attitude towards it is undoubtedly more permissive. This

observation confirmed that made by Hoffman (1983) that the rate of sexual activity

among unmarried adolescents in urban areas is on the increase although it is believed

that the situation seems to exist in alarming rate in the rural areas where it is fast

becoming a tradition (Izundu, 1991).

The incidence of youth premarital sex is very prominent in higher institutions

where a higher percentage of youth in productive ages are concentrated. More than

13 million youths, representing 7% of the population aged 15-24, are pursuing

university education in Nigeria (Ayodele et al, 2001). For most of these youths,

university represents a shift towards greater independence from home, and the school

setting offers an opportunity to form new friendships, as well as new subcultures

with divergent norms and values. While for others, school represents an opportunity

to experience romantic or sexual relationships and experiment new ideas. Alo. (2008)

reported that, this trend is common among undergraduates in Nigerian Universities.

Corroborating to this view, Ayodele et al (2011), carried out a study to determine the

prevalence of this phenomenon among adolescents in tertiary institutions. The

conclusion of the study indicates that, premarital sex is a highly normative behavior

among university students. A significant (85.6%) number of the respondents see

nothing wrong with sex before marriage. The study also identifies cohabitation as

one of the most influential factor on premarital sex among students in tertiary

institutions. Cohabitation of the opposite sex is a predisposing factor to the initiation

of sexual activities. The incidence of cohabitation which fuels premarital sex among

the youth is made easier by the freedom enjoyed by students in higher institutions.

2.1.2 Causes of Premarital Sexual Relationships.

It is clear from the previous review in 2.1.1 that, premarital sex has become a

topical issue in the society today. What then can be attributed to this social

misconduct?

According to Reiss (1967), much of the changes in the sexual behavior of

young people are as a result of the growing power of the youth to run their lives

without interference by parents, schools, churches, and the law. He also observe that

findings have shown that, high rate of sexual permissiveness is as a result of lack of

Church attendance, identification with peer rather than parents, personal values and

frequent use of illicit drugs and alcohol.

Owuamanam (1962) on his part opined that, the modern Adolescents' less

restrained attitude toward sexuality could also be attributed to changing attitude of

the adult society towards extra-marital sexual relationship. Moreover, parents have

been accused of being indifferent to the sexual decadence of their children and

failing to enforce the cultural moral code, possibly because of their own moral

decadence (Eze, 1989).

Lending their voice to this, Noor Peterson and Furtensburg (1986) emphasized

that, the current parental attitude to sexuality leads to the higher incidence of

premarital sexual activity. This permissive situation also includes the parents' attitude

to sex outside their marital homes. The family plays an important role in sexual

socialization because it is within the social context of the family that one's earliest

socialization, sexual or otherwise occurs.

Udry (1987) supported this in the statement that, the presence of two parents

in the family might provide more controlled environment than the presence of one: it

may be difficult to escape the watchful vigilance of four eyes. Also, two united

parents will be difficult to argue with. Udoh (1981) on his part, see the delay of

marriage due to long period spent in attaining a career, profession and academic

qualification by the female as a cause of higher incidence of adolescents' premarital

sex. In earlier centuries, girls married at puberty and the function of life hood and

motherhood provided biological expression for their sexuality (Eze, 1989).

Andrew (1994) gave the following as the causes of premarital sexual

relationships:

1. Lack of the fear of God and wisdom and knowledge of the word of God: the

plan of God was that marriage should be permanent and an enjoyable act

(Genesis 2:22-23; Matthew 19:6) and that the union should not be contaminated

with sexual relations outside the marriage but people with a determination to

please each other at any cost and at all times. This means that premarital sex is

outside God's original plan for man.

2. Economic condition: Inadequate provision of family needs could result to chaos

within the family, where much pressure will be exerted on the breadwinner

which may compel him to abandon his family. This may lead female children

to prostitution and premarital sex.

3. Over-desire and Ambition: A young girl who is too ambitious to have

everything in life but the odds of life does not grant such may have no other

option but to sell herself for money.

Closely related to the above is Tadaro (1972) submission that unemployment is

another cause of premarital sex. Due to unemployment affecting parents, the children

are left with no option than to engage in atrocities like sex hawking, armed robbery,

among others.

Adewale B. (2008) summarized the causes as follows:

Pressure: Pressure from parents, friends, peer group, lecturers, bosses, future

partners etc. which may cause young people to have premarital sex.

Curiosity: many youths engage in premarital sex as a result of curiosity. They

think they are searching for reality but end up destroying themselves.

Electronic Media: Television, film, radio and other related media have

contributed to the high incidence of premarital sex. What most youths watch, hear

or read determine their behavior. Most media content is riddled with sexual

contents, predisposing young people to premarital sex.

Environmental Influence: we live in a corrupt society where many do not see

anything wrong with ungodliness. They do not see premarital sex as a sin. Girls

are encouraged to dress half naked, tempting their male counterparts.

Indiscipline: Lack of discipline has led many singles into the dungeon of

premarital sex.

Ignorance: Lack of good sex education has led many youth into premarital sex;

many go into it without knowing the implications of their actions.

Bad parenting: Children that are not well brought up are likely to engage in

premarital sex.

Broken Homes: Children from broken homes have a high likelihood of engaging in

premarital sex.

Apart from the blame apportioned to parents for their negligence as earlier

mentioned, some people are of the opinion that adolescents are naturally open to the

normal sex drive. While this drive is increased by the impact of permissive Western

cultures, transmitted by the media. Denga (1983) pointed out that, sexually explicit

movies expose young people to adult issues at an "impressionable age". This

according to him, predisposes them to premarital sexual intercourse.

