Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2025

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

Budget

of the U.S.

Government

FISCAL YEAR 2025

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2024

Budget of the United States Government,

Fiscal Year 2025 contains the Budget Message of the

President, information on the President’s priorities,

and summary tables.

Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United

States Government, Fiscal Year 2025 contains anal-

yses that are designed to highlight speciﬁed subject

areas or provide other signiﬁcant presentations of

budget data that place the Budget in perspective.

This volume includes economic and accounting anal-

yses, information on Federal receipts and collections,

analyses of Federal spending, information on Federal

borrowing and debt, baseline or current services es-

timates, and other technical presentations.

Supplemental tables and other materials that

are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume

are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/

analytical-perspectives/.

Appendix, Budget of the United States

Government, Fiscal Year 2025 contains detailed in-

formation on the various appropriations and funds

that constitute the Budget and is designed primarily

for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The

Appendix contains more detailed ﬁnancial informa-

tion on individual programs and appropriation ac-

counts than any of the other Budget documents. It

includes for each agency: the proposed text of ap-

propriations language; budget schedules for each

account; legislative proposals; narrative explana-

tions of each budget account; and proposed general

provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire

agencies or groups of agencies. Information is also

provided on certain activities whose transactions

are not part of the budget totals.

BUDGET INFORMATION AVAILABLE ONLINE

The President’s Budget and supporting materi-

als are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/

omb/budget/. This link includes electronic versions

of all the Budget volumes, supplemental materials

that are part of the Analytical Perspectives volume,

spreadsheets of many of the budget tables, and a

public use budget database. This link also includes

Historical Tables that provide data on budget re-

ceipts, outlays, surpluses or deﬁcits, Federal debt,

and Federal employment over an extended time pe-

riod, generally from 1940 or earlier to 2029. Also

available are links to documents and materials from

budgets of prior years.

For more information on access to electronic ver-

sions of the Budget documents, call (202) 512-1530

in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To pur-

chase the printed documents, call (202) 512-1800.

THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS

GENERAL NOTES

1. All years referenced for budget data are ﬁscal years unless otherwise

noted. All years referenced for economic data are calendar years unless

otherwise noted.

2. At the time the Budget was prepared, none of the full-year appropria-

tions bills for 2024 have been enacted, therefore, the programs and ac-

tivities normally provided for in the full-year appropriations bills were

operating under a continuing resolution (Public Law 118-15, division A,

as amended). References to 2024 spending in the text and tables reﬂect

the levels provided by the continuing resolution.

3. Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding.

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Table of Contents

The Budget Message of the President ................................................................................................1

Building the Economy from the Middle Out and Bottom Up .......................................................5

Investing in America and the American People ............................................................................15

Creating a Government that Delivers for the American People ...............................................49

Department of Agriculture .................................................................................................................55

Department of Commerce ................................................................................................................... 61

Department of Defense ........................................................................................................................ 65

Department of Education ...................................................................................................................69

Department of Energy .........................................................................................................................73

Department of Health and Human Services ..................................................................................77

Department of Homeland Security ...................................................................................................85

Department of Housing and Urban Development ........................................................................89

Department of the Interior .................................................................................................................93

Department of Justice .........................................................................................................................97

Department of Labor ..........................................................................................................................101

Department of State and Other International Programs .........................................................105

Department of Transportation ........................................................................................................111

Department of the Treasury ............................................................................................................. 115

Department of Veterans Affairs .......................................................................................................117

Corps of Engineers—Civil Works ....................................................................................................121

Environmental Protection Agency .................................................................................................123

National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................................................127

National Science Foundation ........................................................................................................... 129

Small Business Administration .......................................................................................................131

Social Security Administration .......................................................................................................133

Summary Tables ..................................................................................................................................135

OMB Contributors to the 2025 Budget ...........................................................................................177

Page

When I was elected President, a pandemic was raging and our economy was reeling. We

were in the midst of the most devastating downturn in nearly a century. I came into office de-

termined to fundamentally change things, by rebuilding our economy from the middle out and

bottom up, not the top down—because when the middle class does well, the poor have a ladder

up and the wealthy still do well. We all do. We can give everyone a fair shot and leave no one

behind.

Our work started with the American Rescue Plan, which vaccinated the Nation, delivered

immediate economic relief to people who badly needed it, and sent funding to States and cities

to keep key services going. It continued with the biggest investment in our Nation’s infrastruc-

ture since the 1950s. More than 46,000 new projects have been announced to date, rebuilding

our roads, bridges, railroads, ports, airports, public transit, water systems, high-speed internet,

and more. At the same time, we are making the most significant investment in fighting climate

change in the history of the world. I have seen Americans’ courage and resilience in the wake

of devastating natural disasters, and I will always have their backs as we rebuild and boost

resilience to extreme weather. We are building a cleaner, more resilient and sustainable power

grid, and making America’s biggest investment in rural electricity since the New Deal. We are

revitalizing fence-line communities that have shouldered the burden of harmful pollution for

generations. We are lowering energy costs for hardworking families and strengthening our

energy security with clean energy breakthroughs. Across the board, we are supporting ad-

vanced manufacturing, ensuring the industries of the future are made in America by American

workers.

Our plan is working. Already, my Investing in America agenda has attracted $650 billion in

private investment from companies that are building factories and moving production back to

America. We are making things here in America again, with American union workers. We have

ignited a manufacturing boom, a semiconductor boom, an electric-vehicle boom, and more. My

agenda is creating hundreds of thousands of union jobs, so folks never have to leave their home-

towns to find good-paying work they can raise a family on. Today, America once again has the

strongest economy in the world. We have created a record 15 million jobs, with unemployment

under four percent for the longest stretch in over 50 years. Growth is strong. Wages are rising

and inflation is down by two-thirds, with costs having fallen for key household items from a

gallon of gas to a gallon of milk. We have more to do, but folks are starting to feel the benefits.

Consumer sentiment has surged more in recent months than any time in 30 years. Americans

have filed a record 16 million new business applications since I took office; each one of them is

an act of hope.

Importantly, we made these historic investments in a fiscally responsible way, while making

our tax system fairer. In 2022, I signed a law that imposed a new minimum tax of 15 percent

on the Nation’s largest corporations, saved $160 billion by giving Medicare the authority to ne-

gotiate prescription drug prices and limit price increases, and boosted funding to the Internal

Revenue Service to crack down on wealthy and corporate tax cheats. This is just the beginning.

My Budget would do more to close loopholes. It would save another $200 billion by enabling

THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

To The Congress of The UniTed sTaTes:

2 THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

Medicare to negotiate prices on even more drugs and by limiting other drug price increases. It

would cut wasteful subsidies to Big Oil and other special interests; and it would introduce a

minimum tax on billionaires, which alone would raise $500 billion for the American people.

So far, we have already cut the deﬁcit by $1 trillion since I took ofﬁce, one of the biggest reductions

in history, and I have signed legislation to cut it by $1 trillion more. My Budget would reduce it by

another $3 trillion over the next 10 years as well, while continuing to pay for our investments in

America.

And we are just getting started.

My Administration will keep ﬁghting to lower costs for working families, on everything from hous-

ing to childcare to student loans. After decades of talk in Washington, we beat Big Pharma and

capped the cost of insulin for seniors at $35 a month, down from as much as $400. Starting next year,

no senior on Medicare will pay more than $2,000 a year in total out-of-pocket prescription drug costs,

even for expensive cancer medications that now cost many times more. We are cracking down on

price gouging by requiring drugmakers that raise prices of certain drugs faster than inﬂation to pay a

rebate back to Medicare. At the same time, we have protected and expanded the Affordable Care Act,

with a record 21 million Americans enrolled in marketplace plans this past year, while saving millions

of Americans $800 per year on their premiums. Today, more Americans have health insurance than

ever before. My Budget builds on those gains.

I also know that for too many hardworking families, it costs too much to find a good home,

so we are working to lower costs and boost supply of housing nationwide. My Budget will

make monthly mortgage payments more affordable for middle-class first-time homebuyers by

providing a $5,000 annual mortgage relief credit for two years. My Budget will expand rental

assistance to hundreds of thousands of additional families, continuing the largest expansion

in 20 years. It will also help to ease America’s longstanding shortage of affordable housing,

including by cutting red tape, so that more builders can get Federal financing to build more af-

fordable housing. Important progress is underway: more families own homes today than before

the pandemic; rents are easing; and a record 1.7 million housing units are under construction

nationwide.

My Budget also makes key investments in childcare and education, so every child in America

can have the strong start they need to thrive. It restores the Child Tax Credit expansion I signed

into law, which cut child poverty nearly in half in 2021; and it guarantees the vast majority of

families high-quality childcare for no more than $10 a day, while boosting pay for childcare work-

ers. It offers universal free preschool for all four million of America’s four-year-olds. Building on

the American Rescue Plan’s investment in public education, the biggest in history, it also helps

States expand tutoring, afterschool, and summer programs; and boosts recruiting to ease teacher

shortages.

At the same time, I am keeping my promise to ease the crushing burden of student debt.

Despite legal challenges, we have canceled some $138 billion in student debt for nearly four mil-

lion Americans, including more than 750,000 teachers, nurses, firefighters, social workers, and

other public servants. That is freeing people to finally consider buying a home, having a child,

or starting that small business they always dreamed of.

We are also working to secure our border. In October, I sent an emergency request for more

funding; my Budget renews that request for additional resources, including for 1,300 more

Border Patrol agents, 375 immigration judges, and 1,600 asylum officers, and for cutting-edge

technology to help detect fentanyl. We need to pass the Senate’s bipartisan border deal as well,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 3

which would make urgent additional investments to secure the border and help to fix our broken

immigration system.

Today, the world is facing an inflection point in history, at home and abroad. My Administration

has restored America’s leadership on the world stage, rallying more than 50 nations to support

Ukraine in the face of brutal Russian aggression, strengthening and expanding NATO, revital-

izing our alliances and partnerships in the Indo-Pacific—including with Japan, South Korea,

and Australia—and strengthening democracy across the globe. But we need to do more to prove

that America can once again be relied on to stand up for freedom. In October, I submitted a na-

tional security supplemental request to cover urgent needs, including support for Ukraine and

Israel, and humanitarian aid and relief for Palestinians. My Budget reiterates that request and

continues other critical support for NATO allies and partners around the world. It strengthens

our deterrence capacity in the Indo-Pacific, expanding our capabilities in the region. It also

works to keep our military the best-trained, best-equipped fighting force in the world, integrat-

ing advanced innovation technologies, and improving overall readiness. My Budget also takes

important steps to honor our Nation’s most sacred obligation—to protect and equip our troops

when they are in harm’s way, and to care for them and their families throughout and after their

service. Since I took office, I have signed over 30 significant bipartisan bills to support veterans,

including the PACT Act, the biggest-ever expansion of benefits for servicemembers exposed to

toxic burn pits during their service; and I have issued the most comprehensive executive actions

to date to boost economic security for military families. My Budget builds on that work.

The story of America is one of progress and resilience, of always moving forward and never

giving up. It is a story unique among nations. We are the only nation that has emerged from

every crisis we have entered stronger than we went in. While my Administration has seen great

progress since day one, there is still work to do. My Budget will help make that promise real.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

The WhiTe hoUse,

March 2024

BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE

MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

When the President and Vice President came

into ofﬁce, America faced historic challenges,

including a once-in-a-century pandemic and an

economy experiencing the most severe downturn

since the Great Depression. From day one, the

President moved swiftly to tackle these challeng-

es head-on and has delivered long-lasting results.

Over the past three years, the President has

overseen a strong economic recovery, amassed

one of the most successful legislative records

in generations, sought to grow the economy by

growing the middle class, and delivered impor-

tant progress for the American people.

Since the President took ofﬁce, the economy

has added about 15 million jobs. That is about

15 million additional Americans who know the

peace of mind that comes with a paycheck. The

unemployment rate has remained below four

percent for 24 months in a row—a more than 50-

year record—while inﬂation has fallen by two-

thirds. Our strong labor market has meant high-

er paychecks, driven by pay increases across the

middle class. Workers’ paychecks and household

wealth are higher now than they were before the

pandemic—including after adjusting for inﬂa-

tion. Higher pay has spurred strong consumer

spending and business investment. Americans

have ﬁled a record 16 million applications to

start businesses—the highest number ever over

a three-year span. Under President Biden, the

Nation has achieved faster growth than any of

America’s peer nations and now has the lowest

core inﬂation of almost any other major economy.

The President’s top economic priority is low-

ering costs for hardworking Americans. The

Administration is working to bring down pre-

scription drug costs, health insurance premiums,

utility bills, and costs for everyday goods—all

while taking on junk fees that some airlines,

banks, and other companies use to rip off

Americans.

The President has lowered costs while in-

vesting in America and the American people.

The President’s Investing in America agenda,

which includes his landmark legislation—

the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act

(Bipartisan Infrastructure Law), the CHIPS

and Science Act (Public Law 117-167), and the

Inﬂation Reduction Act (Public Law 117-169)—

is driving record investment and opportunity

in communities across the Nation, including

those that have been too often left behind. The

President has led a historic economic recovery,

implemented the Investing in America agenda,

and worked to lower costs for Americans, while

also keeping Americans safe and promoting de-

mocracy at home and abroad.

As the President said, “the story of America

is a story of progress and resilience, of always

moving forward, of never, ever giving up. It’s a

story unique among all nations. We’re the only

country that has emerged from every crisis we’ve

ever entered stronger than we got into it.” Under

the President’s leadership, the Administration is

focused on building on this record of progress as

we write the next chapter in the great American

story.

6 BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

LOWERING COSTS AND PUTTING MONEY BACK IN AMERICANS’ POCKETS

Over the past three years, the global pandem-

ic and Putin’s illegal war against the people of

Ukraine have led to inﬂation all over the world.

The President has made it his top domestic prior-

ity to lower costs and give American families more

breathing room. Under the President’s leader-

ship, the Nation has seen signiﬁcant progress in

bringing down inﬂation. Over the last six months

of 2023, core inﬂation was at the pre-COVID-19

pandemic benchmark of two percent—with aver-

age hourly earnings adjusted for inﬂation higher

now than before the COVID-19 pandemic and ris-

ing faster than inﬂation over the last year. The

Administration has consistently taken steps to

lower a range of costs and put more money back

into American’s pockets.

Lowering Healthcare Costs

The President signed into law the historic

Inﬂation Reduction Act, which is helping millions

of Americans save an average of $800 per year

on health insurance by extending the Patient

Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable

Care Act) enhanced premium tax credit, helping

drive enrollment in Affordable Care Act health

insurance to record-breaking highs. The historic

legislation also capped the cost of insulin at $35 a

month for seniors per insulin prescription, made

recommended vaccines free, and is requiring drug

companies to pay rebates to Medicare if they raise

prices faster than inﬂation. Under the President’s

leadership, the Administration has taken on Big

Pharma to ﬁnally allow Medicare to negotiate for

lower prescription drug prices—starting with ten

of the costliest, most widely used drugs used to

treat blood clots, cancers, arthritis, diabetes, and

more. The Administration has also cracked down

on surprise medical bills, preventing Americans

from receiving more than one million surprise

medical bills every month, and is also including

an allowance to ban unwarranted “facility fees”

for telehealth and certain other outpatient ser-

vices in commercial insurance.

Bringing Down Energy

and Internet Costs

The President has taken action to bring gas

prices down—since their peak, average gas prices

for Americans have come down more than $1.60

per gallon. The President’s historic Inﬂation

Reduction Act is directly investing in communi-

ties while also spurring hundreds of billions of

dollars in private sector investment—in wind, so-

lar, energy efﬁciency, electric vehicles, and more—

creating economic opportunities, lowering energy

costs across the Nation, and improving public

health. The Inﬂation Reduction Act is expected

to help families save an average of $500 per year

on energy costs once fully implemented. The

President’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law cre-

ated the Affordable Connectivity Program, which

has helped 23 million households save more than

$500million per month on internet bills.

Forgiving Historic Amounts of

Student Debt and Launching the Most

Affordable Repayment Plan Ever

The President has made history by approving

a total of over $137billion in debt cancellation for

over 3.7 million Americans through a variety of

actions, including by taking on private, for-proﬁt

universities that have scammed hard-working

Americans. The Administration launched the

most affordable student loan repayment plan

ever—the Saving on a Valuable Education plan—

which will cut undergraduate loan payments

in half and prevent student loan balances from

growing due to runaway interest. To alleviate

the burden of student loan debt for hard-working

public servants, the Administration has helped

almost 750,000 people access Public Service Loan

Forgiveness (PSLF). Prior to the Administration’s

ﬁxes to PSLF, only about 7,000 borrowers had re-

ceived forgiveness. The President has also signed

legislation increasing the maximum Pell Grant by

$900 since the beginning of the Administration—

the largest increase in nearly 10 years—making

college more affordable.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 7

Lowering Housing Costs

The President and Vice President understand

that housing affordability remains a challenge

for too many families. However, we are making

progress: homeownership is higher now than it

was before the COVID-19 pandemic, including

for African Americans and Hispanic Americans;

rental costs have moderated in the last year;

and a record number of apartments are under

construction—which should ease the burden of

housing costs going forward. With the Housing

Supply Action Plan, the Administration is mak-

ing progress toward reducing the growth of hous-

ing costs by increasing supply, including through

reducing barriers to housing and offering new

and improved ﬁnancing for affordable housing

development. In 2023, the Administration low-

ered Federal Housing Administration annual

mortgage insurance premiums by about one-

third, saving more than 400,000 Americans—in-

cluding many ﬁrst-time homebuyers—approxi-

mately $800 over the ﬁrst year of the mortgage

with continued savings in subsequent years. To

lower rental costs for those who need it most, the

Administration has secured rental assistance for

over 100,000 additional low-income households

for the Housing Choice Voucher program, guar-

anteeing rents at 30 percent of those families’

incomes.

