

Modernmarvelsmilkworksheetanswers

Proteaseisanenzymethatreactswithproteintobreakitdownintoitsconstituents.EnzymeactivitycanbeaffectedbythechangeofpH,temperatureandtheconcentrationofsubstrateorenzymeinthesolution.ThefocalaimofthisexperimentistoseewhatpHourproteaseworksatbesttodeterminewhereitismadeinthebody.

Thecaseinusedcomesfrommarvelmilkandisaprotein.Itisaproteinthatispresentinmilktogiveititswhitecolour.Whenbrokendownintoaminoacids,themilkbecomesclearer.Whentheproteasereactswiththecasein,itturnsclearerfromitsoriginalcloudycolour.Thereactionthereforewouldbemonitoredusingacolorimeterthat

measurestheamountoflightgoingthroughthesolutionandthemorelightthatisletthrough,themoretheamountofsubstratehasbeenbrokendown.

Howeverthecolorimeterusesafiltertoonlyletsomewavelengthsoflightthroughorelseitwouldletallthelightthroughnotshowingdistinctionsbetweendifferentsolutions.

Thereforeafiltermustbeusedandasthecomeindifferentcolourslettingonlysomewavelengthsoflightthroughsothemostsuitablewaschosenfortheexperimentwhichwas490nm.(Afilterwasnotnecessaryfortheexperimentbutonehadtobeusedasthecolorimeterwouldnotworkwithoutone.

)ThebuffersolutionsaresolutionsthatresistchangesintheirpH,evenwhensmallamountsofacidorbaseareadded.Theyaresaidtobeamphoteric.Soif8.8pHbuffersolutionisadded,itwouldmeanthatthetotalpHofthesolutionis8.andtheykeepthepHconstantbutifthesolutiongetsacidictothepHof8.9,itwouldremovesome

A10cm3measuringcylinderwillbeusedand2cm3eachofcaseinandbuffersolutionwillbeaddedtogetherinthesametestubebutkeepingtheenzymeawayfromitsoitwillnotreactwiththecasein.2cm3proteasewillalsobeusedandallthesevolumeswillbekeptconsistentthroughouttheexperiment.Thestopclockwillbestartedassoonas

thetwosolutionsaremixedtogetherinthetestubeandthesolutioninthetestubewillbepouredintothecuvettewhichwillbeputintothecolorimeter.Thecolorimeterhastwoknobswhichcanbeadjustedfinelytomakethecolorimeterread100%transmissionbeforethecuvettescontainingthesolutionsareaddedthiswillbedonebyusingthe

controlpreparedatthebeginningcontainingproteaseandthemilklettingitgoasclearaspossible(itwillbeleftfor10minutestomakesureitwillgoasclearaspossible).Thenitwillbeinsertedinthecolorimeterandasmentionedbefore,thecolorimeterwillbecalibratedtoensureitreads100%Whenthesolutioninthecuvettegoeslesscloudy

(Morelightgettingletthroughthesolution)thestopclockwillbestoppedanditwillbemeasuredhowlongittakesforthereactiontostopwherethelightgettingthroughmatchesthatofthecontrol.Thisisthedependantasitismeasuringthetimetakenforthesolutiontogetclear(100%transmission).Themanipulatedvariableinthisexperimentis

thepHwherebuffersolutionisusedtoalterit.ThebuffersolutionkeepsthepHconstantasmentionedinthetrialexperiment.Thebuffersolutionthatwillbeused(thereforethedifferentpHs)willbethepHsof4.5,5.9,7.0,8.0and8.8.Howeverextremelyalkalineoracidicbuffersarenotusedastherateofreactionwoulddecreaseasthetoo

manyH+ions(inacidicsolutionorOH-ions(inalkalinesolutions)woulddisruptthetertiarystructureoftheenzymesanddenatureitchangingtheshapeoftheactivesitesothesubstratewillnotfitanymoresoonlyslightlyacidicandalkalineconditionsareused.EachdifferentexperimentofthedifferentpHswillberepeatedthreetimesandeach

timethecolorimeterwillbecheckedthatitreads100%transmissionorbecalibratedusingthecontrolasitishighlysensitive.Theresultswillberecordedinatablewherearatewillbecalculated(1dividedbytimetaken)foreachexperimentandanaveragewillbetakentoeliminateanyanomalies.pdftojpgconverteronlinefreeinstantsAny