2.1.3 Religious and Cultural Perspectives on Premarital Sexual Relationships.

2.1.3.1 Religious Perspectives

There are three main religions in Nigeria: Christianity, Islam and the African

Traditional Religion. In this discussion, The African Traditional Religion will be

discussed under Cultural Perspective.

In Nigeria, the Catholic Church provides limited sexuality education,

emphasizing abstinence for unmarried persons and the natural family planning

method for married persons and condemning other forms of contraception. Other

Christian groups emphasize menstrual hygiene and separation of women during

menstruation as described in the Old Testament. The present day Pentecostal

Churches tend to be more receptive to contraceptive use within marriage, while

emphasizing premarital abstinence. Overall, the Christian Churches have yet to pay

sexuality education its deserved attention. (Esiet. U. 1997).

It is clear from the foregoing that, even though the two religions in Nigeria

provide some form of sex education, what they provide is not enough to completely

enlighten the youths on their sexuality; hence the high incidence of premarital sexual

activities by adolescents.

2.1.3.2 Traditional Perspectives

The traditional Nigerian society imposed strict moral codes on adolescents. Sex

for the unmarried youth was considered repugnant and forbidden. People never

expressed their opinions on sex openly. The bride and groom were required to be

ignorant on sexual matters until they were married. A bride who losses her virginity

before the wedding day is shamed openly. This made the brides strive to maintain the

good names of their families. (Ukachi, 198; Eze, 1994).

In the contemporary Nigerian society however, studies indicates that these strict

codes are gradually eroding. The following are summaries of attitudes and practices

regarding sexuality education and discussion of sex among the ethnic groups in eight

geographical regions of Nigeria in January 1999 (Francoeur, Esiet, and Esiet: 2000).

1. Regions; Ipoti-Ekiti, Oyo, and Yoruba Land: Sexual knowledge here is

acquired through storytelling, myths, peers. There is little positive attitude

towards sexual education. Uneducated adults regard sex education as a taboo.

However, sex is freely discussed in beer parlours and during marriage

preparation in the Church or Mosque. Otherwise, sexuality issues are never

discussed and people are repulsed by sex talk.

2. Regions; Kano, Katsina, and Kaduna: Most children in these states learn

about sex education from their peers, media and observation of adults. Parents

do not discuss sex with their children. Parents are against sex education in

schools because they believe it will affect their children negatively.

3. Region; Benue (Tiv, Idoma and Igala): Children learn about sex from their

peers, storytelling and the cultural practices of gender roles. Sexual intercourse

is learned by experimentation. Most mothers tell their children about sexual

intercourse when they start menstruating. Spouses rarely communicate about

sexuality.

4. Region; Akwa-Ibom and Cross River: Children acquire sexual knowledge

from stories told by their elders, eaves-dropping on adult talk, and from older

siblings. Knowledge of sexuality is considered inappropriate for the children. It

is seen as a way of corrupting the children.

5. Region; Delta state (Urhobo, Ibos, Ijaws, Isaw, Itsekiri): Children acquire

sex education from their peers. Most people view sexuality education

negatively because they believe it initiates the young one into sex relationships.

6. Region; Edo: Children in this region may learn about sex from their parents

but mostly through peers. There is a general negative attitude towards sex

education.

7. Region; Imo, Enugu, and Anambra: children acquire sexual knowledge from

peers. There is no formal sex education. Parents teach their children through

their own attitudes and behaviours.

The above summation indicates that there is little or no sex education among Nigerian

children. What they have is mostly acquired from peers. This validates the assertion

Judith (1999) that, "viewing youths as a group with their own specific needs is a

relatively recent practice, especially in developing countries". She further explained

that, "Cultural practices hinder young people in many developing countries to discuss

sexual matters explicitly with their parents. Most information

for their patchy knowledge comes from peers ................... who may themselves lack

adequate knowledge or are incorrectly informed".

2.1.4 Consequences of Premarital Sexual Relationships

Premarital sex has many consequences. Menankiti (2006) pointed out that

premarital sex leads to a feeling of guilt and disappointment. Many people often ask

themselves after premarital sex, what is the fun after all? A youth may feel exploited

and humiliated after illicit sex. The girl generally feels dirty and cheap after the act.

The most disturbing effect of premarital sex is contracting sexually transmitted

disease (S.T.D). This can have disastrous consequences. In some cases, there is

permanent damage such as infertility. Premarital sex may also lead to unwanted

pregnancies which is highly stigmatized by society. Young girls who become

pregnant as a result of premarital sex go through a lot of traumatic experience of

becoming teenage mothers. Many suffer rejection from parents and society.

Premarital sex may also lead to abortion. If a girl undergoes abortion, she runs the

risk of not being pregnant again or even death.

Conscience for life. In some cases, the boy responsible for the pregnancy is

forced to marry the girl. A forced marriage can hardly produce the right environment

for happiness.

Divorce is a consequence of premarital sex and forced marriages. When people

are forced to live together as husband and wife, there is usually no agreement on

issues which breeds arguments and fights which often times, results in divorce.

Lenore B. (1998) categorized the consequences of premarital sex under three main

headings: Physical effects, Spiritual effects and Emotional effects.

The Spiritual effects have to do with the religious consequences of premarital sex.

The Holy Bible explains that the body is the temple of the Lord and as such, not

meant for immorality (1 Corinthians 6:13) Verse 18 of this chapter reiterates that,

people should flee from sexual immorality. All other sins a man commits are outside

the body but he who sins sexually sins against his own body. Galatians 5: 19 is

emphatic on this point: "The acts of sinful nature are obvious: Sexual immorality,

impurity..." Ephesians 5:3 holds that "But among you there must not be a hint of

sexual immorality, or any kind of impurity..." These emphasize the extent to which

God abhors premarital sex.