Taking on Junk Fees

Junk fees are hidden, surprise fees that compa-

nies sneak onto customer bills, costing American

families tens of billions of dollars each year and

stiﬂing competition across the economy. The

President has taken junk fees head on by direct-

ing his Administration to use every available tool

to address them and lower costs for the American

people—including by cracking down on hidden

junk fees in airline tickets, banking, investment

advice, health insurance, and apartment rent-

als. The Administration has pushed banks to

reduce overdraft and bounced check fees, saving

consumers more than $5billion a year compared

to pre-COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Trade

Commission has proposed rules to ban companies

from charging hidden and misleading fees and re-

quire them to show the full price up front, and to

require sellers to make it as easy for consumers

to cancel their enrollment as it was to sign up—

rescuing consumers from difﬁculties cancelling

unwanted subscriptions like gym memberships.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has

proposed a rule that wouldlower credit card late

feesfrom approximately $30 to $8, saving consum-

ers up to $9billion annually. To help stop conduct

like price ﬁxing or price gouging in grocery stores,

the Department of Agriculture has announced a

new partnership with bipartisan State attorneys

general. In addition, the Department of Housing

and Urban Development has called on industry,

housing providers, and State and local govern-

ments to adopt policies that promote greater fair-

ness and transparency of fees faced by renters.

Taking on Unfair Wage Practices to

Put Money Back in Americans’ Pockets

The Biden-Harris Administration has re-

covered more than $770 million for more than

485,000 workers across the Nation by enforc-

ing laws that protect these workers from being

victims of wage theft and exploitation, includ-

ing when they were not paid minimum wages

or hard-earned overtime wages, were denied

their tips, or were misclassiﬁed as independent

contractors. The Administration has proposed

a new rule to extend overtime pay for up to an

additional 3.6 million workers by raising the in-

come threshold, meaning workers like fast-food

managers or executive assistants could get their

well-deserved overtime pay. In addition, the Vice

President announced the publication of a ﬁnal

rule that will raise wage standards of construc-

tion workers by updating prevailing wage regu-

lations, affecting more than one million workers

constructing $200 billion in federally funded or

assisted projects.

8 BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

Delivering on a Commitment

to Fiscal Responsibility

The deﬁcit is over $1trillion lower than when

President Biden took ofﬁce, thanks in large part

to a strong economic recovery facilitated by in-

vestments that have expanded the Nation’s pro-

ductive capacity and a historic vaccination pro-

gram that allowed the responsible wind-down of

emergency measures. In addition, the President

has also enacted another roughly $1 trillion

in savings over the next decade through the

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, and through

the Inﬂation Reduction Act provisions that em-

power Medicare to negotiate lower prescription

drug prices, cap insulin at $35 per month for se-

niors,and make the wealthy and large corpora-

tions pay more of their fair share. To address the

unfairness of 55 of the most proﬁtable U.S. cor-

porations paying zero dollars in Federal income

taxes, the President signed into law a 15-percent

minimum tax on the proﬁts of the largest corpo-

rations—those with over $1billion in proﬁts. He

also signed into law a surcharge on corporate stock

buybacks, which encourages businesses to invest

in their growth and productivity as opposed to

funneling tax-preferred proﬁts to wealthy share-

holders. The Inﬂation Reduction Act also enact-

ed long-overdue investments in rebuilding and

modernizing the Internal Revenue Service (IRS),

which raise revenue by making wealthy taxpay-

ers and big corporations pay the taxes they owe—

while improving customer service and without

increasing audit rates relative to historical levels

for small businesses and taxpayers making under

$400,000 per year. The Budget would build on

this progress by increasing the corporate mini-

mum tax rate to 21 percent, quadrupling the sur-

charge on stock buybacks, extending the IRS in-

vestment, and other important reforms, resulting

in about $3 trillion of deﬁcit reduction even after

ﬁnancing the Budget’s investments.

INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

As the President takes action to lower costs

and grow the economy from the middle out and

bottom up, he is also investing in America and the

American people—expanding access to health-

care and improving women’s health, building

the next generation of American infrastructure,

empowering American workers and families, ad-

vancing equity across the Nation, delivering on

the most ambitious climate agenda in history,

and ensuring the dignity of honoring America’s

sacred obligation to its veterans.

Expanding Access to Healthcare

The President believes healthcare is a right,

not a privilege. The Administration continues

to build on and strengthen the Affordable Care

Act—and Americans are enrolled in record num-

bers. A record-breaking 21.3 million Americans

signed up for healthcare coverage through the

Affordable Care Act Marketplaces for 2024, an in-

crease of more than nine million people since the

President took ofﬁce. In addition, over one million

people in the four States that have adopted the

Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion under

the President’s watch have gained Medicaid cov-

erage, many for the ﬁrst time. The Vice President

has also continued her leadership on addressing

the maternal health crisis and its disparate im-

pacts, particularly on Black women. Since taking

ofﬁce, over 40 States have answered her call to

extend Medicaid postpartum coverage from two

months to 12—expanding access to this essential

care for mothers across the Nation.

Investing in Women’s Health Research

Despite making up more than half the popula-

tion, women have historically been understudied

and underrepresented in health research. This

lack of investment limits the understanding of

conditions that are speciﬁc to women, predomi-

nantly affect women, or affect women differently.

In order to give women and their healthcare pro-

viders the tools and information that they need

to more effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat

these conditions, the President and First Lady

launched the ﬁrst-ever White House Initiative on

Women’s Health Research—which will galvanize

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 9

the Federal Government and the private and

philanthropic sectors to spur innovation, unleash

transformative investment to close research gaps,

and improve women’s health.

Defending and Protecting

Reproductive Rights and Healthcare

Twenty-seven million women of reproductive

age—more than one in three—live in one of the

21 States with an abortion ban currently in effect.

In the last year, women have been denied medi-

cal care needed to preserve their health and save

their lives. In the wake of the Supreme Court’s

decision to overturn nearly 50 years of precedent

in Roe v. Wade, the President has signed Executive

Orders to: protect access to abortion, including

medication abortion; strengthen access to con-

traception; help ensure women receive the medi-

cal care they need in an emergency; and support

women’s ability to travel across State lines to ac-

cess care. The Administration has also strength-

ened privacy protections for patients and doctors,

and defended in court women’s ability to access

medication abortion and emergency medical care

required under Federal law. The Administration

continues to call on the Congress to pass legisla-

tion restoring the protections of Roe v. Wade in

Federal law.

Ensuring Robust Access to

Mental Healthcare

The President believes mental health is health,

particularly given the unprecedented mental

health crisis impacting people of all ages that was

exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. As part

of the Administration’s Unity Agenda, President

Biden released a comprehensive national strate-

gy to transform how mental health is understood,

accessed, treated, and integrated in and out of

healthcare settings. The Administration has

made historic investments in mental healthcare,

including nearly $1 billion to support the 988

Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. The Administration

is also committed to investing in training more

mental health professionals, and is expanding

Certiﬁed Community Behavioral Health Clinics

nationwide. In addition, the Administration has

taken action to improve and strengthen mental

health parity requirements for mental health

and substance use care, and ensure that more

than 150 million Americans with private health

insurance can better access mental health ben-

eﬁts under their insurance plan. The Biden-

Harris Administration is also implementing the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act—the single

largest investment to support student mental

health in history, which will help hire and train

over 14,000 school-based mental health pro-

fessionals across the Nation. In addition, the

Administration eliminated the ﬁrst three copays

for mental health outpatient visits for veterans

using their Department of Veteran Affairs (VA)

beneﬁts.

Delivering Critical Resources to

Address the Overdose Epidemic

A key pillar of the President’s Unity Agenda,

the Administration has taken action to coun-

ter the overdose epidemic and save Americans’

lives. The Administration has made this issue a

top priority, and taken historic actions over the

past three years to address substance use, en-

hance public health, strengthen public safety,

and save lives. With the President’s leadership,

the Administration has provided historic fund-

ing to States, localities, and Tribes for overdose

prevention efforts like access to naloxone and

treatment for opioid-use disorder. In addition,

the Administration requested $1.6billion in sup-

plemental funding for 2024 in the Department

of Health and Human Services (HHS) to expand

substance use prevention, treatment, harm re-

duction, and recovery support services to address

the overdose crisis.

Building the Next Generation

of American Infrastructure and

Igniting an Economic Resurgence

The President signed the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, the largest infrastructure

10 BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

bill since the Eisenhower Administration, and

has already announced $400 billion for 40,000

infrastructure projects across 4,500 communi-

ties throughout every State in the Nation. This

includes over $250billion to improve transporta-

tion all across the Nation—from better roads and

bridges, to improved airports, to more reliable

public transit and rail service. The Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law is investing in rural commu-

nities alongside urban ones—it invests in afford-

able, reliable high-speed internet infrastructure,

clean drinking water, and reliable electricity.

The President’s Inﬂation Reduction Act has

unleashed a manufacturing and clean energy

boom—spurring over $600 billion in private

sector investments since taking ofﬁce, includ-

ing more than $160 billion announced invest-

ments in battery and EV supply chains. Clean

energy projects that have moved forward since

the President signed the historic law are already

on track to create more than 210,000 new clean

energy jobs across the Nation, and are projected

to create more than 1.5 million additional jobs

over the next decade, according to estimates by

outside groups. In addition, the President signed

the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act, which is

creating good jobs and driving American competi-

tiveness in the industries of the future. As part

of the implementation of the CHIPS and Science

Act, the Department of Commerce announced 31

Tech Hubs that will help communities across the

Nation become centers of innovation critical to

American competitiveness.

Supporting Workers and Building

Pathways to Good Jobs

President Biden is the most pro-worker

President in history—and he is committed to

building an economy from the middle out and bot-

tom up. Together, he and Vice President Harris

have committed to ensuring high labor standards,

bringing workers’ voices to the decision-making

table, and enforcing rules against unfair labor

practices—not just here at home, but around the

world. Upholding common standards and pro-

tecting fundamental rights are key for American

workers and American companies to compete fair-

ly in the global economy. The White House Task

Force on Worker Organizing and Empowerment,

led by Vice President Harris, has championed the

Administration’s commitment to worker rights,

including the right to a free and fair choice to join

a union and to dignity in the workplace. As the

President says, “unions built the middle class,”

and as we rebuild America, they can help rebuild

the middle class in the process.

To expand access to the good jobs creat-

ed by the President’s historic legislation, the

Administration has invested in pathways to jobs

in growing sectors, supporting both critical work-

force programs at community colleges and career

pathways programs in the K-12 system through

the ﬁrst-ever Career-Connected High Schools

grants. The First Lady announced the ﬁrst ﬁve

Workforce Hubs in cities with signiﬁcant public-

and private-sector investments and a new initia-

tive to expand pathways to careers in advanced

manufacturing, resulting in the launch of new

Registered Apprenticeships, community college,

and high school programs and partnerships to

provide opportunities for more Americans to pur-

sue careers in the industries that will continue to

fuel the economy.

Rebuilding Supply Chains

When the President took ofﬁce, supply chains

were severely disrupted as a result of the

COVID-19 pandemic. The Administration made

supply chain resilience and response a top pri-

ority on day one, collaborating with industry

and labor to address acute shortages and bot-

tlenecks throughout the economy—and secur-

ing critical supply chain investments through

the President’s Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

Inﬂation Reduction Act, and bipartisan CHIPS

and Science Act. As a result, critical supply

chains are signiﬁcantly more ﬂuid and resilient

than they were when the President took ofﬁce.

In addition, the President recently announced

a new White House Council on Supply Chain

Resilience, which will support the enduring resil-

ience of America’s critical supply chains.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 11

Advancing Equity across the Nation

The President signed two Executive Orders

on advancing racial equity and support for un-

derserved communities, providing a powerful

and unprecedented mandate for all Federal agen-

cies to launch a whole-of-Government approach

to equity. Over the past three years, agencies

have taken historic steps toward ensuring that

Federal programs are supporting communities

that have been locked out of opportunity. The

Administration’s whole-of-Government work on

equity has included key steps to decrease the ra-

cial wealth gap, including by expanding Federal

contracting opportunities for small disadvan-

taged businesses and taking sweeping action

to address racial bias in home valuations to en-

sure that every American who buys a home has

the same opportunities to build generational

wealth through homeownership. In addition, the

Administration has tackled gender and racial pay

gaps, including through salary history bans and

pay transparency measures for Federal workers

and contractors. The Administration has also de-

ployed record investments to tribal nations and

Native communities, including through the his-

toric American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (American

Rescue Plan) and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

The enactment of advance appropriations for the

Indian Health Service for the ﬁrst time in history

will help ensure more stable, predictable funding

and improved access to high quality healthcare.

The President also continues to expand the reach

of Rural Partners Network, which provides a

targeted across-Government approach to access-

ing training, technical assistance, and programs

to distressed rural communities, and creates a

clear point-of-entry for rural leaders to utilize all

Federal agencies’ assistance for rural areas.

In Executive Order 14041, “White House

Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity,

Excellence, and Economic Opportunity through

Historically Black Colleges and Universities

(HBCUs),” President Biden charged the initia-

tive to “develop new and expand pre-existing na-

tional networks of individuals, organizations, and

communities to share and implement adminis-

trative and programmatic best practices related

to advancing educational equity, excellence, and

opportunity at HBCUs.” HBCUs are central to

the Administration’s vision of a more inclusive,

equitable, and valuable higher education sys-

tem. Under the President and Vice President’s

leadership, the Administration has secured tens

of billions of dollars in funding for HBCUs and

Minority-Serving Institutions to prepare stu-

dents to contribute to the future in high-demand

and high-income ﬁelds, like cybersecurity, en-

gineering, biochemistry, and healthcare. The

Administration also re-established the White

House Initiative on Advancing Educational

Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for

HBCUs to increase their participation in Federal

programs that offer greater access to funding, en-

suring HBCUs can continue to be engines of op-

portunity in the future.

Supporting K-12 Education

To deliver on the promise of education for all

Americans, the Administration secured the larg-

est investment in public education in history to

help students get back to school and recover aca-

demically from the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing

on evidence-based strategies such as addressing

chronic absenteeism and increasing student ac-

cess to tutoring and summer, afterschool, and

extended learning programs. The President’s

leadership has garnered substantial increases

for Federal student support programs to meet the

needs of historically underserved students. The

Administration has provided record funding to

Title I schools and made signiﬁcant investments

in the Nation’s teachers. These investments are

helping States in their efforts to address teacher

shortages, which fall hardest on underserved stu-

dents. Since the President took ofﬁce, the Nation

has added 73,000 public school teachers.

Increasing High-Quality Care

and Supporting Caregivers

High-quality early care and long-term care

are critical to the Nation’s economic growth and

economic security. Early care and education give

12 BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

young children a strong start in life, while long-

term care helps older Americans and people with

disabilities live, work, and participate in their

communities with dignity. Unfortunately, too

many families and individuals struggle to access

the affordable, high-quality care they need. In

recognition of this need, the Administration in-

vested over $60billion from the American Rescue

Plan in the care economy, including $24billion to

help child care providers keep their doors open

and to provide child care workers with higher

pay, bonuses, and other beneﬁts. To date, these

efforts have helped over 225,000 child care pro-

grams serving as many as 10 million children

across the Nation.

The President’s Council of Economic Advisers

also found that these investments saved families

with young children who rely on paid child care

approximately $1,250 per child per yearby: slow-

ing the rise of child care prices; increasing the real

wages of child care workers by 10 percent; and

boosting maternal labor-force participation by up

to three percent, bringing hundreds of thousands

of mothers into the workforce. The President

also worked with the Congress to secure an ad-

ditional $2.1 billion in annual Child Care and

Development Block Grant program funding since

2021, a 36-percent increase, to help low-income

working families access the child care they need.

The Administration continues to call on the

Congress to make signiﬁcant new investments to

give families in this Nation more breathing room

when it comes to care. In April 2023, the President

signed an Executive Order with the most compre-

hensive set of executive actions any president has

ever taken to improve care for hard-working fam-

ilies while supporting care workers and family

caregivers. Executive Order 14095, “Increasing

Access to High-Quality Care and Supporting

Caregivers” charged agencies with working with-

in their existing authorities to: lower the cost of

care for families; boost the supply of high-quality

early care and education and long-term care; pro-

vide more options for individuals and families in-

crease access to affordable care for families; and

improve job quality and support for care workers

and caregivers. Agencies have made substantial

progress in implementing this Executive Order.

VA launched a pilot program to provide mental

health services to roughly 2,300 family caregivers

who care for the Nation’s heroes.

HHS has proposed major rulemaking to low-

er costs for families receiving Federal child care

assistance and increase the pay for Head Start

teachers. In addition, the Administration has

also proposed actions to crack down on nursing

homes that put seniors at risk, proposing mini-

mum stafﬁng requirements that would ensure

every facility has enough nurses to provide nec-

essary care, and expanded payments to clinicians

who train caregivers for seniors and people with

disabilities.

