Commission Final Report
For Limited External Release Only. PRS Release Number (20-2382).
© 2020 The MITRE Corporation. All Rights Reserved. Commission Confidential and Proprietary.
16
34
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 16). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), older
adults. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/older-adults.html
35
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, August 14). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), people
with certain medical conditions.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-
medical-conditions.html
36
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, June 22). Nursing homes and assisted living (long-term care
facilities [LTCFs]). https://www.cdc.gov/longtermcare/index.html
37
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, June 25). Nursing homes & long-term care facilities.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/long-term-care.html
38
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, June 16). How COVID-19 spreads.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html
39
Ibid.
40
Hamner, L., Dubbel, P., Capron, I., Ross, A., Jordan, A., Lee, J., Lynn, J., Ball, A., Narwal, S., Russel, S., Patrick,
D., & Leibrand, H. (2020). High SARS-CoV-2 attack rate following exposure at a choir practice — Skagit County,
Washington, March 2020 (Report 2020; 69:606–610). Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e6.htm
41
Jang, S., Han, S., & Rhee, J. (2020). Cluster of coronavirus disease associated with fitness dance classes, South
Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(8), 1917-1920. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.200633
42
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, July 31). How to protect yourself & others.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
43
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, July 15). Social distancing.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/social-distancing.html
44
Rosenberger, L. H., Hranjec, T., Politano, A. D., Swenson, B. R., Metzger, R., Bonatti, H., & Sawyer, R. G. (2011).
Effective cohorting and "superisolation" in a single intensive care unit in response to an outbreak of diverse multi-
drug-resistant organisms. Surgical Infections, 12(5), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2010.076
45
Uyeki, T. M., Bernstein, H. H., Bradley, J. S., Englund, J. A., File, T. M., Fry, A. M., Gravenstein, S., Hayden, F. G.,
Harper, S. A., Hirshon, J. M., Ison, M. G., Johnston, B. L., Knight, S. L., McGeer, A., Riley, L. E., Wolfe, C. R.,
Alexander, P. E., & Pavia, A. T. (2019). Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America:
2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal
influenza. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 68(6),
e1–e47. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy866
46
American Health Care Association/National Center for Assisted Living. (2020, April 4). Cohorting residents to
prevent the spread of COVID-19. https://www.ohca.org/docs/documents/5963/Cohorting.pdf
47
Such as “MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, and P.
aeruginosa.” Rosenberger, L. H., Riccio, L. M., Campbell, K. T., Politano, A. D., & Sawyer, R. G. (2012). Quarantine,
isolation, and cohorting: From cholera to Klebsiella. Surgical Infections, 13(2), 69–73.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4845677/
48
Musumeci, M & Chidambaram, P. (2020, August 3). Key Questions About Nursing Home Regulation and Oversight
in the Wake of COVID-19. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/key-
questions-about-nursing-home-regulation-and-oversight-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/
49
See for example Whitlock, J. Confirmed Nursing Home Complaints Plummet During Pandemic (2020, Aug. 25)
https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/nonprofits/confirmed-nursing-home-complaints-plummet-during-pandemic/
50
Musumeci, M & Chidambaram, P. (2020, August 3). Key Questions About Nursing Home Regulation and Oversight
in the Wake of COVID-19. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/key-
questions-about-nursing-home-regulation-and-oversight-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/
51
Toblowsky, F. A., Gonzales, E., Self J. L., Rao, C.Y., Keating, R., Marx, G.E., McMichael, T.M., Lukoff, M.D.,
Duchin, J.S., Huster, K., Rauch, J., McLendon, H., Hanson, M., Nichols, D., Pogosjans, S., Fagalde, M., Lenahan, J.,
Maier, E., Whitney, H., … (2020, April 22). COVID-19 outbreak among three affiliated homeless service sites – King
County, Washington, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6917e2.htm
52
Government Accountability Office. (2020, May 20). Infection control deficiencies were widespread and persistent in
nursing homes prior to COVID-19 Pandemic. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707069.pdf
53
Conten, M., et. al. (2020, August 13). More Than 40% of U.S. Coronavirus Deaths Are Linked to Nursing Homes.
The New York Times. https://nyti.ms/31mkr1B
.