The Bible also has the following strict injunctions against impurity:

"Blessed are the pure in heart, For they shall see God"

(Matthew 5:8) "Watch your mouth with all diligence,

For from it springs the issues of life" (Proverbs 4:23)

"Abstain from sexual immorality.... God has called

us for purity" (Thessalonians 4:3-5, 7).

"God will judge fornicators and Adulterers" (Hebrews 13:14)

Clearly, sex outside marriage is forbidden by God. There are spiritual

consequences any time we disobey God.

The Physical Consequences translate to illicit diseases, unwanted pregnancies and

death. There are now over fifty (50) STD's which can cripple or make life miserable

for people. Such STD's as syphilis, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),

genital warts, genital herpes, Chlamydia, cancroids, Aids, among others are ravaging

people who engage in premarital and unprotected sex.

Emotional effect of premarital sex is the psychological consequences of premarital

sex. The emotional baggage that often comes with premarital sex includes sexual

dysfunction in marriage. Many end up in counseling or therapy to deal with problems

of teenage sex. Studies have shown that premarital sex also increases the rate of

cheating after marriage. Teens don't know that when they are young, but god knew it

when He gave the rules in His "Owner's Manual".

Guilt is another consequence of violating God's standard of chastity until

marriage. This has long-term effects on future relationships in marriage, and may

haunt and affect a person longer than any other consequence. To have the sex act

linked to guilt in one's emotions because of premarital activity causes the joy

intended by God for the wife and husband to be robbed and clouded.

Apart from the consequences discussed above, premarital sexual activity may

have devastating effects on youth's academic performance. Zachary T.W. (2012)

stated that, one factor that could affect the lives of students is their level of sexual

activity. How then does sexual activity affect student's academic performance?

Maybe the students that are sexually active are

less likely to study because they

spend most of their time going out to pursue sexual partners.

Quatman, Sampson, Robinson and Watson (2001) asserted that, there is a

relationship between students dating and academic performance. Quatman et al.

pointed that students who date themselves exhibit consistently and significantly

lower levels of academic achievement and academic motivation.

Schvanevelat et al. (2001) mentioned that students who initiate sexual

intercourse an earlier age don't achieve as well academically as those who waited till

they are married. Eggleston et al. (1999) stated that, school attendance as well as

academic performance may be related to early sexual activity and unintended

pregnancy.

Also, Abraham and Kumar (1999) observed that poor academic performance

in students influence the likelihood of having had premarital sex.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Diffusion Theory

The diffusion theory also known as the diffusion of innovations theory is

concerned with the spread of ideas and technologies through cultures. Everett Rogers

(1995) used the theory and was reviewed by Greg Orr (2003). The Theory has been

extensively studied by sociologists and Anthropologists. The theory states that, there

are many qualities in different people, including undergraduates in Nigerian

Universities.

The theory depicts communication as affording a market place of ideas in

which an enlightened public carefully and rationally sifts and winnows a variety of

attitudes and behaviors, either good or bad (Calhoun, Light and Keller 1997).

Diffusion has created a network of social place where people with similar interests

can exchange information without sharing a physical space. Anytime, anyplace,

communication enables people to socialize, work and learn, based on who they are

(Harrisin:1993). One unique consequence of the diffusion theory is its' globalized

nature. With the emergence of ICT, the world has become borderless and a market

place of new ideas and innovations. This allows people to have contact with other

cultural influences. This is to say that with globalization, where access to information

is easy in places like Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp.

This thus, gives the youths, who are vulnerable, the opportunity to copy

practices from foreign lands into their cultures. Regrettably, most of these ideas and

practices are not in tandem with the indigenous cultures of Africa. Prominent among

these copied practices is the permissive attitude towards sex and sexual issues. This

also manifests in practices like indecent dressing and low regard for parents and

elders in the guise of personal freedom, rights and liberties.

Worthy of note also, is the recent glamour for gay rights in most developing

societies. The youths are seen advertising their status as homosexuals publicly

because the practice has gained acceptance in the developed world which they

imitate. All these are brought about through the diffusion of ideas occasioned by

globalization.

Globalization diffuses the Western culture into Africa and has reshaped the

cultural value system of Africans to what it is today. Nigerians, especially the youths,

see Western ways of life as more preferable. Permissive sex culture like premarital

sex is one of the borrowed ways of life which the youths have adopted and cherished

so much. To worsen the situation, the young people feel inferior of their own cultures

and so try to modernize along Western ways of life.

It is safe to conclude that, the phenomenon of premarital sex permeating our

social fabrics and which is increasingly seen by the youth as a norm is a foreign

culture.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This section of the study is concerned with the methodology the researcher

employed in carrying out the research. The chapter is subdivided into the following

sub-heading: The Study Area; The Study Population and Size; Sampling Procedure;

Method of Data Collection; Techniques of Data Analysis; and Field Problems.

3.1 The Study Area

The study area of this research work is the Benue State University community.

Established between 1992 to 1993, the University has eight (8) faculties:

Management Sciences (two departments), Social Sciences (five departments), Arts

(seven departments), Law (one department), Sciences (five departments), Education

(10 departments), College of Health Sciences (one department), and Environmental

Sciences (two departments).

The University occupies a land mass of approximately four square kilometers

along Makurdi / Gboko Road, bordered on the North by River Benue.

The Benue State University has a student population of about 31,901 and 90

percent of this population is made up of youths (http://loadedvilla.com/blog).

3.3 The Study Population and Size

The study population of this research is the students of the Benue State

University which is 31,901 (http://loadedvilla.com/blog). The sample size was

obtained using the simplified formula for proportions or sample size by Taro

Yamane (1973) which is as follows:

n = N

1 + N X (e)

Where: n = the sample

size

N = the population size

e = the acceptable sampling error of 0.05 (a 95% confidence level or 5%

precision level is assumed).