Honoring Our Sacred Obligation

to Ensure the Dignity of America’s

Veterans, Military Service

Members, and Their Families

President Biden believes we have a sacred ob-

ligation to care for the Nation’s veterans, their

families, caregivers, and survivors. Since taking

ofﬁce, the President has signed into law over 30

bipartisan bills that address some of the most

important issues facing veterans today, includ-

ing the Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 (PACT

Act), which is the most signiﬁcant expansion of

beneﬁts and services for veterans exposed to toxic

substances in more than 30 years. The biparti-

san PACT Act delivers better healthcare and ben-

eﬁts to veterans exposed to toxic burn pits during

their military service. In addition, the President

has called to end veterans’ homelessness—and

this year alone, the Administration permanently

housed over 46,000 veterans, which far exceeded

its goal of permanently housing 38,000 veter-

ans. The Administration and the Congress have

worked together to expand access to healthcare,

improve access to child and long-term care, and

support education and workforce opportuni-

ty for veterans and their families. In addition,

the Administration also continues to deliver on

veterans’ services—in 2023 alone, VA delivered

$163billion in earned beneﬁts to 6.3 million vet-

erans and survivors.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 13

Meeting the economic, social, and emotional

needs of America’s military and veteran families

as well as military and veteran caregivers and

surviving family members is also a national secu-

rity imperative. As part of her Joining Forces ini-

tiative to support military and veteran spouses,

military caregivers, and survivors, the First Lady

has championed meaningful policy solutions to

improve military spouse employment and entre-

preneurship, military children’s education, and

military family mental health and wellbeing.

President Biden signed the most comprehen-

sive set of executive actions by any President to

advance military family economic security and

make the Federal Government the employer of

choice for the military-connected community. The

Administration: established Dependent Care

Flexible Spending Accounts for service members;

funded universal pre-school for military children

living overseas; expanded child care options for

military families; increased the amount of child

care fee assistance available to offset costs; and

reduced military child development center costs

for lower income military families by 30 percent.

Delivering on the Most Ambitious

Climate Agenda in History

Since day one, President Biden has delivered

on the most ambitious climate, conservation, and

environmental justice agenda in history—tak-

ing bold action to reduce climate pollution across

every sector of the economy, protecting more than

26 million acres of lands and waters, and restor-

ing the vital role of science in guiding Federal

decision-making. The President signed the larg-

est investment in climate action ever with the

Inﬂation Reduction Act—resulting in 210,000

new clean energy jobs created by clean energy

projects that have moved forward in the year and

a half since the passage of the law, according to

estimates by outside groups. The President has

also taken bold executive action to cut emissions

across the economy, including strong ﬁnal stan-

dards to reduce methane pollution from oil and

gas operations. As a result of the President’s

leadership and economic plan, clean energy jobs

are on the rise across the Nation, companies have

announced hundreds of billions of dollars in clean

energy investments, and the United States is on a

path toward cutting carbon pollution in half from

2005 levels by 2030 and net zero by 2050. While

tackling the climate crisis, the President is using

the Justice40 Initiative to embed environmental

justice into clean energy and climate programs,

ensuring that communities that are on the front-

lines beneﬁt from this historic investment in

confronting climate pollution. In addition, in

September 2023, the Administration announced

the launch of the American Climate Corps initia-

tive to mobilize a new, diverse generation of clean

energy, conservation, and resilience workers to

tackle the climate crisis in communities around

the Nation.

KEEPING AMERICANS SAFE AND PROTECTING

DEMOCRACY AT HOME AND ABROAD

Since the President took ofﬁce, he has pro-

tected democracy across the globe and restored

U.S. leadership on the world stage. In the wake

of Putin’s brutal invasion and illegal war against

Ukraine, he has rallied the world to support

Ukraine’s defense and stand up against dicta-

torship. The President continues to secure criti-

cal support for Ukraine in the face of continued

Russian aggression while also enhancing the col-

lective capabilities and readiness of the United

States, our allies, and partners. The President

has strengthened alliances across the globe,

including winning congressional support to add

Finland and Sweden to the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization Alliance.

After Hamas’s horriﬁc terrorist attacks against

Israel, the President has led the United States

to support Israel’s right to defend its country

and protect its people in a way that upholds in-

ternational humanitarian law, while ensuring

the Palestinian people have access to vital hu-

manitarian aid and lifesaving assistance. The

President continues to press for congressional

14 BUILDING THE ECONOMY FROM THE MIDDLE OUT AND BOTTOM UP

support to provide the necessary security assis-

tance to Israel and to extend humanitarian as-

sistance to civilians impacted by conﬂict in the

region, while working toward a future where

Palestinians have a state of their own and Israel’s

security is assured.

Under the President’s leadership, the

Administration continues to focus on the Nation’s

strategic competition with the People’s Republic

of China —and promoting American competitive-

ness worldwide. The President has advocated for

congressional support to invest in the American

defense industrial base to ensure military readi-

ness and strengthen integrated deterrence for the

growing security requirements in the Indo-Paciﬁc.

The President has also increased U.S. foreign as-

sistance to the region in support of a more free,

open, secure, and connected Indo-Paciﬁc, while

also expanding America’s diplomatic presence.

At the same time, the President remains laser-

focused on keeping Americans safe at home. The

President took on the gun lobby and signed the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act into law, the

ﬁrst signiﬁcant gun violence legislation in nearly

30 years, which includes background checks for

buyers under 21, expanded mental health pro-

grams, and support for implementation of red ﬂag

laws that keep guns away from dangerous people.

The President created the ﬁrst-ever White House

Ofﬁce of Gun Violence Prevention in American

history, overseen by the Vice President, and has

announced nearly 40 executive actions to keep

guns out of dangerous hands. The Administration

has also delivered the most funding ever for

the bipartisan Violence Against Women Act

Reauthorization Act of 2022 to combat gender-

based violence and strengthened this landmark

law, in addition to issuing the Nation’s ﬁrst-ever

U.S. National Action Plan to End Gender-Based

Violence.

To continue to protect and secure the border,

the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has

taken action to process noncitizens at record scale

and efﬁciency. On May 12, 2023, DHS returned to

processing all noncitizens under Title 8 immigra-

tion authorities. Each day since then, DHS has

maximized the use of expedited removal, plac-

ing more than 900 individuals into the process

each day on average, and conducting more than

100,000 credible fear interviews, both of which

are record highs. As a result, DHS has removed or

returned more than 565,000 noncitizens who did

not have a lawful basis to remain in the United

States, the vast majority of whom crossed the

Southwest land border, since May 12, 2023. Total

removals and returns since mid-May of 2023 ex-

ceed removals and returns in every full year since

2013. The majority of all individuals encountered

at the Southwest land border over the past three

years have been removed, returned, or expelled.

The President and Vice President continue to

take action to combat hate which undermines

democracy, including by releasing the ﬁrst-ever

national strategy to counter Antisemitism, an-

nouncing the development of a national strat-

egy to counter Islamophobia and related forms

of bias and discrimination, signing legislation to

enhance State and local law enforcement’s ability

to respond to hate crimes, and signing legislation

to make lynching a Federal crime. The President

and Vice President have continued to speak out

against discrimination, racism, sexism, anti-LG-

BTQI+ hate, and more—so that all Americans

can live freely and without fear of attack or ha-

rassment. To strengthen the right to vote, a key

pillar of our democracy, the President and Vice

President have continued pushing for stronger

voting rights to make sure every American can

make their voice heard.

INVESTING IN AMERICA AND

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

From the ﬁrst days of the Administration, the

President has moved swiftly to deliver results for

the American people. While challenges remain,

America has made historic progress as we con-

tinue to grow the economy from the middle out

and bottom up and ensure America can compete

to win in the global economy. Since President

Biden took ofﬁce, the economy has added about

15 million jobs—while core inﬂation fell to two

percent over the last six months of 2023. The ac-

tions taken by the Administration have support-

ed that progress—and set the stage for a more

prosperous, healthier, and safer future.

Under the President’s leadership, the

Administration has focused on investing in

America and the American people, including

by signing into law historic legislation such

as the American Rescue Plan, the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, the CHIPS and Science Act,

and the Inﬂation Reduction Act. These invest-

ments—by supporting a manufacturing boom,

revitalizing American infrastructure, expand-

ing high-quality education and healthcare, and

investing in communities too often left behind—

have helped to reverse decades of chronic under-

funding of vital priorities all while supporting the

Nation’s greatest resource: the American people.

Importantly, their gains are only beginning to be

felt. Over the coming years, the consequences

of these investments—and the new jobs, innova-

tion, and beneﬁts they will bring—will continue

to spread throughout American communities

with the ongoing implementation of the land-

mark legislation the President has signed into

law. At the same time, they set the stage for

continued progress under the President’s leader-

ship to lower costs, create new good-paying jobs,

keep families safe and healthy, and bolster the

Nation’s leadership on the world stage.

The Budget protects and builds on this prog-

ress with proposals for responsible, pro-growth

investments in America and the American peo-

ple. The Budget includes proposals that lower

costs for the American people, expand access to

high-quality healthcare, support America’s work-

force, confront the climate crisis, expand oppor-

tunity, and protect America at home and abroad.

The Budget upholds the President’s commitment

to protecting Medicare and Social Security for

this and future generations. The Budget builds

on the President’s record to date while achiev-

ing meaningful deﬁcit reduction through mea-

sures that reduce wasteful spending and ask the

wealthy and large corporations to pay their fair

share.

LOWERING COSTS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

The President’s top economic priority is lower-

ing costs for American families. Thanks to the

Inﬂation Reduction Act, the United States is

lowering costs for prescription drugs, healthcare,

and energy for tens of millions of Americans, in

a ﬁscally responsible way. The Administration’s

actions to eliminate junk fees and promote great-

er competition across the American economy are

16 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

playing a key role in lowering costs. The Budget

builds on this critical work to lower costs and give

families more breathing room.

Accelerates Negotiations of Lower Drug

Prices and Expands Access to Prescription

Drugs. Thanks to action taken by the

Administration, millions of seniors are saving

money on their drug costs, and the Administration

announced the ﬁrst 10 drugs for which prices will

be negotiated as it continues implementation of

the Inﬂation Reduction Act. The Budget builds

on this success by signiﬁcantly increasing the

pace of negotiation, bringing more drugs into ne-

gotiation sooner after they launch, expanding in-

ﬂation rebates and $2,000 out-of-pocket prescrip-

tion drug cost cap beyond Medicare and into the

commercial market, and other steps to build on

the Inﬂation Reduction Act drug provisions. In

addition, the Budget extends the $35 cost-shar-

ing cap for a month’s supply of a covered insulin

product to the commercial market. For Medicaid,

the Budget includes proposals to ensure Medicaid

and the Children’s Health Insurance Program

(CHIP) are prudent purchasers of prescription

drugs, such as authorizing the Department of

Health and Human Services (HHS) to negotiate

supplemental drug rebates on behalf of interest-

ed States in order to pool purchasing power. The

Budget also limits Medicare Part D cost-sharing

for high-value generic drugs, such as those used

to treat hypertension and hyperlipidemia, to no

more than $2 per month for Medicare beneﬁcia-

ries. To speed up development and increase ac-

cess to safe and affordable biosimilar medicines,

the Budget streamlines and modernizes the Food

and Drug Administration’s (FDA) premarket re-

view. The Budget also includes funding for con-

tinued implementation of the No Surprises Act,

which protects Americans across the Nation from

surprise medical bills.

Lowers Child Care Costs. From the begin-

ning of this Administration, the President and

Vice President have been focused on child care

costs as a critical challenge for families. When

child care is reliable, high-quality, and afford-

able, parents can make ends meet, advance in

their careers, and stay in the workforce—while

children beneﬁt from opportunities to socialize

with peers. The President is committed to pro-

viding relief to families, and the Budget creates a

historic new program under which working fami-

lies with incomes up to $200,000 per year would

be guaranteed affordable, high-quality child care

from birth until kindergarten, with most fami-

lies paying no more than $10 a day, and the low-

est income families paying nothing. This would

provide a lifeline to the parents of more than 16

million children, saving the average family over

$600 per month in care costs, per child, and giv-

ing parents the freedom to select a high-quality

child care setting. This investment could help

hundreds of thousands of women with young

children enter or re-enter the workforce more

quickly. The President’s Council of Economic

Advisers found that recent Federal investments

in child care have increased labor force partici-

pation among mothers with young children by

roughly three percentage points, equivalent to

over 300,000 more women in the labor force. The

President’s proposal would also ensure that early

care and education workers receive fair and com-

petitive pay. In addition, the Budget provides

$8.5billion for the Child Care and Development

Block Grant, a 44-percent increase since the ﬁrst

year of the Administration, which would continue

to serve school-age children, while most children

under age six would be served through the new

program. The Budget also expands a tax credit

to encourage businesses to provide child care ben-

eﬁts to their employees.

Reduces the Cost of Education Pathways

that Connect to Growing Jobs. Ensuring all

Americans beneﬁt from the jobs created by the

Investing in America agenda is critical to grow-

ing the economy from the middle out and the bot-

tom up. High college prices deter many young

people from attending the colleges that would be

best for them. The Budget includes a $12billion

mandatory Reducing the Costs of College Fund

that would fund three strategies to lower college

costs for students. First, the fund would pro-

vide competitive awards for public institutions

that affordably deliver a quality education, al-

lowing those schools to use those funds either to

serve more students or to share best practices so

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 17

that other schools can become more affordable.

Second, the Classroom to Career fund would also

provide over $7billion for States to provide access

to at least 12 credits of transferable career-con-

nected dual enrollment credits to students while

in high school—credits that can enable students

to obtain postsecondary degrees more affordably.

Third, the fund would support evidence-based

strategies, such as the City University of New

York’s Accelerated Study in Associated Programs

Associate Program model, which increase college

graduation rates, reduce cost burdens for stu-

dents, and lower costs per graduate.

Increases Affordable Housing Supply to

Reduce Housing Costs. The President believes

that all Americans should be able to afford a qual-

ity home. The Budget builds on previous invest-

ments and actions by this Administration to boost

housing supply and lower housing costs, particu-

larly for lower- and middle-income households.

The Budget invests $1.3 billion in the HOME

Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) to

construct and rehabilitate affordable rental hous-

ing and provide homeownership opportunities. To

further address the critical shortage of affordable

housing in communities throughout the Nation,

the Budget provides $20 billion in mandatory

funding for a new Innovation Fund for Housing

Expansion, which would be a competitive grant

program for municipalities and other entities

that develop concrete plans for expanding hous-

ing supply, with additional funding for housing

affordability pilots. The Budget also provides

$7.5billion in mandatory funding for new Project-

Based Rental Assistance contracts to incentivize

the development of new climate-resilient afford-

able housing. The Budget expands the existing

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit and proposes a

new Neighborhood Homes Tax Credit. Together

these proposals would expand the supply of safe

and affordable housing, bring new units to mar-

ket, and ultimately help curb cost growth across

the broader rental market.

Expands Access to Homeownership and

Reduces Down Payments for First-Time and

First-Generation Homebuyers. The Budget

proposes a new Mortgage Relief Credit to help

increase access to affordable housing. The pro-

posal includes a new tax credit for middle-class

ﬁrst-time homebuyers of up to $10,000 over two

years to ease affordability challenges. In addi-

tion, to unlock starter home inventory for ﬁrst-

time homebuyers and help middle-class fami-

lies who are “locked in” to their current homes

due to lower mortgage rates at the time of pur-

chase, this proposal also includes a credit of up

to $10,000 for one year to middle-class families

who sell their starter home—a home at or below

the area median home price—to another owner-

occupant. The Budget also provides $10 billion

in mandatory funding for a new First-Generation

Down Payment Assistance program to help ad-

dress homeownership and wealth gaps. In addi-

tion, the Budget preserves the Administration’s

progress in expanding access to homeownership

for underserved borrowers, including many ﬁrst-

time and minority homebuyers, through Federal

Housing Administration (FHA) and Ginnie Mae

credit guarantees. In 2023, ﬁrst-time homebuy-

ers accounted for over 80 percent of FHA-insured

home purchase loans. The Budget also includes

up to $50million for a HOME down payment as-

sistance pilot program that would reduce mort-

gage down payments for ﬁrst-generation as well

as low wealth ﬁrst-time homebuyers.

Expands Access to Affordable Rent

through the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV)

Program. The HCV program currently provides

2.3 million low-income families with rental as-

sistance to obtain housing in the private market,

but many families who are eligible do not receive

assistance due to limited funding. The Budget

proposes $32.8 billion in discretionary funding,

an increase of $2.5 billion over the 2023 level,

and assumes Public Housing Agencies will draw

$963million from HCV program reserves to main-

tain and protect critical services for all currently

assisted families. The Budget also reﬂects the

Administration’s continued commitment to ex-

pand assistance, supporting an additional 20,000

households, particularly those who are experienc-

ing homelessness or ﬂeeing, or attempting to ﬂee,

domestic violence or other forms of gender-based

violence. To further ensure that more households

have access to safe and affordable housing, the

18 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Budget includes mandatory funding to support

two populations that are particularly vulnerable

to homelessness—youth aging out of foster care

and extremely low-income (ELI) veterans. The

Budget provides $9billion to establish a housing

voucher program for all 20,000 youth aging out

of foster care annually, and provides $13billion

to incrementally expand rental assistance for

400,000 ELI veteran families, paving a path to

guaranteed assistance for all who have served

the Nation and are in need. Since the beginning

of this Administration, Department of Housing

and Urban Development (HUD) has expanded

voucher assistance to over 100,000 additional

families, and the Budget continues this progress

by expanding voucher access to hundreds of thou-

sands of families.

Reduces Home Heating and Water Costs.