significantanomalieswillmeanthattheexperimentforthatbuffersolutionwillberedoneandtheanomalywillnotbeusedtoworkouttheaverage.ApparatusTwo10cm3measuringcylinders-Thiscylinderisbigenoughtoholdthebuffersolutionandthemilkandthesecondmeasuringcylinderistoholdtheprotease.Thesewillbewashedoutwith

distilledwaterbeforeeachrepeatandexperimenttominimisethechanceofcontaminationTesttubes-Thisiswherethebuffersolutioncontainingthemilkwillbemixedwiththeprotease.ThetesttubeswillbecleanedoutusingdistilledwaterbeforeeachrepeatandexperimentagaintominimisethemarginalerrorTesttuberack-Thisistoholdthe

testtubessoonehandcanaddthebufferandthemarvelmilk(protein)tothetesttubeandtheotherhandcanaddtheprotease.Cuvettes-Thesearespecialapparatusforthecolorimeterwherethesolutionwillbeaddedfromthetesttubeandthepercentagetransmissionwillbemeasured.Colorimeter-Thecolorimetercomeswithdifferentfilters

ofthestomachsoiftherateofreactionincreasesinacidicconditions,itwilldeterminetheacidismadeinthestomachandintheduodenumifitworksbestinalkalineconditions.ResultsIntheexperiment,threerepeatsweredoneforeachdifferentbuffersolution.Theywerewrittendownandtheaveragetimewasfoundout.

Therateofreactionwasalsofoundbydividing1bytheaveragetimetakenandthenmultiplieditby1000tomakeiteasiertoplotonagraph.undang_undang_amandemen.pdfAnalysisLookingatthegraphverystrongpositivecorrelationcanbeseenshowingthatasthepHincreased,therateofreactionincreased(Thepositivecorrelationis

representedwitharedoval).ThegraphalsoshowsthattheenzymeusedhastheoptimumpHof8.8astherateofreactionisthehighest(58.8).Anenzymeisaglobularproteinmoleculewhichinabiochemicalreactionasacatalyst.Enzymescanbeintracellular(workwithinacell)orextracellular(workoutsideacell).Theenzymeusedherewas

trypsin.Thisconclusionwasreachedusingscientificknowledgeandresearch.

EnzymesareverysensitivetopHchangesandtheyallhaveanoptimumpHwheretheyworkbestat.66685880268.pdf

TheenzymeusedinthisexperimentworkedbestatpH8.bearingstressproblemswithsolutionspdf8showingthatitsoptimumpHwasalkalinesuggestingfirstlythatitwastrypsin.Lookingatthegraphitcanbealsodeducedthatthetrypsindidnotworkbestattheacidicconditions.

ThissuggeststhatifextremepHsweretobeused(lesserthepHof5.9)thetrypsinwouldnotwork.ThisisduetotherebeingmanyfreeH+ions(intooacidicsolutions)andOH-ions(intooalkalinesolutions)thusdisruptingtheionicbonds,thatmaintainthetertiarystructureanddenaturingtheenzymeandchangingtheshapeoftheactivesite

thereforenoreactionhappeningasthesubstratewillnotfitasreadilyintotheactivesite.Inthisinvestigation,thetrypsindidnotworkbestatacidicconditionsandtherateofreactionwasaffectedbecauseactivesite(wherethereactionhappensontheenzyme)isverysensitivetopHchangesawayfromitsoptimum.Thisisduetothechangesinthe

pHwhichupsetthedelicatechemicalarrangementattheactivesiteandsostoppedtheenzymeworkingefficiently.Asmentionedbefore,thiswasduetotoomanyH+ionswhichalteredtheionicbondsthathelptodeterminethe3-Dshapeofthetrypsin.Thiscanleadtoalteredproteinrecognitionoranenzymemightbecomeinactive.ChangesinpH

maynothaveonlyaffectedtheshapeofanenzymebutitmayalsochangetheshapeorchargepropertiesofthesubstratesothateitherthesubstratecouldnotbindtotheactivesiteoritcouldnotundergocatalysis.Togointomoredetailonehastounderstandthestructureofanenzymeandthedenaturingprocess.Thedenaturingprocess*

together.

ThisprocesswasshownasinthepHof4.5;therateofreactionwas2.9whereasattheoptimum(pH8.8)therateofreactionwas58.