Therefore:

n = 31,901

1 +31,901 X(0.05)

n = 31,901

1 + 31,901 X 0.0025

n = 31,901

31,902X0.0025

n = 31,901

79.755

n = 399.987462 Or 400

n = 400

3.4 Sampling Procedure

Using the sample size of 400 which was derived through Taro Yamane's

formula in 3.3 above, the researcher employed multi-stage sampling technique: cluster

to simple random, and to simple random in the distribution of respondents as follows:

Faculty of Arts (65), College of Health Sciences (20), Education (90), Environmental

Sciences (30), Law (25), Management Sciences (30), Sciences (40), Social Sciences

(100) respectively. The simple random technique (SRT) was again used in selecting

student representatives from each of the 33 departments of the eight faculties as

follows: Arts: English department (12), Linguistics (12), Theartre Arts (11), French

(10), Philosophy (10) Religious studies (10) which gives a total of 65 respondents for

the faculty. The faculty of Health Sciences has one department and the twenty (20)

allotted to it was distributed randomly across the department. In Education, Library

and Information Science department has (10), Pre-Primary/ Primary Social Studies

(5), Physical and Health Education (4), Vocational and Technical Education (4),

English Education • (8), Biology and Education (5), Education and Integrated

Sciences (4), Business Education (4), Educational Management (8), Guidance and

Counseling (18), Home Economics and Education (5), Mathematics and Education

(5), Chemistry and Education (5), Education and Physics (5), which gives a total of

(90) respondents for the faculty. In the faculty of Environmental Sciences, (20)

respondents were randomly selected from Geography, and 10 were selected from

Urban and Regional Planning. In the Faculty of Law, the (20) respondents were

randomly spread across the single department of the faculty. Management Sciences

has (14) respondents for Business Management, and (16) for Accounting department.

Social Sciences has twenty-five (25) for sociology, (22) for Mass Communication,

(20) for Political Science, Psychology (18), Economics (15), giving a total of (100)

respondents. In the faculty of Sciences, the (40) respondents allotted to it were

distributed as follows: Computer (11), Biology (10), Mathematics (8), Chemistry (6),

and Physics (5) respondents respectively.

The rationale behind the distribution and selection of respondents across the

faculties and then departments was the population density from available records.

3.5 Method of Data Collection

In order to get the required data for this research, a structured questionnaire

was designed to elicit the right responses from the respondents. The

administration of the questionnaire was done by the researchers. The study

utilized primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from field

survey using the questionnaire as an instrument; while the secondary data was

obtained from libraries, internet, national dailies and offices with relevant

information to the topic of research.

3.6 Methods of Data Analysis

To analyze the data obtained from the field survey, tables, frequencies,

and percentages were used. The retrieved questionnaire was coded into figures

using 4- Likert scale and analyzed into frequencies, mean and percentages,

presented in tables to show the pattern, effect and other issues relating to the

Perception of Premarital Sexual Relationship among Students in Tertiary

Institutions.

The analysis of the data will be based on the information provided by the

respondents. The data will be organized and analyzed using simple percentages.

The researcher will also use the descriptive technique which includes

verbalization on tables for more clarity.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents results of the study. Four research questions were

answered for the purpose of the study using frequency percentages. The data

collected from the field through the instrument of the questionnaire shall be analyze

and interpreted accordingly after which the findings that arose from the study shall be

discussed in line with the specific objectives of the study. The results are stated

below.

4.2 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents

Table 1 above shows the socio demographic characteristics of respondents. First is the

age in which the range from 16-19 has 12%, from 20-24 has 36.3%, 25- 29 has

35.8%, 30-35 has 15.9%. The age range from 20-24 dominates the study with 36.3%.

The sex distribution of respondents is shown as thus, the males are 52.7% while the

female are 47.3%. The distribution is fair by sex but the males slightly are dominant.

In terms of marital status, 66.3% respondents are single, the married are; 33.7% of the

total 383 respondents. The age distribution implies that most of the respondents are in

their youth and most sexually active stages, thus predisposing them to premarital sex

while the marital status of the population makes the population appropriate for this

survey since it investigates the perception of youth on premarital sex.

Source: field work, 2016.

Table 1: Socio-Demographic Variables

Age

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid 16-19

12.0

20-24

139

36.3

12.0

25-29

137

35.8

30-35

15.9

48.3

Total

383

100.0

84.1

100.0

sex

202

52.7

Male

181

47.3

100.0

Female

Total

383

100.0

Single

254

66.3

Married

129

33.7

100

TTotal

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.3. Distribution of Respondents according to Faculty

Table 2: Distribution according to Faculty

Faculty

Frequency

Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Arts

Management

Social Sciences

Science

Education

Environmental Sciences

Law

College of Health Sciences

Total

333

18.0

7.8

25.6

9.7

20.9

7.3

6.5

4.2

100

18.0

7.8

25.6

9.7

20.9

7.3

6.5

4.2

100.0

18.0

25.8

51.4

61.1

82.0

89.3

95.8

100

Source: Field Research 2016

Table 2 above shows the faculty of respondents. 18.0% of the

respondents are from the faculty of Arts, 7.8% from Management, 25.6% from

Social Sciences, 9.7% from Sciences, 20.9% from Education, 7.3% from

Environmental Sciences, 6.5% from Law, and 4.2% from College of Health

Sciences. The study is thus dominated by the Faculty of Social Sciences which

is perhaps the largest faculty of the institution.

Source: field work, 2016

On the level of study of respondents, 24.3% are from 200 Level, 41.0% from

300 Level, 28.75 from 400 Level and 6.0% from 500 Level. 300 Level thus

dominates the study by a whopping 41.0%, followed by 400 Level, 28.7%.