The Budget provides $4.1 billion for the Low

Income Home Energy Assistance Program

(LIHEAP). Reducing household energy and

water costs continues to be a priority for the

Administration, as reﬂected in the $7billion in

additional funding the Administration has se-

cured for LIHEAP since 2021. LIHEAP helps

families access home energy and weatherization

assistance—vital tools for protecting vulnerable

families’ health in response to extreme weather

and climate change. In addition, since the Low

Income Household Water Assistance Program ex-

pired at the end of 2023, the Budget proposes to

allow States the option to use a portion of their

LIHEAP funds to provide water bill assistance to

low-income households.

Lowers Energy Costs and Catalyzes

Clean Energy and Economic Growth in

Rural Communities. The Budget builds on

the $13 billion provided in the President’s his-

toric Inﬂation Reduction Act for rural develop-

ment programs at the Department of Agriculture

(USDA) to reduce energy bills for families, expand

clean energy, transform rural power production,

and create thousands of good-paying jobs for peo-

ple across rural America. Rural communities are

critical to achieving the goal of 100 percent clean

electricity by 2035. The Budget provides $1billion

for loan guarantees for renewable energy systems

and energy efﬁciency improvements for farmers

and rural small businesses, and $6.5 billion in

authority for rural electric loans to support addi-

tional clean energy, energy storage, and transmis-

sion projects that would create good-paying jobs.

In addition, the Budget includes $53 million in

zero-interest loans for the Rural Energy Savings

Program, which would help rural Americans im-

plement durable cost-effective energy efﬁciency

measures in their homes, which lowers energy

costs and contributes to the President’s clean en-

ergy goals. The Budget also provides $10million

in Rural Community Facilities Grants speciﬁcally

for rural communities making an energy transi-

tion away from outdated energy sources, facilitat-

ing emerging infrastructure needs.

Connects More Americans to Affordable,

High-Speed, and Reliable Internet. The

President is committed to ensuring that every

American has access to affordable broadband in-

ternet. Thanks to the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law: the Affordable Connectivity Program has

provided high-speed Internet service to over

23 million eligible low income households at

low or no cost; the Department of Commerce

(Commerce) has allocated nearly $42 billion

in Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment

program funding to all 50 States, the District

of Columbia, and ﬁve Territories to deploy reli-

able high-speed Internet service; and USDA has

provided $2.3 billion to people living and work-

ing across 35 States and Territories, which is ex-

pected to expand broadband access to more than

137,000 households. Installing high-speed inter-

net creates high-paying union jobs and strength-

ens local economies, which leads to increased job

and population growth, lower unemployment

rates, and new business formation. Reliable in-

ternet is also crucial for Americans to access

healthcare services through telehealth. Building

on the $2billion for USDA broadband programs

provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

for 2023, the Budget provides $112 million for

the ReConnect program, which provides grants

and loans to deploy broadband to unserved areas,

especially tribal areas. Building on the demon-

strated successes enabled by the $14billion pro-

vided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 19

Budget includes the Administration’s pending

supplemental request for $6 billion to continue

the Affordable Connectivity Program in 2024 and

the Administration will work with the Congress

to secure additional funding for this important

need in 2025 and beyond.

Eliminates the Origination Fee on Student

Loans. The Budget builds on the President’s

historic actions to reduce student debt and the

cost of college by eliminating the origination fees

charged to borrowers on every new Federal stu-

dent loan. These unnecessary fees burden anyone

who needs to borrow to help get an education and

cost American families billions of dollars.

Bolsters Antitrust Enforcement. The

Budget proposes $288 million for the Antitrust

Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ), an

increase of $63million over the 2023 enacted lev-

el and $103million over the 2021 enacted level,

to strengthen antitrust enforcement efforts to

promote vigorous marketplace competition and

reduce costs and raise wages for the American

people.

STRENGTHENING AMERICANS’ RETIREMENT SECURITY BY

HONORING THE PROMISE OF MEDICARE AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Prior to the creation of Social Security nearly

90 years ago, almost half of all American seniors

lived in poverty—including some seniors who

had worked their entire lives. Before Medicare

was signed into law almost 60 years ago, many

seniors’ basic needs went unmet without health-

care to count on. Social Security and Medicare

are more than Government programs, they are a

promise—a rock-solid guarantee that generations

of Americans have counted on—that after a life of

hard work, you will be able to retire with dignity

and security. As the President has made clear,

he will reject any efforts to cut or undermine the

Medicare or Social Security beneﬁts that seniors

and people with disabilities have earned and paid

into their entire working lives. The Budget hon-

ors that ironclad commitment by ﬁrmly opposing

beneﬁt cuts to either program and by embrac-

ing reforms that would protect and strengthen

these programs. The President remains com-

mitted to working with the Congress to protect

Medicare and Social Security for this and future

generations.

Strengthens Medicare by Requiring High-

Income Americans to Contribute Their Fair

Share and Reducing Prescription Drug

Costs. The Budget extends solvency of the

Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) trust fund in-

deﬁnitely by modestly increasing the Medicare

tax rate on incomes above $400,000, closing loop-

holes in existing Medicare taxes, and directing

revenue from the Net Investment Income Tax

into the HI trust fund as was originally intend-

ed. Current law allows certain wealthy business

owners avoid Medicare taxes on some of the prof-

its they get from passthrough businesses. The

Budget closes the loophole that allows certain

business owners to avoid paying Medicare taxes

on these proﬁts and raises Medicare tax rates on

earned and unearned income from 3.8 percent to

5 percent for those with incomes over $400,000.

In addition, the Budget directs an amount equiv-

alent to the savings from the proposed Medicare

drug reforms into the HI trust fund.

Protects the Social Security Beneﬁts that

Americans Have Earned. The Administration

is committed to protecting and strengthening

Social Security. In particular, the Administration

looks forward to working with the Congress to re-

sponsibly strengthen Social Security based on the

following principles:

• No beneﬁt cuts. The President opposes

policies that cut beneﬁts, as well as pro-

posals to privatize Social Security.

• Extending solvency by asking the highest-

income Americans to pay their fair share.

20 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

The President believes that protecting

Social Security should start with asking

the highest-income Americans to pay their

fair share.

• Improving ﬁnancial security for seniors

and people with disabilities. The President

supports efforts to improve Social Security

beneﬁts, as well as Supplemental Security

Income beneﬁts, for seniors and people

with disabilities, especially for those who

face the greatest challenges making ends

meet.

• Ensuring that Americans can access the

beneﬁts they have earned. The President

supports investments in Social Security

Administration (SSA) services so that

seniors and people with disabilities can

access the beneﬁts they have earned.

Consistent with the ﬁnal principle, the Budget

invests in staff, information technology (IT),

and other improvements at SSA, providing an

increase of $1.3 billion, a nine-percent increase

from the 2023 enacted level. These funds would

improve customer service at SSA’s ﬁeld ofﬁces,

State disability determination services, and tele-

service centers for retirees, individuals with dis-

abilities, and their families. The Budget also

adds staff to process more disability claims and

reduce the amount of time claimants have to wait

for decisions on vital beneﬁts.

Protects Seniors’ Health and Dignity.

The Budget invests $150 billion over 10 years

to strengthen and expand Medicaid home and

community-based services, allowing elderly and

individuals with disabilities to remain in their

homes and stay active in their communities, and

improving the quality of jobs for home care work-

ers. The Budget also increases funding for senior

nutrition services to ensure seniors continue to

receive healthy meals by eight percent above the

2023 level, and 21 percent over the 2021 level. In

addition, the Budget proposes to shift funding for

nursing home surveys from discretionary to man-

datory beginning in 2026, and increase funding

to cover 100 percent of statutorily-mandated sur-

veys, which would guard against negligent care

and ensure that Americans receive high-quality,

safe services within these facilities. The Budget

also continues to build on the President’s commit-

ment to protect the Nation’s seniors through a

comprehensive agenda that: improves the safety

and quality of nursing home care; addresses the

backlog of complaint surveys from nursing home

residents; expands ﬁnancial penalties for under-

performing facilities; requires greater transpar-

ency of nursing facility ownership; and increases

the inspection of facilities with serious safety

deﬁciencies.

PROTECTING AND EXPANDING ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITY

HEALTHCARE AND CREATING HEALTHIER COMMUNITIES

The Administration has achieved monumental

gains in its commitment to protect and expand

Americans’ access to quality, affordable health-

care. Since taking ofﬁce, the President has: deliv-

ered the resources necessary to end the COVID-19

emergency; built on the success of the Affordable

Care Act to further close the uninsured gap; re-

duced Americans’ healthcare premiums and pre-

scription drug costs; ﬁnally allowed Medicare

to negotiate for lower prescription drug prices;

acted to protect millions of consumers from sur-

prise medical bills and junk fees; made progress

on bold new goals as part of the Biden Cancer

Moonshot; and created new efforts dedicated to

preventing, detecting, and treating devastating

diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. The

Administration recognizes that by investing in

the health and well-being of the American people,

healthier, safer, and more productive communities

can be created. The Budget protects the progress

this Administration has made while proposing

additional investments to address the challenges

that remain, including further expanding access

to high-quality healthcare, responding to mental

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 21

health needs, and strengthening America’s public

health infrastructure.

Putting High-Quality

Healthcare Within Reach

Expands Access to Quality, Affordable

Healthcare. The President and the Vice

President believe that healthcare is a right, not a

privilege. With enrollment in marketplace cover-

age at an all-time high, the Budget builds on the

incredible success of the Affordable Care Act by

making permanent the expanded premium tax

credits that the Inﬂation Reduction Act extended

and providing Medicaid-like coverage to individ-

uals in States that have not adopted Medicaid

expansion, paired with ﬁnancial incentives to

ensure States maintain their existing expan-

sions. For Medicaid and CHIP, the Budget allows

States to extend the existing 12-month continu-

ous eligibility for all children to 36 months, and

allows States to provide continuous eligibil-

ity for children from birth until they turn age

six. Further, the Budget prohibits enrollment

fees and premiums in CHIP. The President also

supports eliminating Medicaid funding caps for

Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning

their matching rate with States—and moving to-

ward parity for other critical Federal programs

including Supplemental Security Income and the

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Supports Family Planning Services for

More Americans. Americans deserve access to

the healthcare they need, including contraception

and family planning services, which are essential

to ensuring control over personal decisions about

their own health, lives, and families. For more

than 50 years, Title X family planning clinics

have played a critical role in ensuring access to a

broad range of high-quality family planning and

preventive health services. Most Title X clients

live in poverty and the uninsured rate of Title X

users is twice the national average, making the

Title X family planning program a critical part

of the public health safety net. The Budget in-

cludes $390million, a 36-percent increase above

the 2023 enacted level, for the Title X Family

Planning program to increase the number of pa-

tients served to 3.6 million.

Promotes Maternal Health and Health

Equity. The United States has the highest ma-

ternal mortality rate among developed nations,

and rates are disproportionately high for Black,

American Indian, Alaska Native, and rural

women. Since 2021, funding to reduce maternal

mortality has grown by over $190million, dem-

onstrating the Administration’s commitment to

addressing needs in this area. The Budget con-

tinues this progress by including $376million, an

increase of $82 million above the 2023 enacted

level to support the ongoing implementation of

the White House Blueprint for Addressing the

Maternal Health Crisis, launched by the Vice

President, to reduce maternal mortality and

morbidity rates, and address the highest rates

of perinatal health disparities. The Budget ex-

pands Medicaid maternal health support services

during the pregnancy and post-partum period by

incentivizing States to reimburse a broad range

of providers including doulas, community health

workers, peer support initiatives, and nurse

home visiting programs. In addition, the Budget

builds on the success of the more than 40 States

that answered the Vice President’s call to extend

Medicaid postpartum coverage for 12 months,

eliminating gaps in health insurance at a critical

time for all women.

Saving Lives by Advancing

Behavioral Healthcare

Strengthens Mental Health Parity

Protections. The Budget requires all health

plans to cover mental health and substance use

disorder beneﬁts, ensures that plans have an ad-

equate network of behavioral health providers,

and improves the Department of Labor’s (DOL)

ability to enforce the law. In addition, the Budget

includes $275 million over 10 years to increase

the Department’s capacity to ensure that large

group market health plans and issuers comply

with mental health and substance use disorder

requirements, and to take action against plans

and issuers that do not comply.

22 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Expands Coverage and Invests in

Behavioral Healthcare Services. In 2022,

almost a quarter of adults suffered from men-

tal illness, 13 percent of adolescents had serious

thoughts of suicide, and overdose deaths con-

tinued near record highs. As a core pillar of his

Unity Agenda, the President released a national

strategy to transform how to understand and ad-

dress mental health in America—and the Budget

makes progress on this agenda by improving

access to care for individuals and communities.

The Budget makes signiﬁcant investments in ex-

panding the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline that

is projected to respond to 7.5 million contacts

from individuals in distress in 2025 alone. The

Budget: expands mental healthcare and sup-

port services in schools; expands the Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) sui-

cide prevention program to additional States, as

well as tribal and territorial jurisdictions; and

invests in strengthening the behavioral health

workforce—including integration of behavioral

health services into primary care settings. The

Budget also expands access to behavioral health

services through signiﬁcant investments in

Certiﬁed Community Behavioral Health Clinics

and Community Mental Health Centers. In ad-

dition, the Budgetprovides $1billion to advance

Health IT adoption and engagement in interop-

erability for certain behavioral health providers.

The Administration is also implementing the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act—the single

largest investment to support student mental

health in history, which would help hire and train

over 14,000 school-based mental health profes-

sionals across the Nation.

Expands Access to Treatment for

Substance Use Disorder. The Administration

has made historic advances in expanding access

to treatment for opioid use disorder, including

signing into law a bipartisan provision to ex-

pand the number of medical providers who can

initiate buprenorphine treatment for opioid use

disorder from 129,000 to nearly two million, a

15-fold increase that can expand treatment to ru-

ral and underserved areas. Funding for States,

Territories, and Tribes through the Substance Use

Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Services

Block Grant and the State Opioid Response

grant program has grown by a combined seven

percent since 2021, expanding access to preven-

tion, harm reduction, treatment, and recovery

support services nationwide. The Budget builds

on these accomplishments by increasing funding

for the State Opioid Response grant program,

which has provided treatment services to over

1.2 million people and enabled States to reverse

more than 500,000 overdoses with over nine

million purchased overdose reversal medication

kits. The Budget also invests in a new technical

assistance center to strengthen health providers’

understanding and treatment of women’s mental

health and substance use.

Driving Healthcare Innovation and

Discovering Future Treatments

Advances Progress toward Biden Cancer

Moonshot Goals. The President and First Lady

reignited the Biden Cancer Moonshot to mobilize

a national effort to end cancer as we know it—

spurring tremendous action across the Federal

Government and from the public and private

sectors, and building a strong foundation for the

work ahead. To date, the Biden Cancer Moonshot

has announced roughly 50 new programs, poli-

cies, and resources to address ﬁve priority actions

including: improving access to cancer screening;

understanding and addressing environmental

and toxic exposures; making progress on cancer

prevention; driving innovation to reach commu-

nities and individuals; and boosting support for

patients, families, and caregivers. More than 100

private companies, non-proﬁts, academic institu-

tions, and patient groups have also stepped up

with new actions and collaborations. The Budget

makes signiﬁcant investments to work toward

the President and First Lady’s signature Biden

Cancer Moonshot goal of reducing the cancer

death rate by at least 50 percent over the next

25 years and improving the experience of people

who are living with or who have survived can-

cer. These investments include an increase of

more than $2billion across the National Cancer

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 23

Institute, FDA, CDC, cancer projects at the

Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health,

and additional mandatory funds for the Indian

Health Service (IHS) beginning in 2026.

Enhances Biodefense and Public Health

Infrastructure. Over the past three years, sub-

stantial progress has been made toward develop-

ing and implementing transformational capabili-

ties to increase the Nation’s ability to respond

to and prepare for emerging health threats.

Building upon this progress, the Budget invests

$9.8 billion in both discretionary and manda-

tory Prevention and Public Health Fund fund-

ing, an increase of $499 million over the 2023

enacted level, to bolster public health capacity

to enable CDC to better serve and protect the

American public. These resources would contin-

ue to strengthen State, tribal, local, and territo-

rial health departments, enhance public health

data systems and collection, and improve the core

immunization program. In addition, the Budget

includes $20 billion in mandatory funding for

HHS public health agencies in support of the

Administration’s biodefense priorities as outlined

in the 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and

Implementation Plan for Countering Biological

Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and

Achieving Global Health Security.

Invests in the Treatment and Prevention

of Infectious Diseases. The Budget invests in

the treatment and prevention of infectious dis-

eases, including Hepatitis C, HIV, and vaccine-

preventable diseases. The Budget proposes a na-

tional program to signiﬁcantly expand screening,

testing, treatment, prevention, and monitoring of

Hepatitis C infections in the United States, with

a speciﬁc focus on populations with high infection

levels. To help end the HIV epidemic, the Budget

eliminates barriers to accessing pre-exposure

prophylaxis—also known as PrEP—for Medicaid

beneﬁciaries and proposes a new mandatory pro-

gram to guarantee PrEP at no cost for all unin-

sured and underinsured individuals and provide

essential wrap-around services. The Budget also

invests in State and local efforts to promote eq-

uity and protect civil rights through a new ini-

tiative to modernize outdated criminal statutes

with a discriminatory impact on HIV-positive

individuals. In addition, the Budget proposes a

new Vaccines for Adults program to provide unin-

sured adults with access to routine and outbreak

vaccines at no cost. The Budget also expands the

Vaccines for Children (VFC) program to include

all children under age 19 enrolled in CHIP and

covers the vaccine administration fee for all VFC-

eligible uninsured children.

