Endnotes
1
A.G. Schneiderman And State Education Commissioner Elia Issue Reminder That New York State Protects Transgender
Students. (n.d.). New York State Education Department. http://www.nysed.gov/news/2017/ag-schneiderman-and-state-
education-commissioner-elia-issue-reminder-new-york-state
2
Schneiderman, E., & Elia, M. (2018). STATE OF NEW YORK NEW YORK STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OFFICE OF
THE ATTORNEY GENERAL THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.
http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/nysed-oag-joint-guidance-letter-2-28-18.pdf
3
Kosciw, J. G., Clark, C. M., & Menard, L. (2022). The 2021 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of parent+
youth in our nation’s schools. New York: GLSEN.
4
N.Y. EXEC. LAW §§ 292(35) (defining “gender identity or expression”), 296(4) (requirements for educational institutions); 9
NYCRR §§ 466.13 (“Discrimination on the basis for gender identity), 466.13(b)(d) (“Discrimination on the basis of gender
dysphoria or other condition meeting the definition of disability in the Human Rights Law set out below is disability
discrimination.”).
5
N.Y. EXEC. LAW § 292(39) (defining “educational institution); New York State Division of Human Rights, Educational
Institutions: Your Rights Under the Human Rights law as a Student or Applicant, available at
https://dhr.ny.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/nysdhr-education-discrimination.pdf
6
New York State Gender Recognition Act FAQs (2022). https://ahihealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NYS-Gender-
Recognition-Act-FAQS.pdf
7
U.S. Department of Education Confirms Title IX Protects Students from Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and
Gender Identity | U.S. Department of Education. (2021, June 16). Www.ed.gov.
https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/us-
department-education-confirms-title-ix-protects-students-discrimination-based-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity
(Discrimination based on sex includes discrimination based on gender identity.)
8
N.Y. EDUC. LAW §3201-a. Retrieved February 9, 2023, from https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/EDN/3201-A
9
N.Y. EDUC. LAW ART 2; 8 NYCRR §§100.2(c), (l), (jj), (kk).
10
N.Y. EDUC. LAW §12.
11
8 NYCRR 100.2(kk)(1)(x).
12
N.Y. EDUC. LAW § 11(6). For an extensive resource on the implementation of the Dignity Act, please see the New York
State Education Department’s (NYSED) publication: The Dignity Act, A Resource and Promising Practices Guide
for School
Administrators & Faculty available at
https://www.p12.nysed.gov/dignityact/documents/FINALDignityForAllStudentsActGuidanceDec2017.pdf
13
20 U.S.C. § 1681(a); 34 C.F.R. § 106.31(a); 28 C.F.R. § 54.400(a)
14
See, e.g., Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020) (holding that gender identity and sexual orientation are
protected under the “sex” provisions of Title VII); Grimm v. Gloucester Cnty. Sch. Bd., 972 F.3d 586, 616 (4th Cir. 2020), as
amended (Aug. 28, 2020), reh’g en banc denied, 976 F.3d 399 (4th Cir. 2020), petition for cert. filed, No. 20-1163 (Feb. 24,
2021), petition for cert. denied, No. 20-1163 (June 28, 2021); Adams v. Sch. Bd. of St. Johns Cnty., 968 F.3d 1286, 1305
(11th Cir. 2020), petition for reh’g en banc pending, No. 18- 13592 (Aug. 28, 2020) (Title IX protects transgender students
from discrimination on the basis of gender identity). See also, Whitaker By Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified Sch. Dist. No. 1
Bd. of Educ., 858 F.3d 1034, 1049–50 (7th Cir. 2017) (transgender boy was likely to succeed on his claim that school
district violated Title IX by excluding him from the boys’ restroom); Dodds v. U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 845 F.3d 217, 221–22 (6th
Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (school district that sought to exclude transgender girl from girls’ restroom was not likely to succeed
on the claim because Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sex stereotyping and gender nonconformity); Pamela S.
Karlan, Memorandum on Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, (Mar.
26, 2021), https://www.justice.gov/crt/page/file/1383026/download
.
15
Soule by Stanescu v. Connecticut Ass'n of Sch., Inc., 57 F.4th 43, 47 (2d Cir. 2022) (affirming lower court decision and
finding discrimination against transgender students violates Title IX consistent with Bostock, claims that cisgender girls were
denied opportunities or championships are moot and unfounded (on multiple occasions, the cisgender young women placed
first, including when competing against transgender athletes), those cisgender students lacked standing to challenge the
athletic association's gender inclusion policy).
16
See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of Educ., Letter from Suzanne B. Goldberg, (Apr. 6, 2021),
https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/correspondence/stakeholders/20210406-titleix-eo-14021.pdf
17
PFLAG. (2022, June 1). Pflag.org. https://pflag.org/glossary