The Question of Representation at the 1787 Convention
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Activity Two: Bicameralism, Modes of Election and the “Rule of Suffrage” in Congress
Reading Set C. Proportional or equal representation?
1. Constitutional Convention, 9 June 1787
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.com/convention/debates/0609.html
Mr. PATTERSON moves that the Committee resume the clause relating to the rule of suffrage in the
Natl. Legislature.
Mr. BREARLY seconds him. He was sorry he said that any question on this point was brought into
view. It had been much agitated in Congs. at the time of forming the [Articles of Confederation] and was
then rightly settled by allowing to each sovereign State an equal vote. Otherwise the smaller States must
have been destroyed instead of being saved. The substitution of a ratio, he admitted carried fairness on
the face of it; but on a deeper examination was unfair and unjust…There will be 3. large states, and 10
small ones. The large States by which he meant Massts. Pena. & Virga. will carry every thing before
them…While Georgie with her Solitary vote, and the other little States will be obliged to throw
themselves constantly into the scale of some large one, in order to have any weight at all. He had come
to the convention with a view of being as useful as he could in giving energy and stability to the federal
Government. When the proposition for destroying the equality of votes came forward, he was
astonished, he was alarmed…
Mr. PATTERSON considered the proposition for a proportional representation as striking at the
existence of the lesser States… He held up Virga. Massts. & Pa. as the three large States, and the other
ten as small ones; repeating the calculations of Mr. Brearly as to the disparity of votes which wd. take
place, and affirming that the small States would never agree to it…Give the large States an influence in
proportion to their magnitude, and what will be the consequence? Their ambition will be proportionally
increased, and the small States will have every thing to fear… N. Jersey will never confederate on the
plan before the Committee. She would be swallowed up. He had rather submit to a monarch, to a despot,
than to such a fate. He would not only oppose the plan here but on his return home do every thing in his
power to defeat it there.
Mr. WILSON…entered elaborately into the defence of a proportional representation, stating for his
first position that as all authority was derived from the people, equal numbers of people ought to have an
equal no. of representatives, and different numbers of people different numbers of representatives. This
principle had been improperly violated in the owing to the urgent circumstances of the time…If the
small States will not confederate on this plan, Pena. & he presumed some other States, would not
confederate on any other…
2. Constitutional Convention, 14 July 1787
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.com/convention/debates/0714.html
Mr. MADISON expressed his apprehensions that if the proper foundation of Govenmt-was
destroyed, by substituting an equality in place of a proportional Representation, no proper superstructure
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