SUPPORTING AMERICA’S WORKFORCE AND PREPARING AMERICA’S

ECONOMY FOR 21

CENTURY CHALLENGES

The President’s economic strategy is rooted

in what has always worked best for this Nation:

investing in America and the American people.

Since the President took ofﬁce, the economy has

added about 15 million new jobs—including near-

ly 800,000 manufacturing jobs—more Americans

are working than at any point in American his-

tory, a record number of Americans have started

small businesses, and America continues to out-

pace its global peers in the speed and breadth of

our economic recovery from the COVID-19 pan-

demic. The President’s plan is modernizing and

rebuilding America’s infrastructure, promoting

a ﬂexible and dynamic workforce, empowering

workers and creating good jobs here at home,

fueling healthy competition in the marketplace,

and reinvigorating manufacturing and industry

across the Nation. The Budget builds on this

proven record of economic success with addition-

al proposals to secure America’s position as the

strongest economy in the world by: continuing

to invest in manufacturing and making more in

America; ensuring workers and entrepreneurs

have the skills and supports to thrive; and creat-

ing good-paying jobs in emerging ﬁelds.

24 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Boosting American Manufacturing

and Investing in Infrastructure

Continues Implementation of the

President’s Historic Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. The Budget provides a total of $78.4billion

for highway, highway safety, and transit formula

programs, supporting the amounts authorized for

year four of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

This includes $62.1billion in obligation limitation

funding for the Federal-aid Highways program,

an increase of $3.3billion above the 2023 enacted

level and $15.7billion above the enacted level for

2021, the year prior to enactment of the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. This funding would sup-

port the continued repair and upgrading of the

Nation’s highways and bridges. The Budget also

includes $14.3billion for Transit Formula Grants,

a $645million increase above the 2023enacted

level, to support core capital and planning pro-

grams for transit agencies across the Nation, as

well as transit research, technical assistance, and

data collection. The Budget also reﬂects an addi-

tional $9.5billion in advance appropriations pro-

vided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for

bridge replacement and rehabilitation, electric

vehicle charging infrastructure, and other pro-

grams to improve the safety, sustainability, and

resilience of America’s transportation network.

Maintains World Leading Research

through the CHIPS and Science Act

Investments. The Budget invests $20 billion

across major research agencies, an increase

of $1.2 billion above the 2023 level, to boost

American innovation and re-establish American

leadership in research and scientiﬁc discovery.

At the National Science Foundation (NSF), these

investments include support for regional inno-

vation programs, investments in emerging tech-

nologies—such as artiﬁcial intelligence (AI) and

quantum information science—and science, tech-

nology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)

workforce programs. Funding for Commerce’s

National Institute for Standards and Technology

would support activities responsive to the

Administration’s Executive Order 14110, “Safe,

Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of

Artiﬁcial Intelligence” and fund construction and

maintenance of research and development facili-

ties. In the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Ofﬁce

of Science, the Budget supports AI, high perfor-

mance computing to improve climate modeling,

clean energy technologies including fusion, and

positions the United States to meet the demand

for isotopes.

Prioritizes Investment in the Federal

Aviation Administration (FAA). The Budget

provides $17.5billion in discretionary budget au-

thority for FAA, an increase of $2.1billion above

the 2023 enacted level, less Congressionally

Directed Spending. This funding supports robust

hiring and training of air trafﬁc controllers start-

ed in 2023, to rebuild the pipeline of new control-

lers needed to safely meet projected air trafﬁc

demands. The Budget also continues FAA’s mul-

tiyear effort of reforming aircraft certiﬁcation, as

well as increasing its safety oversight capabili-

ties. The Budget proposes a ﬁve-year, $8billion

mandatory program to signiﬁcantly modernize

FAA’s major facilities and radars. This effort

would ensure that the American people and all

travelers can continue to depend on a safe, mod-

ern, and efﬁcient aviation system. In addition,

the Administration proposes to increase the fuel

tax for high-end business jets, to better align the

costs of the services provided to those users on

the system.

Builds on Investments for a Safe and

Efﬁcient Passenger and Freight Rail

Network. The Budget expands on the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s already signiﬁ-

cant investments toward improving the safety

and efﬁciency of the Nation’s rail network. This

includes $2.5billion for grants to Amtrak, along

with $250 million for the Consolidated Rail

Infrastructure and Safety Improvements pro-

gram, which is in addition to the $13.2billion in

rail funding directly provided by the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. The Budget also increases

funding for critical rail safety programs.

Supports the Administration’s Goal of

Replacing All Lead Pipes and Invests in

Critical Water Infrastructure. To help pro-

tect families from the health hazards of lead

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 25

pipes, the Budget provides a total of $101million

to two Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

grant programs dedicated to remediating lead

contamination in drinking water—the Reducing

Lead in Drinking Water grant program and the

Voluntary School and Child Care Lead Testing

and Reduction Grant Program—an increase of

$53million over the 2021 enacted level. This in-

vestment, along with other programs at EPA that

can be used for lead projects, builds on the his-

toric $15billion in direct funding for lead pipe re-

placement through the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law and underscores the President’s commit-

ment to ensuring access to safe drinking water

and creating good-paying jobs in the process. In

addition, the Budget provides a total of $2.4bil-

lion for EPA’s State Revolving Funds for drink-

ing water and wastewater infrastructure, an

increase of more than $1billion over the 2023 en-

acted level for those programs. The Budget also

provides $350million in HUD grants for States,

local governments, and nonproﬁts to reduce lead-

based paint and other health hazards, especially

in the homes of low-income families with young

children. The Budget targets $67million at HUD

speciﬁcally to prevent and mitigate lead-based

paint and housing-related health hazards, such

as ﬁre safety and mold, in public housing, an in-

crease of $2million above 2023 levels.

Strengthens American Leadership in

Space. The Budget includes $7.8 billion for

the Artemis program, which would bring astro-

nauts—including the ﬁrst women, ﬁrst people of

color, and ﬁrst international astronauts—to the

lunar surface as part of a long-term journey of

science and exploration. The Budget invests in

new systems to assist lunar surface science and

exploration activities, including a small lunar

rover and a large cargo lander that would be used

to deliver larger rovers and habitats to the sur-

face in the 2030s.

Supporting Workers, Entrepreneurs,

and Small Businesses

Cuts Taxes for Families with Children and

American Workers. The Budget would expand

key tax cuts beneﬁtting lower- and middle-income

workers and families. The Budget would restore

the full Child Tax Credit enacted in the American

Rescue Plan, which helped cut child poverty

nearly in half in 2021 to its lowest level in his-

tory. The Budget would expand the credit from

$2,000 per child to $3,000 per child for children

six years old and above, and to $3,600 per child

for children under six. In addition, the Budget

would permanently reform the credit to make

it fully refundable, so that it no longer excludes

18 million children in the lowest-income families

from receiving the full credit, and allow fami-

lies to receive monthly advance payments. The

President also calls on the Congress to make per-

manent the Earned Income Tax Credit expansion

for workers not raising children in their homes,

which would boost the income of 19 million very

low-paid workers.

Provides National, Comprehensive Paid

Family and Medical Leave and Proposes

Paid Sick Days. The vast majority of America’s

workers do not have access to employer-provided

paid family leave, including 73 percent of private

sector workers. Among the lowest-paid workers,

who are disproportionately women and work-

ers of color, 94 percent lack access to paid fam-

ily leave through their employers. In addition,

as many as one in ﬁve retirees leave the work-

force earlier than planned to care for an ill fam-

ily member, which negatively impacts families, as

well as the Nation’s labor supply and productiv-

ity. The Budget proposes to establish a national,

comprehensive paid family and medical leave

program administered by SSA to ensure that all

eligible workers can take up to 12 weeks to bond

with a new child, care for a seriously ill loved one,

heal from their own serious illness, address cir-

cumstances arising from a loved one’s military

deployment, ﬁnd safety from domestic violence,

dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking—oth-

erwise known as “safe leave”; or up to three days

to grieve the death of a loved one.The program

would provide workers with progressive, partial

wage replacement to take time off for family and

medical reasons; include robust administrative

funding; and use an inclusive family deﬁnition.

Further, the President continues to call on the

26 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Congress to require employers to provide seven

job-protected paid sick days each year to all work-

ers, and ensure that employers cannot penalize

workers for taking time off to address their health

needs, or the health needs of their families, or for

safe leave.

Empowers and Protects Workers. Workers

power America’s economic prosperity, building

the economy from the middle out and bottom

up. To ensure workers are treated with dignity

and respect in the workplace, the Budget invests

$2 billion in DOL’s worker protection agencies.

These investments would build upon the near-

ly $100 million increase in base appropriations

for these agencies since the beginning of the

Administration, in addition to the $200million in

American Rescue Plan funding the Administration

secured for the agencies to address the unprec-

edented COVID-19 emergency. The Budget

would enable DOL to protect workers’ wages and

beneﬁts, ensure that children are working only

in conditions that are safe and legal, address

the misclassiﬁcation of workers as independent

contractors, and improve workplace health and

safety. Since 2019, DOL has seen an 88-percent

increase in children being employed illegally by

companies. The Administration is focused on pre-

venting and addressing child labor exploitation,

and has assessed more than $16million in child

labor penalties. The Budget also includes addi-

tional funding to combat exploitative child labor,

including among migrant children, who are par-

ticularly vulnerable. For the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission, the Budget supports

implementation and enforcement of the Pregnant

Workers Fairness Act, and advancement of pay

equity through the collection and analysis of em-

ployer pay data. The Budget also supports the

Agency’s work to ensure that employers’ use of

automated employment systems, including those

that incorporate AI, does not result in discrimi-

nation against employees or job applicants in

any of a wide range of job-related activities, in-

cluding recruitment, selection, retention, pay, or

promotion. The Budget also includes funding to

strengthen the National Labor Relations Board’s

capacity to enforce workers’ right to organize and

collectively bargain for better wages and working

conditions. The Budget proposes instituting and

signiﬁcantly increasing penalties for employers

that violate workplace safety and health, wage

and hour, child labor, equal opportunity, and labor

organizing rules. The Budget also includes fund-

ing to implement the signiﬁcant reforms to em-

ployer-sponsored retirement plans enacted in the

SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022, helping to ensure that

workers’ retirement plans are always protected.

Broadens Access to Registered

Apprenticeships. The Budget increases sup-

port for Registered Apprenticeships, an evidence-

based earn-and-learn model that is a critical tool

for training future workforces for good jobs in the

clean energy, construction, semiconductor, trans-

portation and logistics, education, health, and

other growing and in-demand industries. The

Budget invests $335 million, a $50 million in-

crease above the 2023 enacted level, and supports

expanding existing Registered Apprenticeship

programs in clean energy-related occupations.

This investment would also be used to increase

the number of workers from historically under-

represented groups, including people of color,

women, and people with disabilities, who partici-

pate in Registered Apprenticeships.

Expands Access to Capital for Small

Businesses. Building on the historic growth in

small business applications under the President

and Vice President’s leadership, the Budget sup-

ports historic lending levels across the Small

Business Administration’s (SBA) business lend-

ing programs, including: the 7(a) business loan

guarantee; capital for major ﬁxed assets, other-

wise known as a 504 loan guarantee; the Small

Business Investment Company (SBIC) program;

and Microloan programs. The over $58billion in

lending provided in the Budget would address

the need for greater access to affordable capital,

particularly in underserved communities. The

Budget proposes a new direct 7(a) lending pro-

gram, which would further enable SBA to ad-

dress gaps in access to small dollar lending. In

addition, increasing the authorized lending level

for the SBIC program by 16 percent to $7billion

would signiﬁcantly expand the availability of

venture capital funding for small businesses.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 27

CONFRONTING THE CLIMATE CRISIS WHILE SPURRING CLEAN

ENERGY INNOVATION, INCREASING RESILIENCE, AND PROTECTING

NATURAL RESOURCES

Since taking ofﬁce, the President has delivered

on the most ambitious climate, clean energy, con-

servation, and environmental justice agenda in

history by: signing into law the largest invest-

ment in climate action ever; protecting more than

26 million acres of lands and water; mobilizing

and training the next generation of workers for

good-paying jobs in clean energy, conservation and

resilience; and advancing the Justice40 Initiative,

which directs 40 percent of the overall beneﬁts

from key Federal investments to disadvantaged

communities. This includes the Administration’s

work to continue implementation of the Inﬂation

Reduction Act and the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law—the largest investments that any country

has made in clean energy, energy security, clean

air and water, and combatting climate change

in history. The Budget protects and builds on

this monumental progress, making pro-growth

investments in clean energy across the Nation,

cutting energy bills for families, creating good-

paying jobs, and safeguarding and modernizing

American communities and infrastructure.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

Emissions, Advancing Clean

Energy, and Investing in Climate

Science and Innovation

Reduces GHG Emissions and Tackles the

Climate Crisis. The Budget builds on the his-

toric climate investments made in the Inﬂation

Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, and includes over $2.8 billion in EPA cli-

mate-related programs to address the climate cri-

sis by: reducing GHG emissions; expanding upon

the GHG Reporting Program and Sinks inven-

tory; implementing provisions in the American

Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 to

continue phasing out the production and import

of hydroﬂuorocarbons; advancing equitable im-

plementation of EPA authorities and directives

in Indian Country; and engaging with the global

community to respond to the shared challenge of

building resilience in the face of climate impacts.

The Budget includes $10.6billion in DOE climate

and clean energy research, development, demon-

stration, and deployment programs. This fund-

ing advances efforts crucial for achieving the goal

of a 50- to 52-percent reduction from 2005 levels

of economy-wide net GHG pollution in 2030 and

economy-wide net-zero emissions no later than

2050, while also cutting energy bills for American

families and building U.S. leadership in the glob-

al clean energy economy.

Creates Jobs by Building Clean Energy

Infrastructure. The Budget provides $1.6bil-

lion for DOE, more than double above the 2021

enacted level and 29 percent above the 2023 en-

acted level, to support clean energy workforce

and infrastructure projects across the Nation, in-

cluding: $385million to weatherize and retroﬁt

homes of low-income Americans; $113million to

create good jobs and ensure reliable supply chains

by manufacturing clean energy components here

at home; $95million to electrify tribal homes and

transition tribal colleges and universities to re-

newable energy; and $102million to support util-

ities and State and local governments in building

a grid that is more secure, reliable, resilient, and

able to integrate electricity from clean energy

sources. These investments, which complement

and bolster the historic funding in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act,

create good-paying jobs while driving progress to-

ward the Administration’s climate goals, includ-

ing carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035.

Continues to Advance Clean Energy

Development on Public Lands. The Budget

includes $142million, an increase of $31million

above the 2023 enacted level, to continue the

Administration’s progress in deploying clean

energy on public lands and waters, spurring

economic development and creating thousands

of good-paying jobs. The Budget supports the

leasing, planning, and permitting of solar, wind,

and geothermal energy projects, and associated

28 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

transmission infrastructure that would help

mitigate the impacts of climate change and sup-

port the Administration’s goal of deploying 30

gigawatts of offshore wind capacity by 2030 and

25 gigawatts of clean energy capacity on public

lands by 2025.

Strengthens and Accelerates Permitting

Activities. The Budget supports environmental

permitting capacity to ensure the effective and

efﬁcient delivery of modernized infrastructure

across the Nation while promoting positive envi-

ronmental and community outcomes. The Budget

includes over $1billion to support environmental

review and permitting processes that are effec-

tive, efﬁcient, and transparent, guided by the best

available science and shaped by early and mean-

ingful public engagement and input. For exam-

ple, the Budget continues to propose expanding

existing transfer authority by enabling Federal

agencies to transfer funds provided under the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries

to expedite the Endangered Species Act of 1973

consultations.

Builds the Clean Energy Innovation

Pipeline. The Budget includes $10.7 billion

across DOE, the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA), NSF, Department of

Defense (DOD), and other agencies to support

researchers and entrepreneurs transforming in-

novations into commercial clean energy prod-

ucts, including in areas such as: offshore wind;

industrial heat; sustainable aviation fuel; and

grid infrastructure. Across DOE, the Budget pro-

vides over $325million to support the research,

development, and demonstration of technologies

and processes to increase the domestic supply of

sustainable critical minerals and materials es-

sential for several clean energy technologies. The

Budget provides more than $500million for green

aviation at NASA; over $500million for clean en-

ergy research at NSF; and $845million for DOE

Department-wide efforts to accelerate the vi-

ability of commercial fusion energy, coordinating

academia, national laboratories, and the private

sector, which supports the Bold Decadal Vision

for Commercial Fusion Energy. The Budget also

funds eight crosscutting DOE Energy Earthshots

initiatives which could substantially reduce the

cost of energy for the American consumer through

innovations in clean energy generation, energy ef-

ﬁciency, and storage. In addition to the amounts

above, the Budget includes the Administration’s

pending supplemental request for $2.2billion to

acquire low-enriched uranium (LEU) and high-

assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU), which

coupled with a long-term ban on imports of LEU

and HALEU from Russia, would prompt sufﬁ-

cient private sector investment to reinvigorate

U.S. uranium enrichment and reduce America’s

current dependence on Russian enriched urani-

um imports. The Budget also includes the pend-

ing supplemental request for $300million to safe-

guard the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, which is

a critical energy security asset that has histori-

cally protected American consumers in times of

emergency oil shortages.