8(nearly20timesfaster).Thishelpedconcludethattrypsinisfoundintheduodenumwhereitworksatitsoptimumcondition.ThepHisveryalkalineintheduodenumasithastoneutralisetheacidichydrochloricacidthatismadeinthestomach.Hydrochloricacidisproducedinthestomachtodestroyharmfulbacteriaandthismakestheenzymes

inthestomachworkbestinitsacidicconditions(pH2).Theduodenumproducessodiumhydrogencarbonatethatprovidesthealkalineconditionsforthetrypsintoworkin.Thisreactionhappenedbecausethecaseinwastheactualsubstratefortheenzymetrypsintoworkon.Thismeansthatifanothersubstratewasusedwhichwasnotaprotein,the

enzymewouldnotcatalysethereaction.Thisisbecauseenzymesareveryspecificandtheycanevendistinguishmirror-image(enantiomers)ofsamemoleculesotheywillnotbreakdownthe“fake”substrate.Enzymesarethoughttoreducetheactivationenergyinareaction.Theyworkby“grabbing”thesubstratemoleculesandattractingthemto

theiractivesitebyelectrostaticattractionastheyarepolarmeaningtheyhaveachargethatattractstheoppositecharge.Thiswashowthecaseinreactedwiththetrypsin.Therearetwotheoriesthatshowhowenzymesworkandareshownbelow.murray_snowblower_owners_manual.pdfHypothesisonhowenzymesworkIn1890EmilFischer

postulatedthelockandkeyanalogy.Hesaidthattheenzymewastobethe“lock”(Trypsin)andthesubstratetobethe“key”(Casein).Asmentionedbefore,theenzymesarespecificsoonlytherightshaped“key”(Casein)couldfitinto.Thesiteofthelockiscalledtheactivesite.Thetheoryalsostatesthatareactioncannothappeniftheenzyme-

substratecomplexdoesnotform.Howeverin1959KoshlandsuggestedanInducedFithypothesis.Thishypothesisstatedthatthesubstrateswerevaguelythesameshapeoftheactivesitebutwhentheenzymeisenterstheactivesite,itmouldstheshapeoftheactivesitetoallowmoreefficientbindingandcatalysis.Thesetheorieshelpedexplain

whatwentonwhenthecaseinbindedwiththetrypsinandthishelpsshowthatthecaseinwastherightshapeforthetrypsininmyexperiment.Sowhatactuallyhappenedintheexperimentwasthecaseinfittedintotheactivesitebyanyofthementionedhypothesesandtheenzymehydrolysedthepeptidebondsthatheldthecaseintogetherbreaking

itintoaminoacidsmakingthesolutiongoclearerthereforelettingmorelightthrough.EvaluationTheexperimentcanbejudgedasuccessasageneraltrendwasdiscovered.However,ananomalywasfoundasitcanbeseeninfigure5.ThiswasdiscoveredonthepHof5.9.Howeveritwasnotananomalyforanindividualrepeatbuttheaverageas

Highertemperaturesmeanthatmorekineticenergyisgiventotheparticlesmakingthemmovearoundmoreandquickermakingmoresuccessivecollisionsarepossiblethusincreasingtherateofreaction.Thecolorimeterwasveryaccurateandsensitiveandwasaffectedbylightfromtheenvironmentaroundsotheexperimentwasdoneonthesame

daytoensurethattheclimateandconditionswerethesame.

However,itisapossibilitythattheslightchangesinlightwouldhavechangedtheamountoflighttransmittedthroughthereforeincreasingthechanceofhumanerror.Anotheraspectthatcouldbeconsideredistheuseofaflea(magneticstirrer)thatwouldmixthesolutionmoreuniformlyforeachexperimentensuringmorereliableresults.Inthe

experimentthetestubewasshakenforeachrepeatasevenlyaspossiblebutitwasnotasaccurateasusingamagneticstirrerandthereforeduetohumanerrortheshakingwouldhaveaffectedourresultsshowingachangeintherateofreaction.(Moremixingmeansmorechanceofanenzymesubstratecollision).Infutureattemptsadifferentrange

ofpHscouldbeused(forexample:4.1,4.2,4.3,4.4…insteadof5.9then7.0)sothatitwouldhelpconfirmastrongertrendastherewouldbemorepointstoplotonthegraph.GoingbeyondthepHof8.wouldshowiftheoptimumwasreallypH8.8oriftherateofreactiondidincreaseonotherpHsbeyond8.8andwhentheenzymeactually

becomesdenatured.