Table 3: Distribution of sample population according to Level of Study

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid 200.00

24.3

300.00

157

41.0

65.3

400.00

110

28.7

94.0

500.00

6.0

100.0

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Fie

Id Work, 2016)

4.4.1 Respondents opinion on whether Pre-Marital Sex is Wrong Table

4: Distribution on whether premarital sex is wrong

On whether pre-marital sex is right or wrong 77.8% respondents indicate

that pre-marital sex is wrong, while 22.2% indicate that pre-marital sex is not

wrong. This proves that a larger percentage of the population sampled abhor

premarital sex.

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

298

77.8

Yes

22.2

100.0

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.2 Youths Indulgence in Pre-Marital Sex

Table 5: Distribution on Indulgence in Pre-Marital Sex

On indulgence in premarital sex, 82.0% agree to indulgence in premarital

sex, while only a meager 18.0% of the respondents do not indulge in premarital

sex. It proves that though more of the respondents believe that premarital sex is

not good, a larger percentage of them still indulge in the act.

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

YES

314

82.0

18.0

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.3 Distribution on whether having multiple sex partners is safe

Source: field work, 2016

Table 6 shows indulgence with multiple sexual partners, 16.2% agree to indulge with

multiple sexual partners while 83.8% indicate those that do not indulge with multiple

sexual partners. This indicates that fewer of the respondents engage with many sex

partners.

Table 6: Having Multiple Sex Partners is Safe

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

YES

16.2

321

83.8

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

4.4.4 Do your Friends Practice Premarital Sex

Table 7: Friends Practice Premarital Sex

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES .

215

56.1

15.4

71.5

I DO NOT KNOW

109

128.5

28.5

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

Table 7. Above show the practice of premarital sex of friends. 56.1%

of the respondents indicate that their friends indulge in premarital sex, 15.4%

respondents indicate that their friends do not indulge in premarital sex while

28.5 of the respondents indicate not having knowledge of their friend's sexual

activities.

4.4.5 Does Pre-marital Sex result to Unwanted Pregnancy?

Table 8: Pre-marital Sex results to Unwanted Pregnancy

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid YES

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

On the consequences of premarital sex, 100% respondents indicate that it results into

unwanted pregnancy.

4.4.6 Why do single people Engage in Pre-marital Sex?

Table 9: Distribution on Why Single People Engage in Pre-marital Sex

Frequency

Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid LACK OF DISCIPLINE

9.9

9.0

9.9

TO FEEL AMONG THEIR PEERS

15.7

IT IS GOOD TO HAVE THE

15.4

EXPERIENCE BEFORE MARRIAGE

IT IS THE ONLY WAY TO SHOW

15.4

LOVE

JUST FOR THE FUN OF IT

11.7

68.1

WATCHING PORNOGRAPHY

ALCOHOLISM

8.1

76.2

INTAKE OF SUBSTANCE

• 31

8.1

84.3

FOR FINANCIAL GAIN

3.9

8.9

91.2

Total

6.8

100.0

- 383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

Table 9 above shows the reasons people engage in pre-marital sex. 9.9% indicate

lack of self-discipline as the cause, 15.7% indicate that, it is an attempt to fell among their

peers, 15.4 indicate that it is good to have the experience before marriage, and that it is

the only way to show love, 11.7% opine that people do it just for the fun of it, 8.1% say

that people do it as an experiment to watching pornography, 8.1% do it as a result from

alcoholic influence, 8.9% do it due to intake of substance while 6.8% do it for the

financial gain of it. From this statistics, it is clear that a multitude of factors predispose

youths to premarital sex, key among them which include peer pressure, ignorance, and

lust for physical pleasures.

4.4.7 Is sex only for Married People a Primitive Ideology?

Table 10 above shows respondents' perception on pre-marital sex. 18.0%

respondents indicate that the idea of sex only for married men is a primitive ideology

while 82.0% are of the opinion that it is not a primitive ideology. This implies that

majority of youths believe that abstinence before marriage is a modern virtue and not an

outdated ideology.

Table 10 Sex for Only Married People is a Primitive Ideology

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Y YES

18.0

314

82.0

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.8 Is Abstinence the Best Sexual Practice?

On if abstinence is the best sexual practice, 95.6% indicate that it is the best

sexual practice, 4.4% indicate that it is not the best sexual practice. Abstinence as

indicated by table 11 is the best sexual practice, supported with 95.6%. We can infer that

even though majority of the respondents indulge in premarital sex, it is interesting to note

that majority of them still believe in abstinence.

Table 11: Distribution on whether Abstinence is the Best Sexual Practice

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Y YES

366

95.6

N NO

4.4

100.0

T TOTAL

383

100.0

S Source:

F( Field Work, 2016)

4.4.9 Does Indecent Dressing Cause Sexual Harassment Table

Table 12: Indecent Dressing Causes Sexual Harassment

Table 12 shows respondents’ opinion on whether indecent dressing causes

sexual harassment. 18.8% respondents are of the opinion that it does cause sexual

harassment while 81.2% are of the indication that it does not cause sexual harassment.

From data on the table above, it can be said with some level of certainty that, indecent

dressing does not result into sexual harassment.

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

YES

18.8

311

81.2

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

100.00

S Source

Id (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.10 Is it possible to abstain?

On the possibility of abstinence, 59.8% of respondents concur that abstinence is

possible while 40.2% respondents are in disagreement to the proposition that sexual

abstinence is possible.

Table 13: Distribution on the possibility of Abstinence

Frequency

Percent

Valid

Percent

Cumulative Percent

Y YES

229

59.8

N NO

154

40.2

100.0

TOTAL

383

100.0

( Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.11 Consequences of Pre-Marital Sex

The consequences of pre-marital sex are shown above to be; unwanted pregnancy

25.1%, STDS 25.3%, social stigma 23.5%, and inability to continue education 26.1%.