Advances Climate Science. The Budget

includes $4.5billion for climate research across

NASA, NOAA, NSF, and other agencies. This

includes $150 million at NASA to develop the

next-generation land-imaging mission, other-

wise known as Landsat Next, and more than

$600million for NASA in research grants to en-

hance understanding of Earth systems, includ-

ing climate and natural hazards. The Budget

includes $900 million for NSF, an increase of

$236million above the 2023 enacted level. This

investment supports a broad portfolio of research

that includes: atmospheric composition; water

and carbon cycles; climate resilience technologies

including for communities heavily affected by cli-

mate change; and social, behavioral, and economic

research on human responses to climate change,

among other topics. The Budget also includes

$275 million at the Department of the Interior

(DOI) to continue to leverage science to better

understand the impacts of climate change, and to

inform and improve land management practices

from the Federal to the local level. The Budget

invests $407 million at DOE to support funda-

mental research, including modeling and scientif-

ic user facilities to enable enhanced predictability

of dynamically changing climate, environmental,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 29

and Earth systems, which includes predictability

of climate trends and extremes that inﬂuence the

design and deployment of next generation energy

systems.

Strengthening Resilience

Strengthens Climate Resilience in

Communities and Ecosystems. Across

America, communities are enduring historic and

catastrophic ﬂooding, wildﬁres, extreme heat,

drought, and more, while longer-term changes in

temperature affect ecosystems and the economies

that depend on them. The intensifying impacts of

climate change are costing lives, disrupting liveli-

hoods, and causing billions of dollars in damages.

The Budget provides $23billion in climate adap-

tation and resilience across Commerce, DOI, the

Department of Homeland Security (DHS), USDA,

Army Corps of Engineers, EPA, and DOD to ad-

dress the increasing severity of extreme weather

events fueled by climate change. This includes

resources for ﬂood hazard mapping, including the

development of new data to support future ﬂood

conditions so that communities and Americans

have the most up-to-date information regarding

their ﬂood risk, and investments to mitigate the

impacts of extreme heat in low-income and disad-

vantaged communities. The Budget also provides

funding to assist farmers, ranchers, and forest-

land owners with production goals in the face of a

changing climate while conserving, maintaining,

and restoring natural resources on their lands.

Overall, the Budget supports enhanced and coor-

dinated provision of climate information and tools

to support decision making across the Nation.

Invests in America’s Brave Wildland

Fireﬁghters. The Budget builds on the

Administration’s historic investments in the

wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce at USDA and

DOI by supporting the implementation of per-

manent and comprehensive pay reform, the en-

hancement of health services, the hiring of ad-

ditional permanent and temporary wildland

ﬁreﬁghters to increase capacity, and the improve-

ment of Government housing. These invest-

ments, totaling $522million over the comparable

2023 enacted funding levels, would help address

long-standing recruitment and retention chal-

lenges, increase the Departments’ capacity to

complete critical risk mitigation work, and fur-

ther the Administration’s commitment to build

a more robust and resilient wildland ﬁreﬁghting

workforce as the frequency and intensity of cata-

strophic wildﬁres continue to increase due to cli-

mate change.

Increases Drought Resilience. The Budget

helps ensure communities across the West have

access to a resilient and reliable water supply

by investing in rural water projects, water con-

servation, development of desalination technolo-

gies, and water recycling and reuse projects. The

Budget complements the nearly $1.7billion pro-

vided in 2025 for western water infrastructure

through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, as

well as the nearly $4.6 billion provided by the

Inﬂation Reduction Act for drought mitigation

and domestic water supply projects through the

Bureau of Reclamation.

Reduces Housing Insecurity and

Strengthens Climate Resiliency in Rural

Communities. Adequate affordable housing

has been a long-standing problem in rural com-

munities—one that is exacerbated by low energy

efﬁciency of the aging housing stock, meaning

higher costs to families. To help address this, the

Budget proposes additional funding for USDA

multifamily and single-family housing, and again

proposes to eliminate the existing low-income

borrower penalty that requires individuals to re-

pay subsidy costs for USDA Single-Family Direct

loans—a requirement that only exists for rural

housing. The Budget provides strong support for

USDA’s multifamily housing and housing preser-

vation programs. Through these investments, the

Administration advances equity in support of un-

derserved communities by reducing rent burdens

for low-income borrowers and preserving low-

income tenant-based housing in rural America.

The Budget again proposes to reduce operating

costs and increase the resiliency of rural housing

to the impacts of climate change through a pro-

posal to require energy and water efﬁciency im-

provements and green features in USDA’s rural

30 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

housing programs that include construction, such

as housing repair loans and grants.

Supports and Expands the American

Climate Corps. Last year, the Administration

announced the launch of the American Climate

Corps (ACC) to mobilize a new, diverse genera-

tion of more than 20,000 clean energy, conser-

vation, and climate resilience workers, and this

year, the ﬁrst cohort of ACC members will begin

their service. The ACC will provide job training

and service opportunities on a wide range of proj-

ects that tackle climate change in communities

around the Nation. AmeriCorps is supporting

this new initiative by standing up an ACC hub

to provide centralized coordination across seven

agencies—AmeriCorps, USDA, DOI, Commerce,

DOE, DOL, and EPA—who are charged with

implementing the ACC. The Budget provides

$15million to support and expand AmeriCorps’

ACC hub and $23million to support over 1,700

additional ACC members, as well as $8 billion

in mandatory funding to support an additional

50,000 ACC members annually by 2031. This

builds on additional investments to support cli-

mate-related workforce development and service

initiatives across all seven ACC agencies.

Delivering for Communities Often Left

Behind. The Administration continues to take

bold steps and prioritize efforts to deliver environ-

mental justice in communities across the United

States, including implementing the President’s

Justice40 Initiative and keeping up the momen-

tum of the historic Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act environmental

justice investments. The Budget bolsters these

efforts by supporting several key initiatives to ac-

celerate energy equity and justice for historically

excluded communities to beneﬁt all Americans,

and by investing nearly $1.5billion across EPA

in support of environmental justice efforts, in-

cluding investments that would support cleaner

air and cleaner water in frontline communities.

This includes a new $25million grant to devel-

op Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative

Agreements to carry out crucial EPA programs in

Indian Country with an emphasis on addressing

the impacts of climate change.

Reduces Health and Environmental

Hazards for At-Risk Communities. The

Budget provides $8.2 billion to address legacy

waste and contamination in communities used

during the Manhattan Project and the Cold War

for nuclear weapons production, as well as other

key investments in programs that reduce envi-

ronmental hazards like EPA’s Superfund pro-

gram, Brownﬁelds program, and Toxic Substances

Control Act enforcement. The Administration

would ensure the investments for the manage-

ment of toxic chemicals, including per-and poly-

ﬂuoroalkyl substances, cleanup of legacy pollu-

tion, and long-term stewardship of these sites

align with the Justice40 Initiative to beneﬁt dis-

advantaged communities.

Invests in Clean Air. The Budget provides

a total of $1.5billion for EPA’s Ofﬁce of Air and

Radiation, an increase of $690million since the

beginning of the Administration, to continue the

development of national programs, policies, and

regulations that control air pollution and radia-

tion exposure. This funding includes a historic

$187 million for the Atmospheric Protection

Program to support implementation and compli-

ance with GHG emission standards and to tackle

the climate crisis at home and abroad. Also in-

cluded is $100 million for the Diesel Emissions

Reduction Act grant program, which funds grants

and rebates to reduce harmful emissions from

diesel engines, and $70million for the Targeted

Airshed Grants program, which helps reduce air

pollution in the most polluted nonattainment ar-

eas. The Administration continues to support in-

vestment in EPA’s work of limiting emissions of

harmful air pollutants and tackling the climate

crisis.

Doubling Down on America’s

Global Climate Leadership

Achieves the Administration’s Historic

Climate Finance Pledge. The Budget provides

a path to achieving the President’s $11 billion

commitment for international climate ﬁnance, in-

cluding $3billion for the President’s Emergency

Plan for Adaptation and Resilience (PREPARE).

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 31

A signature initiative, PREPARE supports more

than half a billion people in developing countries

to adapt to and manage the impacts of climate

change. The Budget also supports a $500million

2025 contribution through mandatory funding to

ﬁnance the Green Climate Fund, as part of the

$3billion multiyear pledge to expand climate ad-

aptation and mitigation projects in developing

countries, and $100million for the Amazon Fund

to combat deforestation and preserve the world’s

largest tropical rainforest. The Budget builds

on historic international climate ﬁnance prog-

ress made over the course of the Administration,

in which estimated 2023 levels of $9.5 billion

represent a near-six-fold increase from 2021.

EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY, ADVANCING EQUITY, AND DELIVERING

FOR COMMUNITIES NATIONWIDE

Since taking ofﬁce, the President has fought

to create opportunity and advance equity—not

as a one-year project, but as part of a sustained

commitment to make the promise of America

real for every American, including rural com-

munities, communities of color, women and girls,

tribal communities, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,

Transgender, Queer, and Intersex individuals,

people with disabilities, and communities im-

pacted by persistent poverty. Since day one, the

Administration has made signiﬁcant progress ad-

vancing equity across the Federal Government,

including by reinvigorating Federal civil rights

enforcements, prioritizing the advancement of

gender equity and equality, expanding access to

opportunities in underserved communities, in-

creasing food security, advancing efforts to end

homelessness, improving children’s education,

upholding the United States’ promise to tribal

communities, and honoring the Nation’s commit-

ment to America’s veterans and servicemembers.

The Budget builds on that progress by making

historic investments to support the advancement

of all Americans—especially in underserved com-

munities—and combat racial and gender dispari-

ties across the Nation, including in health, educa-

tion, and economic opportunity.

Investing in American Families

Supports a Strong Nutrition Safety Net.

The Budget provides $8.5billion for critical nu-

trition programs, including $7.7 billion to fully

fund participation in the Special Supplemental

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and

Children (WIC), which is critical to the health

of pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and

young children. This program helps low-in-

come families put nutritious food on the table

and addresses racial disparities in maternal

and child health outcomes. In the Biden-Harris

Administration National Strategy on Hunger,

Nutrition, and Health, the Administration set

goals to help more individuals experiencing food

insecurity access Federal nutrition assistance

programs. By investing in outreach and modern-

ization, WIC would reach 800,000 more women,

infants, and children each month, providing vital

nutrition assistance to nearly seven million indi-

viduals, up from 6.2 million in 2021. The Budget

supports enhanced beneﬁts for fruits and vegeta-

bles to improve nutritional outcomes and reduce

food insecurity among children consistent with

the recommendations by the National Academies

of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. In ad-

dition, the Budget includes an emergency con-

tingency fund that would provide additional

resources, beyond the $7.7 billion, when there

are unanticipated cost pressures. The Budget

also includes $15 billion over 10 years to allow

more States and schools to leverage participation

in the Community Eligibility Provision to pro-

videhealthy school meals at no cost to an addi-

tional nine million children.

Advances Efforts to End Homelessness.

The Budget provides $4.1billion, an increase of

$427 million over the 2023 level, for Homeless

Assistance Grants to continue supporting

32 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

approximately 1.2 million people experiencing

homelessness each year and to expand assistance

to approximately 25,000 additional households,

speciﬁcally survivors of domestic violence and

homeless youth. In addition, the Administration

plans to use approximately $100million in pro-

gram recaptures to fund coordinated interven-

tions to support nearly 11,000 additional home-

less individuals and families. These new resources

support the Administration’s commitment to the

goals laid out in the All In: Federal Strategic Plan

to Prevent and End Homelessness and build on

efforts that have expanded assistance to rough-

ly 140,000 additional households experiencing

homelessness since the President took ofﬁce. The

Budget also provides $505million, or $6million

above the 2023 level, for Housing Opportunities

for Persons with AIDS, serving a population with a

disproportionately high rate of homelessness and

providing a critical link to services. The Budget

further reﬂects the Administration’s commitment

to make progress toward ending homelessness by

providing $8billion in mandatory funding for the

acquisition, construction, or operation of housing

to expand housing options for people experienc-

ing or at-risk of homelessness, as well as $3bil-

lion in mandatory funding for grants to provide

counseling and emergency rental assistance to

older adult renters at-risk of homelessness.

Expanding Access to Quality

Education and Supporting Students

Builds a Strong Foundation for Families

with Universal Pre-K and Head Start. The

Budget funds voluntary, universal, free preschool

for all four million of the Nation’s four-year-olds

and charts a path to expand preschool to three-

year-olds. High-quality preschool would be of-

fered in the setting of the parent’s choice—from

public schools to child care providers to Head

Start. In addition, the Budget increases Head

Start funding by $544 million to support the

Administration’s goal to reach pay parity be-

tween Head Start staff and public elementary

school teachers with similar qualiﬁcations over

time. Together these proposals would support

healthy child development, help children enter

kindergarten ready to learn, and support families

by reducing their costs prior to school entry and

allowing parents to work.

Addresses Critical Educator Shortages.

While the education sector has faced shortages in

critical stafﬁng areas for decades, these shortages

have grown worse since the COVID-19 pandemic,

highlighting the importance of retaining educa-

tors and building strong, diverse pipelines into

the profession. Since 2021, the Administration

has supported schools in addressing educator

shortages, including by supporting the expan-

sion of evidence-based pathways such as residen-

cies and grow your own programs, which may

be provided through teacher registered appren-

ticeships. The Budget includes $90 million for

Supporting Effective Education Development,

$95million for the Teacher Quality Partnership

program, and doubles funding to $30million for

the Hawkins Centers of Excellence program, to

expand the number of prospective teachers who

have access to comprehensive, high-quality path-

ways and improve the diversity of the teacher

pipeline. The Budget also includes critical invest-

ments in recruitment and retention of teachers

and school leaders, and provides $173million for

the Teacher and School Leader Incentive Fund.

Increases Support for Children with

Disabilities. To support high-quality spe-

cial education services for over seven million

Pre-K through 12 students with disabilities, the

Budget provides $14.4 billion for Individuals

with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) State

Grants, a $200million increase over the 2023 en-

acted level. Since 2021, the Administration has

secured a $1.3billion, or 10-percent increase in

annual funding for the program as well as an

additional $2.6billion in American Rescue Plan

funds to help students with disabilities recover

from the COVID-19 pandemic. The Budget also

invests $545million in IDEA Grants for Infants

and Families to provide early intervention ser-

vices to infants and toddlers with disabilities.

To address nationwide special educator short-

ages, the Budget also invests $125million, which

is $10 million above the 2023 enacted level, in

grants to prepare special education and early

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 33

intervention personnel—addressing another crit-

ical educator shortage area.

Supports Students in Schools with High

Rates of Poverty. The disruptive effects of the

COVID-19 pandemic on student learning and

well-being have added new urgency to the work

of schools. The Budget includes $8billion in man-

datory funding to provide Academic Acceleration

and Achievement Grants to high-need school

districts to help close opportunity and achieve-

ment gaps and speed the pace of learning recov-

ery. These grants would support evidence-based

strategies to increase school attendance, provide

high-quality tutoring and student supports, and

expand learning time, including both in the sum-

mer and in extended day or afterschool programs.

To help ensure that every student receives the

high-quality education and support they de-

serve, the Budget also provides $18.6billion for

Title I, a $200 million increase above the 2023

enacted level. This funding amount is $2.1 bil-

lion higher than when the President took ofﬁce,

reﬂecting the President’s strong commitment to

expanding support for every American student.

Title I, which reaches 90 percent of school dis-

tricts across the Nation, delivers critical funding

to public schools in low-income communities so

they can provide their students with the learn-

ing opportunities needed to recover academically

from the COVID-19 pandemic and be successful

after graduation.

Improves College Affordability and

Provides Free Community College. To help

low-and middle-income students overcome ﬁ-

nancial barriers to postsecondary education, the

Budget proposes to increase the discretionary

maximum Pell Grant by $100 and thereby ex-

pand the reach of the program to over 7.2 million

students. The Budget builds on successful bipar-

tisan efforts to increase the maximum Pell Grant

award by $900 over the past two years—the larg-

est increase in more than 10 years. The Budget

provides a path to double the maximum award by

2029 for students attending public and non-proﬁt

institutions. The Budget excludes for-proﬁt insti-

tutions from the mandatory increases due to evi-

dence these institutions are least likely to provide

good outcomes for students. The Budget also ex-

pands free community college across the Nation

through a Federal-State partnership. In addi-

tion, the Budget provides two years of subsidized

tuition for students from families earning less

than $125,000 enrolled in a four-year Historically

Black College and University (HBCU), Tribally

Controlled College and University (TCCU), or

Minority-Serving Institution (MSI).

Expands Institutional Capacity at

HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs—including HSIs—and

Community Colleges. The Budget increases

institutional capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs—

including HSIs—and under-resourced institu-

tions, including community colleges, by providing

an increase of $93million above the 2023 enacted

level. The Budget funding level is $329million

higher than the 2021 enacted level, underscor-

ing the President’s commitment to increasing

funding to historically under-served institutions.

The Budget also doubles funding by providing

$100 million for four-year HBCUs, TCCUs, and

MSIs to expand research and development in-

frastructure at these institutions, a program the

President has championed since his ﬁrst year in

ofﬁce to address historic disparities in Federal

research and development funding to HBCUs,

TCCUs, and MSIs.