Alsoinvestigatinghowdifferentfactorsaffecttherateofreactionwiththeenzymeslikethechangeoftemperatureortheconcentration(insteadof2%protease)wouldbeconsideredtoillustratethecharacteristicsofenzymes.Howeveralltheaspectsmentionedabovecouldhaveaffectedtheresultsbutageneraltrendwasdiscoveredtherefore

showingthattheyreallydidnothaveahugeaffect.

ModernMarvelsofMilkSTUDYFlashcardsLearnWriteSpellTestPLAYMatchGravityWhatpercentageofdairiesarefamilyowned?Clickcardtoseedefinition99%Clickagaintoseeterm1/55Previous←Next→FlipSpaceCreatedbyzachsamples22Termsinthisset(55)Whatpercentageofdairiesarefamilyowned?99%ModernMarvels:Milk

1384kb/s.

8003.ModernMarvelsMilkWorksheetAnswerKey|addedbyrequest.

2250kb/s.5640.Searchresults.WhereCanYouFindBiologyWorksheetsAndTheAnswerKey?FreebiologyworksheetsandanswerkeysareavailablefromtheKidsKnowItNetworkandTheBiologyCorner,asof2015...morePDFModernMarvels-WaterANSWERKEY-Shakopee.k12.mn.usModernMarvels-WaterANSWERKEY1.Morethan70

%ofyourbodyiswater.2.70%oftheearth'ssurfaceiscoveredwithwater.About2.5%ofwateronearthisfresh.11/2%ofthisisheldinpolarglaciers,leavingonly1%ofwateronearthavailablefordrinking.3.25%ofallbottledwatersoldintheUnitedStatesisjusttapwater.4.MarvelsQuestionsKEY.pdfreadmoreModernMarvelsMilk

WorksheetAnswers-Myilibrary.orgUnit3ProgressCheckMcqApLangAnswers.Ontheotherhand,youmaywanttoomititemsorhave.APEnglish11LanguageB>Unit2:SlantedSpeech,Advertising,andPolitics>Unit2MultipleChoiceQuestionspostedFeb13,2013,10:45AMbyClaytonTrehal[updatedSep6,2013,9:22AM].morePDF

ModernMarvelsQuestions-Shakopee.k12.mn.us24.Soundmovesmuchslowerinwaterthaninair.Thespeedofsoundintheairis_____.25.Thereisabout_____acresoffarmlandintheUnitedStates.MarvelsQuestions.pdfreadmoreModernMarvelsWorksheets-K12Workbook4.modernmarvelspotatoesquestionsanswerkey.5.Modern

MarvelsMetalsWorksheet-.6.ModernMarvelsPowerPlantsWorksheetAnswerKey.7.ModernMarvelsFbiCrimeLabWorksheetAnswers.8.AnswerKeyForModernBiologyStudyGuideTupelo.moreCornQuizKEY.doc-NameModernMarvelsFilmQuizCorn...KeyTermmodernmarvelscornworksheetanswers;CourseHerousesAItoattempt

toautomaticallyextractcontentfromdocumentstosurfacetoyouandotherssoyoucanstudybetter,e.g.,insearchresults,toenrichdocs,andmore.Thispreviewshowspage1-2outof2pages.moreModernMarvelsMagnetsVideoQuestions-CourseHeroViewHomeworkHelp-modern_marvels_magnets_video_questionsfromPHY110at

CarteretCommunityCollege.Name:_ShelbyShinn_Period:_ModernMarvels:MagnetsAnswerthesequestionsfromthevideo....KeyTermmodernmarvelsmagnetsworksheetanswers;Thispreviewshowspage1-2outof3pages.Viewfulldocument.Name...moreWatchModernMarvelsFullEpisodes,Video&More-HistoryModernMarvels.

TV-14|Documentary,History,Science.GetInstantAccesstoFreeUpdates.Don'tMissOutonHISTORYnews,behindthescenescontent,andmore.moreModernMarvelsWorksheets|ModernMarvelsWorksheetAnswers-PinterestFeb24,2023-FreeModernMarvelsworksheetsprovidequestionsforstudentstoanswer.