Inability to continue education is the most common consequence of pre-marital sex as

indicated in table 14.

Table 14: Distribution on the Consequences of Pre-marital Sex

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

UNWANTED

25.1

PREGNANCY

STDS

25.3

50.4

SOCIAL STIGMA

23.5

25.5

73.9

INABILITY TO

100

26.1

100.0

CONTINUE

EDUCATION

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.12 Perception of Parents about Pre-marital Sex

About the perception of parents on pre-marital sex, 81.2% parents say that it is

unfavourable, 9.4% parents indicate neutrality, 4.7% of the parents state that it is

favourable while 4.7% of parents indicate that is a reduction in the household wealth.

Table 15: Distribution on the Perception of Parents about Pre-marital Sex

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

UNFAVOURABLE

311

81.2

NEUTRAL

9.4

90.6

FAVOURABLE

4.7

95.3

HOUSEHOLD

4.7

100.0

WEALTH

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.13 Religious Attendance

Table 16 shows the religious attendance of respondents in which 65.5% attend

religious activities regularly, 31.3% attend less, while 3.1% of the respondents never

attend religious functions at all. The relevance of these responses is to determine the

extent to which religion is used in controlling vices such as premarital sex.

Table 16: Distribution on Religious Attendance

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

REGULARLY

251

65.5

LESS

120

31.3

96.9

Never

3.1

100.0

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.4.14 Alcohol Consumption

On alcohol consumption as shown in table 17, 9.9% of the respondents consume

alcohol regularly, 24.5% respondents don't consume alcohol at all while 65.5% consume

but not in a regularly. This implies that a larger percentage of the respondents do take

alcohol, which may predispose them to premarital sex.

Table 17: Distribution on Alcohol Consumption

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

VERY REGULARLY

9.9

NEVER

24.5

34.5

NOT Regular

251

65.5

100.0

Total

383

100.0

Source: (Field Work, 2016)

4.5 ANSWERING OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS

4.5.1 WHAT ARE THE YOUTHS ATTITUDE TOWARD PREMARITAL

SEX?

Tables 6,7,12 and 13 provide the responses on the kind of attitudes that cause youths to

engage in premarital sex or to avoid same. On table 6 (premarital sex is wrong), 77.8%

of the respondents think premarital sex is wrong while the remaining 22.2% see nothing

wrong with premarital sex. This shows the general attitude of the youth towards this

practice; majority are against premarital sex.

On table 7 (indulgence in premarital sex), 82.0% of the respondents engage in premarital

sex while 18.0% do not. This implies that majority of the respondents practice

premarital sex.

On table 12(do you think that sex only for married people is a primitive ideology) 82.0% of

the respondents believe that sex should be for only married people while 18.0% feel

such an ideology is of the uncivilized mind. This shows the attitude of the respondents

that sex should only be enjoyed within the confines of matrimony.

Table 13 (is abstinence the best sexual behavior) 95.6% of the respondents believe that

abstinence is the best sexual behavior while 4.4% disagreed. This implies that majority

of the respondents uphold abstinence.

These findings correlate with previous researches. A recent research carried out by

Johanas (2011) on youth sexually and emerging perspectives revealed that in the past,

society frowned so much at premarital sexual relations and made sure sexual chastity was

preserved until upon marriage, today however with the growing trend of globalization,

youths have been enveloped by a drastic turn of concurrent sexual events thus shaping

and re-shaping youth's perspective on the subject of premarital sex. Youth's do not

consider premarital sex as something so serious; they canalize it to be an everyday

activity that quite holds no meaning to society. To them it is but an exciting routine in the

circle of life experience which one cannot afford to miss. Inference can by this be drawn

that youths have negative perception towards premarital sex. This is because they see

nothing wrong with indulgence in premarital sex.

4.5.2 Research question two: what are the factors which influence and condition the

youth attitude towards premarital sex?

Table 11 (why do the youth engage in premarital sex?) provides the responses on factors that

entice youths to premarital sex: 9.9% blamed it on lack of self esteem, 15.7% believe it is

borne out of the youth's desire to feel among the peers, 15.4% think the experience is

good before marriage, 15.4% believe it is the best way to show love, 11.7% believe the

youths indulge just for the fun of it, 8.1% blamed it

on pornography, 8.1% think alcohol is a contributing factor, 8.9% think intake of

substances cause youths to indulge in the act, while 6.8% blamed on the inordinate desire

of some youths to amass wealth.

The findings of this study are congruent with the research of Ottoman (2009) which

revealed a variety of factors as influencing premarital sex relations of youth. Prominent of

these influences was the phenomenon of globalization in which a growing ICT has

rendered the world borders and all hitherto structure that served as checks meaningless.

To him, the internet through social media sites like facebook, linkedin, Badoo and so

have networked youths from all regions and race who readily share sexual contents

amongst themselves upon which many seek experimentation. He went further to

emphasize that expression of this learned behavior might not be very simple, hence

alcohol intake serves as a second degree motivator, upon which victims readily and

willingly act without constraint having lost all sense of rationality.

4.5.3 Research Question Three: What are the Consequences/Dangers of Premarital Sexual

Relationship?

Table 16 (what are the possible consequences of premarital sexual activity?) provides

responses which highlights the consequences of premarital sex in youths in tertiary

institutions. 25.1% of the respondents believe it leads to unwanted

mmmmammammamm

pregnancies, 25.3% think it causes STDs, 23.5% think it may lead to social stigma, while

others (26.1%) believe it may cause a youth to discontinue with his or her education.