Promotes Equity in STEM Education and

Workforce Training. In support of the CHIPS

and Science Act’s priority of building a diverse,

STEM-capable workforce, the Budget provides

$1.4 billion for STEM education and workforce

development programs at NSF that have an em-

phasis on diversity, equity, inclusion, and acces-

sibility. The Budget also includes funding for

programs focused on increasing the participa-

tion of groups historically underrepresented in

science and engineering ﬁelds, including women

and girls and people of color, by supporting: cur-

riculum program design; research on successful

recruitment and retention methods; development

of outreach or mentorship programs; and fellow-

ships. The Budget also includes $256million in

funding to build capacity for advancing energy

research and developing a new energy workforce

through programs at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs,

34 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

tribal colleges, community colleges, and emerg-

ing research institutions. The Budget also pro-

vides $46million to NASA’s Minority University

Research and Education Project, to increase com-

petitive awards to MSIs to recruit and retain

underrepresented and underserved students in

STEM ﬁelds.

Bolsters Mental Health Supports for

All Students. The mental health of students,

teachers, and school staff is essential for their

overall well-being and continued academic re-

covery, and continues to be a high priority of

the Administration, which has delivered an ad-

ditional $2.1 billion to mental health programs

since 2021. Research shows that students who

receive social, emotional, mental, and behavioral

supports have better outcomes, including per-

forming better academically. The Budget pro-

vides a combined total of $216million for mental

health programs, including $200million from the

Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, a 900-percent

increase in program funding since 2021. These

funds would help increase the number of school-

based counselors, psychologists, social workers,

and other mental health professionals in K-12

schools.

Honoring America’s Commitments to

America’s Veterans and Servicemembers

Expands Healthcare, Beneﬁts, and

Services for Environmental Exposures. The

Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring

our Promise to Address Comprehensive Toxics

Act of 2022 (PACT Act) represented the most

signiﬁcant expansion of Department of Veterans

Affairs (VA) healthcare and disability compensa-

tion beneﬁts for veterans exposed to burn pits

and other environmental exposures in 30 years.

As part of the PACT Act, the Congress authorized

the Cost of War Toxic Exposures Fund (TEF) to

fund increased costs above 2021 funding levels

for healthcare and beneﬁts delivery for veterans

exposed to certain environmental hazards—and

ensure there is sufﬁcient funding available to

cover these costs without shortchanging other

elements of veteran medical care and beneﬁts

delivery. The Budget continues this commit-

ment and includes $24.5 billion for the TEF in

2025, through funds appropriated by the Fiscal

Responsibility Act (FRA), which is $19.5 billion

above the 2023 enacted level.

Strengthens VA Medical Care and Invests

in Critical Veteran Medical Facilities. The

Budget provides a total of $112.6billion in dis-

cretionary medical care funding in 2025, equal

to the 2025 advance appropriation request. In

addition, the Budget, through funds appropri-

ated by the FRA, includes $21.5 billion in TEF

for medical care, bringing the medical care total

to $134billion in 2025, an $11.5billion increase

over the 2023 enacted level. In addition to fully

funding inpatient, outpatient, mental health, and

long-term care services, the Budget supports pro-

grams that enhance VA healthcare quality and

delivery, including a $2 billion investment for

non-recurring maintenance to improve medical

facility infrastructure, and continued efforts to

address the opioid and drug overdose epidemic.

The Budget also includes $2.8billion in budget-

ary resources for construction and expansion of

critical infrastructure and facilities.

Prioritizes Mental Health Services,

Suicide Prevention, and Sexual Assault

Prevention for Military Servicemembers

and Veterans. The Budget invests $135million

within VA research programs, together with

$17.1billion within the VA Medical Care program,

to increase access to quality mental healthcare,

with the goal of helping veterans take charge of

their treatment and live full, meaningful lives.

In addition, the Budget provides $583 million

to further advance the Administration’s veteran

suicide prevention initiatives, including contin-

ued support of the Veterans Crisis Line’s 988

and additional support for VA’s National Suicide

Prevention Strategy. The Budget also includes

funding to support DOD’s efforts on Suicide

Prevention and Response and implements rec-

ommendations from the Suicide Prevention and

Response Independent Review Committee. This

funding would support improving the delivery of

mental healthcare, addressing stigma and oth-

er barriers to care, revising suicide prevention

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 35

training, and promoting a culture of lethal means

safety within the military. The Budget also in-

cludes funding to support DOD’s efforts on Sexual

Assault Prevention designed to increase aware-

ness, provide support mechanisms to victims, and

signiﬁcantly reduce the environment for, toler-

ance of, and occurrence of sexual assault in the

Joint Force.

Supports Women Veterans’ Healthcare.

The Budget invests $13.7billion for women vet-

erans’ healthcare, including $1.1 billion toward

women’s gender-speciﬁc care. More women are

choosing VA healthcare than ever before, with

women accounting for over 30 percent of the

increase in enrolled veterans over the past ﬁve

years. These investments support comprehen-

sive specialty medical and surgical services for

women veterans, improve maternal health out-

comes, increase access to infertility counseling

and assisted reproductive technology, and elimi-

nate copayments for contraceptive coverage.

The Budget also improves the safety of women

veterans seeking healthcare at VA facilities by

supporting implementation of the zero-tolerance

policy for sexual harassment and assault.

Bolsters Efforts to End Veteran

Homelessness. The President believes that

every veteran should have permanent, safe, and

sustainable housing with access to healthcare and

other supportive services. The Budget invests

$3.2billion to end current veteran homelessness

and prevent veterans from becoming homeless

in the future. In addition to investments made

in VA programs, the Budget for HUD provides

$13billion in mandatory funding to expand the

HCV program to reach an additional 400,000 ELI

veteran families, paving a path to guaranteed as-

sistance for all who have served the Nation and

are in need.

Invests in Overdose Prevention and

Treatment Programs. The Budget invests

$713million toward opioid use disorder preven-

tion and treatment programs for veterans, in-

cluding using predictive analytics to stratify a

patient’s risk of overdose, provide augmented

care as appropriate, and to support programs

authorized in the Jason Simcakoski PROMISE

Act. In addition, investments contribute to distri-

bution of naloxone to veterans, which, according

to researchers with the VA Palo Alto Health Care

System, has demonstrated success in effective uti-

lization of the lifesaving opioid overdose reversal

medication, and development of an opioid safety

toolkit that provides clinicians materials that aid

in decisions related to safe opioid prescribing and

non-opioid pain management options.

Fulﬁlls America’s Commitment to

Military Families. Military families are key to

the readiness and well-being of the All-Volunteer

Force, and therefore are critical to national secu-

rity. The Budget continues to support military

families by prioritizing programs, including the

Secretary of Defense’s Taking Care of People ini-

tiatives, that seek to increase access to behavioral

health providers. The Budget also continues to

support the establishment of universal pre-school

for military children at DOD Education Activity

schools, both stateside and overseas, to ensure no

military child faces barriers to accessing early

childhood education due to where their parents

are stationed. The Budget provides critical fund-

ing for the VA Program of General Caregivers

Support Services, as well as $2.9billion for the

Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family

Caregivers, which includes stipend payments and

support services to help empower family caregiv-

ers of eligible veterans.

Supports Economic Security for Military

Families. Military families, like their civilian

counterparts, increasingly look to rely upon dual

incomes. However, the 21-percent unemploy-

ment rate experienced by active-duty military

spouses makes that a difﬁcult goal to achieve and

maintain. The President continues to prioritize

efforts to make the Federal Government the em-

ployer of choice for military spouses. In addition,

the Administration understands that access to

high-quality, affordable child care is a necessity

for working families, and a military readiness is-

sue. The Budget continues to support increases

to high-quality child care for military families via

the Child Care Workforce Initiative. The Budget

also proposes to increase the income eligibility

36 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

threshold for the Basic Needs Allowance from

150 percent to 200 percent of the Federal Poverty

Guidelines.

Delivering for Tribal Communities

Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding

for IHS. The Administration is committed to up-

holding the United States’ responsibility to tribal

nations by addressing the historical underfund-

ing of IHS. The enactment of an advance appro-

priation for 2024 for IHS was a historic and wel-

come step toward the goal of securing adequate

and stable funding for IHS that will provide

needed improvements in access to care and the

overall health status of American Indians and

Alaska Natives. The Budget requests $8billion

in discretionary resources in 2025, including in-

creases for clinical services, preventative health,

facilities construction, contract support costs,

and tribal leases. Beginning in 2026, the Budget

proposes all resources as mandatory. Mandatory

funding would close longstanding service and fa-

cility shortfalls over time, improve access to high-

quality healthcare, and fund key Administration

priorities such as the Biden Cancer Moonshot.

The Budget also proposes to reauthorize and in-

crease funding for the Special Diabetes Program

for Indians, which has been critical in lowering

the prevalence of diabetes in Indian Country.

Honors Commitments to Support Tribal

Communities. Incorporating feedback from

tribal consultations, the Budget continues to pro-

vide robust support for indigenous communities

in keeping with U.S. Federal trust responsibili-

ties while working to advance equity. The Budget

includes $4.6 billion for DOI’s tribal programs,

$514 million above the 2023 enacted level and

more than $1billion over the 2021 enacted lev-

el, to support public safety and justice, human

and social services, and education. The Budget

continues to propose reclassiﬁcation of Contract

Support Costs and the Indian Self-Determination

Act Section 105(l) leases as mandatory spend-

ing, beginning in 2026, to provide certainty for

tribal communities in meeting these ongoing

requirements with dedicated funding. Budget

resources across DOI’s tribal programs build on

historic investments in the American Rescue

Plan and complement Inﬂation Reduction Act

and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law investments

to ensure long-term success in addressing criti-

cal infrastructure and climate adaptation needs

in indigenous communities. The Budget sup-

ports the Administration’s commitment to pri-

oritize restoration of healthy and abundant wild

salmon, steelhead, and other native ﬁsh popu-

lations in the Columbia River Basin, and honor

the United States’ obligations to tribal nations.

This includes $145million through the Corps of

Engineers, a 123-percent, or $80million increase

above the 2023 enacted level, $19million through

the Bureau of Reclamation, and $34 million

through NOAA to enhance restoration efforts in

the watershed.

Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal

Communities. Native Americans are seven

times more likely to live in overcrowded condi-

tions and ﬁve times more likely to have inad-

equate plumbing, kitchen, or heating systems

than all U.S. households. The Budget provides

$1.1billion, a $33million increase above the 2023

level, at HUD to support tribal efforts to expand

affordable housing, improve housing conditions

and infrastructure, and increase economic op-

portunities for low-income families. Of this total,

$150 million would prioritize activities that ad-

vance resilience and energy efﬁciency in housing-

related projects.

Commits to Tribal Water Rights

Settlements Funding. The Budget builds on

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law investments by

providing $2.8 billion in additional mandatory

funding to the Indian Water Rights Settlement

Completion Fund, as well as $226million in dis-

cretionary funding to meet existing settlement

obligations. This funding would ensure stable,

dedicated funding for tribal water rights settle-

ments, which is crucial for safe, reliable water

supplies to improve public and environmental

health and support economic opportunity in trib-

al communities.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 37

PROTECTING AMERICA AT HOME AND ABROAD

From taking action to combat hate in America’s

communities, tackling gun violence, and strength-

ening trust in the Nation’s democratic institu-

tions, to defending freedom around the globe,

and rebuilding key alliances, the Administration

has taken decisive action to strengthen America

at home and abroad, all with the goal of keep-

ing Americans safe. The Budget builds on this

progress with proposals to continue: investing in

State, local, tribal, and Federal law enforcement;

advancing much-needed reforms to the crimi-

nal justice system; reducing gun violence and

crime; revitalizing U.S. alliances and partner-

ships, confronting global threats and strengthen-

ing America’s military; securing the border and

strengthening the U.S. immigration system; ad-

vancing U.S. national security to Out-Compete

China and counter Russian aggression; and ad-

dressing pressing global challenges.

Tackling Crime, Reducing

Gun Violence, and Making

America’s Communities Safer

Invests in Federal Law Enforcement to

Combat Gun Violence and Other Violent

Crime. The Budget makes signiﬁcant invest-

ments to bolster Federal law enforcement ca-

pacity to strengthen public safety. The Budget

includes $17.7billion, an increase of $1.1billion

above the 2023 enacted level and $2.6 billion

above the 2021 enacted level, for DOJ law en-

forcement, including $2billion for the Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to: ef-

fectively investigate and prosecute gun crimes;

expand multijurisdictional gun trafﬁcking strike

forces; increase regulation of the ﬁrearms in-

dustry; bolster crime-solving ballistics, gun-

shot residue, and other forensic technologies as

well as analysts; and implement the Bipartisan

Safer Communities Act. The Budget includes

$1.9billion for the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)

to support efforts to reduce violent crime, in-

cluding through fugitive apprehension and en-

forcement operations. The Budget also provides

$51million to the Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI) to support the continued implementation of

enhanced background checks, a key provision of

the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. In addi-

tion, the Budget provides a total of $2.8billion for

the U.S. Attorneys, which includes funding for 50

new attorneys to prosecute violent crimes. The

Budget also requests $15million for the Jabara-

Heyer NO HATE Act, an increase of $5 million

over the 2023 enacted level.

Pursues New Mandatory Investments to

Combat Violent Crime and Support Victims.

The Budget builds upon the Safer America Plan

by investing an additional $1.2 billion over ﬁve

years to launch a new Violent Crime Reduction

and Prevention Fund to give Federal, State, local,

tribal, and territorial law enforcement the dedi-

cated, seasoned, and full support they need to fo-

cus on violent crime. This investment includes

hiring new Federal law enforcement agents, pros-

ecutors, and forensic specialists to address vio-

lent crime, expand Federal operations to combat

fentanyl and apprehend dangerous fugitives, and

support for the hiring of 4,700 detectives at the

State and local level to solve homicides, non-fatal

shootings, and other violent crimes to drive down

the high rate of unsolved violent crimes and the

lengthy delays that undermine public trust and

public safety. In addition, $28million is provid-

ed to expand the USMS’s Operation North Star,

which has taken more than 6,700 of the most

dangerous State and local fugitives off the street

since 2021, to 100 more cities over ﬁve years, in-

cluding 20 more cities in 2025 in order to drive

down violent crime. This investment also ex-

pands Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Operation Overdrive, which uses a data-driven,

intelligence-led approach to identify and disman-

tle violent drug trafﬁcking networks, to 50 more

cities that are experiencing high rates of gun vio-

lence and fentanyl overdoses for 45-day opera-

tions. The Budget also requests $7.3 billion to

replenish the Crime Victims Fund and ensure a

stable and predictable source of funding is avail-

able to support critical victim service and com-

pensation programs over the next decade.

38 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Combats Narcotics Trafﬁcking Networks.

The Budget provides $3.3billion to the DEA to

combat drug trafﬁcking, including $1.2billion to

combat opioid trafﬁcking, save lives, and make

communities safer. The Budget invests an addi-

tional $18million in Domestic Counter-Fentanyl

Threat Targeting Teams at the Drug Enforcement

Administration to enhance America’s ﬁght

against the transnational criminal networks

pushing deadly illicit fentanyl in America’s com-

munities. These interdisciplinary teams of spe-

cial agents, intelligence analysts, and data ex-

perts would map criminal organizations and

build cases that lead to the dismantling of entire

drug trafﬁcking networks and the deprivation

of hundreds of millions of dollars to the Sinaloa

and Jalisco cartels. In addition, the Budget pro-

vides $494 million in grants supporting efforts

to address substance use, including $190million

for the Comprehensive Opioid, Stimulant, and

Substance Use Program, $95million to support

Drug Courts, and $51million for anti-drug task

forces.

Disrupts the International Synthetic Drug

Trade. The Budget includes $169million across

the Department of State and the U.S. Agency for

International Development (USAID) to counter

fentanyl and other synthetic drug production

and trafﬁcking, which is 58 percent above 2023

enacted levels. These resources would counter

the worldwide ﬂow of fentanyl and other synthet-

ics that endanger public safety and health, and

contribute to tens of thousands of drug-overdose

deaths in the United States annually.

Supports State, Local, and Tribal Law

Enforcement and Public Safety. The Budget

provides $3.7 billion in discretionary resources

for State and local grants and $30.3 billion in

mandatory resources to support State, local, and

tribal efforts to protect U.S. communities and pro-

mote public safety through the President’s Safer

America Plan. Through a combination of discre-

tionary and mandatory investments, the Safer

America Plan supports the President’s goal to

recruit, train, support, and hire 100,000 addition-

al police ofﬁcers for effective, accountable com-

munity policing consistent with the standards

of the Executive Order 14074, “Advancing

Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal

Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and

Public Safety.” In addition, the Safer America

Plan would: fund bonuses for retention of police

ofﬁcers; provide student loan repayment, tuition

reimbursement, and higher education grant pro-

grams to incentivize service-minded candidates,

including women and individuals from under-

represented communities to become ofﬁcers; sup-

port pilot programs to explore more ﬂexibility

in scheduling and work arrangements; expand

mental health and wellness care for police ofﬁ-

cers; and fund life-saving equipment. The Safer

America Plan would further support the evi-

dence-based training of law enforcement on top-

ics including crime control and deterrence tactics,

community engagement, use of force, interacting

with people with disabilities, and responding to

persons in mental health crisis and to domestic

violence calls. The Safer America Plan would also

further efforts to advance transparency, account-

ability, and safety to simultaneously strengthen

public safety and public trust consistent with

the standards of Executive Order 14074 through

funding to support the purchase and operation

of body-worn cameras, modernize police acad-

emies and training, comprehensively reform pub-

lic safety systems, and combat crime to keep the

Nation’s streets safe. The Budget, through the

Safer America Plan, provides funding for courts

around the Nation to clear their backlogs and

improve accountability and deterrence for people

on pretrial supervision, and supports technol-

ogy and data systems modernization necessary

to ensure that the justice system runs efﬁciently

and with the most current data, such as: case

management systems that effectively integrate

pretrial services, judicial, and law enforcement

records; virtual access and notiﬁcation systems

to facilitate remote check-ins and hearings as

appropriate and beneﬁcial for all involved; and

scheduling software to manage the increased vol-

ume of cases. The Budget also provides funding

to support pretrial and post-conviction supervi-

sion stafﬁng and systems, ensuring that persons

on release are appropriately monitored and given

assistance with the employment, health, hous-

ing, and other supportive services that reduce the

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 39

risk of recidivism. Speciﬁc discretionary invest-

ments include $270million for the COPS Hiring

Program, an increase of $45million or 20 percent

over the 2023 enacted level, and $100 million

for Community Violence Intervention (CVI) pro-

grams, an increase of $50million or 100 percent

over the 2023 enacted level, to bolster evidence-

based strategies for preventing and reducing

gun violence in U.S. communities. To achieve

the original goals of the Safer America Plan, the

Budget requests an additional $1.5 billion in

mandatory funding to support CVI programs at

the Department over the next 10 years.