These responses show that premarital sex among the youths must be checked since it

portends serious danger to their welfare.

This finding is buttressed by the work of Menankiti (2006) who pointed out Premarital

sex has many consequences, that premarital sex leads to a feeling of guilt and

disappointment. Many people often ask themselves after premarital sex, what is the fun

after all? A youth may feel exploited and humiliated after illicit sex. The girl generally

feels dirty and cheap after the act.

The most disturbing effect of premarital sex is contracting sexually transmitted

disease (S.T.D). This can have disastrous consequences. In some cases, there is

permanent damage such as infertility. Premarital sex may also lead to unwanted

pregnancy which is highly stigmatized by society. Young girls who become

pregnant as a result of premarital sex go through a lot of traumatic experience of

becoming teenage mothers. Many suffer rejection from parents and society.

Premarital sex may also lead to abortion. If a girl undergoes abortion, she runs the

risk of not being pregnant again or even death. Conscience for life. In some cases,

the boy responsible for the pregnancy is forced to marry the girl. A forced marriage

can hardly produce the right environment for happiness. Apart from the consequences

discussed above, premarital sexual activity may have devastating

effects on youth's academic performance. Zachary T.W. (2012) stated that, one factor that

could affect the lives of students is their level of sexual activity. How then does sexual

activity affect student's academic performance? Maybe the students that are sexually

active are less likely to study because they spend most of their time going out to pursue

sexual partners. Quatman, Sampson, Robinson and Watson (2001) asserted that, there is a

relationship between students dating and academic performance. Quatman et al. pointed

that students who date themselves exhibit ntly and significantly lower levels of

academic achievement and academic motivation. Schvanevelat et al. (2001) mentioned

that students who initiate sexual intercourse an earlier age don't achieve as well

academically as those who waited till they are married. Eggleston et al. (1999) stated that,

school attendance as well as academic performance may be related to early sexual activity

and unintended pregnancy. Also, Abraham and Kumar (1999) observed that poor

academic performance in students influence the likelihood of having had premarital sex.

4.5.4 Research question four: what are the possible ways of overcoming premarital sexual

relationship?

Table 13 (is abstinence the best sexual behavior) and 17 (how do your parents perceive

premarital sex?) provide responses which point to ways of checking premarital sex

among the youth.

On table 13, 95.6% believe that abstinence is the best sexual behavior for single youths while

4.4% do not believe in abstinence as a workable option in curtailing the incidence of

premarital sex. From the overwhelmingly majority of 95.6%, it can be inferred that

abstinence is a viable option in controlling premarital sex among the youths.

On table 17, majority of the respondents (81.2%) responded that their parents are intolerant

of premarital sex while 9.4% said their parents are neutral and 4.7% claimed their parents

see nothing wrong with premarital sex. In order to successfully check the rising tide of

premarital sex among the youths however, parents must discipline their children at home

and tell them the dangers inherent in this act.

The last research objective is to highlight mediums through which premarital sexual

relations can be reduced to the minimal. Our society has in the recent past witnessed a

steady and an aggressive erosion of her hitherto much adored and cherished values, moral

degradation has become the order of the day. Youth no longer deem it fit to uphold

chastity and sexual discipline. The internet has together with mobile phones accounted for

the set back in the norms and values of society. It is not too late to strike a chord. Yet, if

society must attain any meaningful and long term result, there must be a value orientation,

de-socialization and re-socialization of the youths, for the growing generation, linkages

must be blocked so that the social control mechanism does not remain porous to the

detriment of society.

4.6 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This study undertakes to find out the Perception of Premarital Sexual ReJatioflships

Among Students in Tertiary Institutions. The study thus arrived on the following findings:

. The results of the findings in tables 6,7,12 and 13 answer research question one.

The findings are that, the general perception of youth on premarital sex is negative

(77.8%). It is however curious to note that most of this youth (82.0%) engage in

premarital sex even though they have agreed it is wrong. Most of them however believe

that sex should be exclusive to the matrimonial home. They do not subscribe to the view

that "no sex until marriage" is an archaic ideology. The respondents agreed that in order to

avoid premarital sex, especially among the youth, abstinence should be embraced.

The results of findings on table 11 answers research question two (2) on why youth

engage in premarital sex. Respondents provided varied factors ranging from lack of self-

esteem (9.9%), the youth's desire to feel among his peers (15.7%), some think the

experience is good before marriage (15.4%), other considered it as the youth's best way of

showing love and affection (15.4%), others believe the youths indulge just for the fun of it

(11.7%), some blamed this ugly trend on the influence of pornography (8.1%), alcohol

(8.1%), intake of hard substances (8.9%) and the desire for money (6.8%). All these

factors act jointly in enticing youths to premarital sex.

The results of findings on tables 13 and 17 answers research question four (4) which

is on ways of overcoming premarital sexual relationships. Majority of the respondents

agreed that total abstinence from sex should be upheld by youths in order to safeguard their

future. Respondents also emphasized the role of parents in fighting premarital sex as most

of them claimed that their parents are vehemently against premarital sexual activity. The

role of teaching the youths to avoid vices should not be left in the hands of parents alone.

School teachers, religious and community leaders should be equal stakeholders in this

noble venture.

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion, Suggestions for Further Studies and

Recommendations

5.1 Summary

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of youths on Pre-

marital Sexual Relationship in Tertiary Institutions of learning. To achieve this

objective, four research questions were posed. Literature relevant to the study was

reviewed. The study employed survey research design. The instruments used for data

collection was a structured questionnaire.

Data was collected from 400 respondents who were students of Benue State University

studying at different levels. Frequency percentages were used to answer research

questions. Below is a summary of findings of the study:

1. Though the youth believe that sexual relationship should exists only between

married people, a higher percentage of them still indulge in premarital sex.

2. Several factors influence and condition the youths attitudes towards premarital

sex such as their desire to belong to their peers, self esteem, economic reasons,

drugs and poor family upbringing.

3. Premarital sex has many adverse effects on the youths such as unwanted

pregnancies, STD's social stigma, and school dropout, among others.

4. Premarital sex may be curtailed through abstinence, strict parental supervision and

advice and creation of massive awareness on the ills of premarital sex and the

dangers inherent in it.

5.2 Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, it I s concluded that:

Majority of youths in tertiary institutions engage in pre-marital sexual relationships

even as they believe it should be done only within the confines of matrimony.

Factors which entice and propel the-youths to premarital sex include peer

pressure, low self-esteem, bad parental upbringing, financial considerations and

influence of alcohol and hard drags.

Premarital sex may cause a youth to have an unwanted pregnancy, STDs, or

he/she may be stigmatized and may drop out of school, all of which may destroy his

future.

Through abstinence, good parental upbringing and creation of awareness on the

dangers of premarital sex, the incidence of premarital sex may be controlled.

5.2.1 Suggestions for Further Studies

There should be in-depth study and appraisal of factors which may entice the

youths to indulge in premarital sex as therein lies the solutions and modalities that may

best be sued by concerned individuals, cooperates organizations and the government in

curtailing the ugly trend.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the foregoing, the following recommendations are hereby put forward:

1. Parents should ensure that they teach their adolescent children sex education.

2. There should be public enlightenment on the dangers of premarital sex.

3. The government, cooperate organizations and other concerned individuals should

create opportunities for youth training on the implications of social vices,

especially premarital sex.

4. All educational institutions should engage the services of guidance counselors to

counsel the youths on the adverse effects of premarital sex and the benefits of

waiting for the rights time to involves in sexual activities.

5. Religious institutions should incorporate sex education in their sermons and

teachings as this will help educate the vulnerable youths.

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APPENDIX

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

Department of Sociology

Benue State University,

Makurdi, Benue State.

Dear Respondent,

We are undergraduate students of Sociology Department, Benue State University

Makurdi. We are researching on "Perception of Premarital Sexual Relationship

Among Students in Tertiary Institutions" and our focus is on the students of Benue

State University Makurdi.

We will be pleased if you can sincerely provide answers to the following questions.

All information obtained is for academic purpose and will be treated with strict

confidentiality.

Yours Sincerely,

Gbaa Emmanuella Nguevese

BSU/SS/SOC/12/19853 .........................

Gbaden Emmanuella Doowuese

BSU/SS/SOC/12/19854 ............................

Gbakaan Ityonginengen Solomon

BSU/SS/SOC/12/19855 ............................

Gbatse Theresa Iwuese

BSU/SS/SOC/12/19856 ...........................

QUESTIONNAIRE Instruction: Please tick

(V) where appropriate to indicate your response. Section 'A': Socio-

Demographic characteristics

1. Age

(a). 18-20 yrs[ ] (b). 20-25 yrs [ ] (c). 26-30 yrs [ ] (d). 31-35yrs. [ ]

2. (a) Male [ ] (b). Female [ ]

3. Level of study

(a). 200 level [ ] (b). 300 level [ ] (c). 400 level [ ] (d). 500 level [ ] 4o Marital

status

(a). Single [ ] (b). Married [ ] (c). Divorced [ ] (d). Widowed [ ]

Section 'B': Questions on perception of premarital sexual relationship among students

in Tertiary Institutions.

Instruction: Tick (V) where appropriate to indicate your response.

S/N

QUESTION

YES

Is it wrong to have premarital sexual relationship?

Have you ever had premarital sexual relationship?

Do you think it is safe to have multiple sex partners?

Do your friends and course mates practice premarital sex?

Do your friends encourage you to have many boy/girl friends?

Do you think boys/girls who involve with multiple sex partners do

well in their academics?

Have you witnessed cases of unwanted pregnancies among students

as a result of premarital sex?

Do students that practice premarital sex always use protection such as

condoms during sexual intercourse?

Can premarital sex among students cause disease?

10.

Have you been reading books or magazines, or watching videos about

sex?

11.

Do you see students who do not indulge or practice premarital sex as

uncivilized or primitive?

12.

Do you see sex only after marriage as a primitive practice which

should be shunned?

13.

Do you think the Church and other religious organizations should

change their preaching on abstinence until marriage?

14.

Do you meet your intimate friends on social/electronic media like

Facebook, WhatsApp or Skype?

15.

Do you think pornography encourages students to practice premarital

sex?

16.

Do you know of students who are homosexuals?

17.

Do you think that students who abuse alcohol and other hard drugs

are more inclined to practice premarital sex?

18.

Do some female students sell their bodies for money on campus?

19.

Do you think some parents encourage premarital sex by teaching their

children the use of contraceptives before marriage?

20.

Do you think the attitude of lecturers encourage students to practice

premarital sex on campus?

21.

Does indecent dressing contribute to the incidence of premarital sex

on campus?

22.

Do you think abortion by unmarried girls should be permitted?

23.

Is it possible to practice abstinence before marriage?

24.

Do you think students that practice premarital sex are usually

ashamed of their actions?

25.

Do you think students who are caught practicing premarital sex

should be given strict punishment?

26.

Do you think many deadly diseases can be controlled if abstinence is

practiced by unmarried people, especially the youth?

27.

Do your parents tell you things about friendship and sex with the

opposite sex?

28.

Do they (your parents) encourage you to discourse your sex life with

them?

29.

Do you think some girls keep sexual partners because they need

financial assistance from them?

30.

Do you think children from broken homes and those without parents

are more likely to practice premarital sex than those who are from

homes that are intact?