Prioritizes Efforts to End Gender-Based

Violence. The Budget proposes $800 million

to support programs under the Violence Against

Women Act of 1994 (VAWA), which was reau-

thorized and strengthened in 2022. This is a

$100 million or 14-percent increase over the

2023 enacted level, which was the highest fund-

ing level in history. The Budget supports sig-

niﬁcant increases for longstanding VAWA pro-

grams, including key investments in sexual

assault services, transitional housing, and legal

assistance for survivors. The Budget strongly

supports underserved and tribal communities

by providing $15 million for culturally-speciﬁc

services, $5million for underserved populations,

$25 million to assist enforcement of tribal spe-

cial domestic violence jurisdiction, $3million to

support tribal Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys,

and $10million for a new special initiative to ad-

dress missing and murdered indigenous people.

The Budget also provides $10million to address

technology-facilitated abuse through funding

new VAWA programs that address cybercrimes

against individuals. In addition, the Budget pro-

vides $55million to the Ofﬁce of Justice Programs

for the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to address

the rape kit backlog.

Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice

System. The Budget leverages the capacity of

the Federal justice system to advance crimi-

nal justice reform and serve as a model that is

comprehensive, evidence-based, and that en-

hances public safety and equity. The Budget sup-

ports key investments in First Step Act (FSA)

implementation, including continuing the his-

toric collaboration between the Bureau of Prisons

and DOL to provide comprehensive, intensive,

and market-driven workforce development and

reentry services for people in the Federal prison

system. In total, the Budget continues to invest

$409 million in base resources for FSA imple-

mentation, to support rehabilitative program-

ming, improve conﬁnement conditions, and hire

additional FSA-dedicated staff.

Securing the Border and Strengthening

the Immigration System

Reiterates the Administration’s Request

for Immediate Funding to Secure the Border,

Build Capacity to Enforce Immigration Law,

and Counter Fentanyl. In October 2023, the

Administration transmitted an emergency sup-

plemental request for the Southwest border and

migration issues totaling $11.8billion, of which

$8.7billion was for DHS. The Budget includes,

and therefore reiterates the need for, the unmet

needs from the October 2023 supplemental re-

quest. In addition to urgent requirements, the re-

quest includes investments to build longer-term

capacity in the areas of border security, immigra-

tion enforcement, and countering fentanyl, total-

ing $2.9billion for DHS. This amount includes:

$405 million to hire 1,300 additional Border

Patrol Agents to secure the border; $239million to

hire 1,000 additional U.S. Customs and Border

Protection (CBP) Ofﬁcers to stop fentanyl and

other contraband from entering the United

States; $755million to hire an additional 1,600

Asylum Ofﬁcers and support staff to facilitate

timely immigration dispositions; $100million for

Homeland Security Investigations to investigate

and disrupt transnational criminal organizations

and drug trafﬁckers; and $849 million for cut-

ting-edge detection technology at ports of entry.

Taken together, these long-term capacity build-

ing investments represent the Administration’s

vision for ensuring the Nation’s border security

and immigration system can effectively respond

to challenges present along the border. In ad-

dition to the Executive Ofﬁce for Immigration

Review (EOIR) investments, the Budget also

40 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

reiterates the $1.7 billion for DOJ requested in

the Administration’s October 2023 border, immi-

gration, and countering fentanyl supplement re-

quest. Of this amount, $1.3billion is requested

for EOIR to fund the hiring of 375 new immigra-

tion judge teams to help reduce the immigration

case backlog. In addition, the Administration

appreciates the Senate’s bipartisan border legis-

lation that would make additional investments

in DHS and provide authorities to bolster the

Department’s efforts to secure and manage the

border.

Continues to Invest in Critical Capabilities

Needed for Border and Immigration

Enforcement. Strengthening border security

and providing safe, lawful pathways for migra-

tion remain top priorities for the Administration.

The Budget builds on the Administration’s

2023 October supplemental request to in-

clude $25.9billion for CBP and U.S. Immigration

and Customs Enforcement (ICE), an increase of

$1.9billion over the 2023 enacted level when con-

trolling for border management amounts. The

Budget includes: funds for CBP to hire an addi-

tional 350 Border Patrol Agents and 310 process-

ing coordinators; $127million for border security

technology between ports of entry; and $86mil-

lion in air and maritime operational support that

is central to efforts to secure the border. The

Budget also includes: funds to support 34,000

ICE immigration detention beds; $225million to

address increased transportation and removal

costs; and $34 million to combat child exploita-

tion, forced labor, and human trafﬁcking.

Enables Resources to Scale Border

Enforcement Capacity for Conditions on

the Southwest Border. Given the uncertain-

ty surrounding border conditions in any given

year, the Budget proposes a $4.7 billion con-

tingency fund to aid DHS and its components

when responding to migration surges along the

Southwest border. Modeled on a contingency

fund provided for unaccompanied children, each

ﬁscal year the fund would receive appropria-

tions incrementally, and above the base appro-

priation, as Southwest border encounters reach

pre-identiﬁed levels. DHS would be limited to

obligating funds for surge-related functions, and

would transfer funds to CBP, ICE, and Federal

Emergency Management Agency accounts for

valid surge-related obligations.

Supports America’s Promise to Refugees

and Care for Unaccompanied Children.

The Budget builds on the Administration’s

October 2023 supplemental request and provides

$9.3billion for the Ofﬁce of Refugee Resettlement

(ORR) to help rebuild the Nation’s refugee reset-

tlement infrastructure and support the resettling

of up to 125,000 refugees in 2025. The Budget

also helps ensure that unaccompanied immigrant

children receive appropriate support and servic-

es while they are in ORR’s care and are uniﬁed

with relatives and sponsors as safely and quickly

as possible. This funding would allow ORR to

continue the programmatic improvements the

Administration has made, including expanding

access to counsel to help children navigate com-

plex immigration court proceedings and enhanc-

ing case management and post-release services.

In addition, the Budget includes an emergency

contingency fund that would provide additional

resources, beyond the $9.3billion, when there are

unanticipated increases in the number of unac-

companied children.

Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget

invests $981million, an increase of $121million

above the 2023 enacted level, in EOIR to enhance

America’s immigration courts and help address

the backlog of over 2.4million currently pending

cases. This funding would support 25 new immi-

gration judge teams, which includes the support

personnel necessary to ensure efﬁcient case pro-

cessing. The Budget also invests $30million for

EOIR to partner to with the U.S. Digital Service

to develop and implement digital court operations

strategies that would maximize each judge’s adju-

dicatory capacity and help reduce the case back-

log. In addition to EOIR investments, the Budget

also reiterates the $1.7billion for DOJ request-

ed in the Administration’s October 2023 border,

immigration, and countering fentanyl supple-

ment request. Of this amount, $1.3billion is re-

quested for EOIR to fund the hiring of 375new

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 41

immigration judge teams to help reduce the im-

migration case backlog.

Confronting Threats to Global Security

and Strengthening America’s Military

Reiterates the Administration’s Request

for Immediate Funding for Urgent National

Security Priorities Related to Ukraine,

Israel, and the Indo-Paciﬁc. In October 2023,

the Administration transmitted an emergency

supplemental request totaling $92 billion to

the Congress for urgent national security needs

through the end of 2024, of which $58 billion

was for DOD, $32billion was for the Department

of State and the U.S. Agency for International

Development, and $2billion for the Department

of the Treasury (Treasury). This request includ-

ed $61.4billion to support Ukraine as it contin-

ues to defend itself against Russian aggression,

$14.3 billion to support Israel’s defense against

terrorism, $10billion for lifesaving humanitarian

assistance, including for the Palestinian people,

$3.4 billion for the Submarine Industrial Base

(SIB), and $4billion in other national security pri-

orities. The request would also make signiﬁcant

and much needed investments in the American

defense industrial base (DIB), beneﬁtting U.S.

military readiness and helping to create and sus-

tain jobs across America. Absent congressional

action on this emergency request, the United

States would not be able to provide the necss-

sary support to Ukraine, provide urgently need-

ed military support to allies and partners, make

critical DIB investments, or sustain lifesaving as-

sistance and development in some of the world’s

most vulnerable areas. The Administration ap-

preciates the bipartisan supplemental legislation

that passed the Senate that would address these

urgent needs.

Supports Ukraine, European Allies, and

Partners. The Budget continues to provide

critical support for Ukraine, the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization allies, and other European

partner states by prioritizing funding to en-

hance the capabilities and readiness of U.S., al-

lied, and partner forces in the face of continued

Russian aggression. The Budget includes a

new capital increase to the European Bank for

Reconstruction and Development to maintain

support to Ukraine and deliver on multilateral

development bank evolution reforms. However,

the Budget cannot address the critical support to

Ukraine, which requires congressional action on

the Administration’s October 2023 national secu-

rity supplemental request.

Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the

Indo-Paciﬁc and Globally. To sustain and

strengthen deterrence, the Budget provides

funding to prioritize China as America’s pac-

ing challenge in line with the 2022 National

Defense Strategy. DOD’s 2025 Paciﬁc Deterrence

Initiative highlights some of the key investments

the Federal Government is making, focuses on

strengthening deterrence in the region, and dem-

onstrates the Administration’s long-term com-

mitment to the Indo-Paciﬁc. DOD is building the

concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary to

meet these challenges, working to integrate de-

terrence efforts across the U.S. Government and

with U.S. allies and partners.

Underpins Commitments to Nuclear

Deterrence, Nonproliferation, and Arms

Control. Nuclear deterrence remains a top pri-

ority for the Nation and is foundational to inte-

grated deterrence. A safe, secure, and effective

nuclear force deters strategic attacks and as-

sures allies and partners. To ensure the United

States’ nuclear deterrent remains responsive to

all threats, DOD and DOE continue to modern-

ize the nuclear Triad, nuclear command, control,

and communications, and nuclear weapons in-

frastructure, while strengthening extended de-

terrence commitments to America’s allies. The

Budget also supports the President’s commitment

to reduce nuclear risks and strengthen the global

non-proliferation regime by simultaneously pur-

suing realistic goals for mutual, veriﬁable arms

control and efforts to protect against the existen-

tial threats posed by weapons of mass destruction

terrorism.

Ensures Readiness across America’s

Armed Forces. The Budget continues to ensure

42 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

that U.S. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and

Guardians remain the best trained and equipped

ﬁghting forces in the world. The Budget places

additional emphasis on foundational investments

to sustain current weapon systems and support

increased training across DOD, while pursuing

technological enhancements to extend the service

life of material vital to the warﬁghter. In addition,

the Budget continues the recapitalization and op-

timization of the four public Naval Shipyards to

meet future submarine and carrier maintenance

requirements.

Invests in SIB. DOD conducted the 2025 SIB

study to determine how to complete the once-in-

a-generation recapitalization of the submarine

force needed to increase the United States’ ability

to build and sustain attack submarines to meet

U.S. military requirements. The Budget also sup-

ports the Administration’s commitments under

the Australia-United Kingdom-United States en-

hanced trilateral security partnership, the ﬁrst

major deliverable of which was the historic deci-

sion to support Australia acquiring conventional-

ly-armed, nuclear-powered submarines.

Addresses Emerging Cyber Threats. The

Budget expands DOJ’s ability to pursue cyber

threats through investments in FBI’s cyber and

counterintelligence investigative capabilities.

These investments sustain the FBI’s cyber in-

telligence, counterintelligence, and analysis ca-

pabilities and include an additional $25million

to enhance those cyber response capabilities.

The Budget also includes $5million to expand a

new section within the DOJ’s National Security

Division to focus on cyber threats. These invest-

ments are in line with the National Cybersecurity

Strategy that emphasizes a whole-of-Nation ap-

proach to addressing ongoing cyber threats. The

Budget also provides $2million for DOJ to support

implementation of the Executive Order 14110,

“Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and

Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

Combats Terrorism and Corruption and

Increases Corporate Transparency. Treasury

plays a leading role in monitoring and disrupting

corruption, money laundering, terrorist ﬁnancing,

the use of the ﬁnancial system by malicious ac-

tors domestically and abroad, and combatting

the trafﬁcking of illicit substances such as fen-

tanyl in American communities. The Budget

provides $231million to the Ofﬁce of Terrorism

and Financial Intelligence, $15million above the

2023 level, to expand Treasury’s capacity to pro-

vide ﬁnancial intelligence and conduct sanctions-

related economic analysis while continuing to

modernize the sanctions process. These invest-

ments would expand Treasury’s ability to craft,

implement, and enforce sanctions, including the

historic sanctions program targeting Russia’s

illegal war in Ukraine, and sanctions on key

Hamas terrorist group members and ﬁnancial fa-

cilitators in Gaza.

Invests in AI. The President issued a land-

mark Executive Order to ensure that America

leads the way in seizing the promise and man-

aging the risks of AI. The Executive Order es-

tablishes new standards for AI safety and se-

curity, protects Americans’ privacy, advances

equity and civil rights, stands up for consumers

and workers, promotes innovation and competi-

tion, advances American leadership around the

world, and more. The Budget provides funding

to responsibly develop, test, procure, and inte-

grate transformative AI applications across the

Federal Government and supports the implemen-

tation of the Administration’s Executive Order.

Speciﬁcally, the National Institute of Standards

and Technology (NIST) would establish the U.S.

AI Safety Institute to operationalize NIST’s AI

Risk Management Framework by creating guide-

lines, tools, benchmarks, and best practices for

evaluating and mitigating dangerous capabilities

and conducting evaluations including red-team-

ing to identify and mitigate AI risk.

Addressing Pressing Global Challenges

Drives Inclusive and Sustainable

Economic Growth and Quality International

Infrastructure through the Partnership

for Global Infrastructure and Investment

(PGI). The Budget advances the President’s

goal of mobilizing $200billion for infrastructure

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 43

investment in low- and middle-income countries

by 2027. PGI aims to promote infrastructure de-

velopment along critical economic corridors to

drive inclusive and sustainable economic growth,

secure energy supply chains, fortify trusted digi-

tal connectivity, and build more resilient food

and health systems, as well as critical transport

and logistics networks, while advancing gender

equality and equity. The Budget includes ap-

proximately $50billion for PGI across all depart-

ments and agencies, inclusive of private sector

ﬁnancing leveraged, including $250 million in

ﬂexible resources to support strategic, high-

quality infrastructure to connect workers to good

jobs, allow businesses to grow and thrive, and

advance shared national security priorities. To

further PGI goals, the Budget includes $2billion

in mandatory funding over ﬁve years to establish

the International Infrastructure Fund to combat

People’s Republic of China coercive ﬁnancing.

Strengthens Health Systems Globally.

The Budget provides nearly $10billion for glob-

al health programs, which would increase sup-

port for global health programs, strengthening

health systems, and pandemic preparedness.

The Budget fulﬁlls the President’s commitment

to the seventh replenishment of the Global Fund

to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria by pro-

viding $1.2billion to match $1 for every $2 con-

tributed by other donors. The Budget also pro-

vides more than $900 million for global health

security, including $250million for the Pandemic

Fund. The Budget invests $30million in new re-

sources for the World Bank’s Global Financing

Facility for Women, Children, and Adolescents,

a contribution anticipated to leverage at least

$210 million to strengthen health systems, and

$20 million for the Administration’s Global

Health Worker Initiative to better train, equip,

and protect the health workforce. In addition,

the Budget includes loan guarantees to the World

Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development to support investments in glob-

al challenges, including pandemic preparedness,

which would bolster the impact of these global

health activities.

Secures American Presence and

Commitment in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget

provides over $4 billion to realize a more free,

open, secure, and connected Indo-Paciﬁc that bol-

sters U.S. alliances and partnerships, which is

nearly $600 million above the 2023 level. This

includes $2.1 billion in bilateral and regional

foreign assistance, including $100 million for

a standalone request for Taiwan military as-

sistance, and $20 million for the Indo-Paciﬁc

Economic Framework. The Budget includes

over $62million in support of the Association of

Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), demonstrat-

ing America’s continued commitment to ASEAN

centrality. The Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy total also in-

cludes $2billion to support diplomatic presence

and programs in the region, including new and

planned U.S. diplomatic posts in the Paciﬁc and

Indian Oceans. The Budget requests $7.1billion

in mandatory funding for the renewal of the

Compact of Free Association relationships with

the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic

of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau.

The Budget reﬂects a substantial commitment to

the Indo-Paciﬁc and relies on the $2 billion in-

vestment that the Administration requested in

the October 2023 national security supplemen-

tal request in security assistance to fully address

urgent regional security needs and deter acts of

aggression.

Provides Lifesaving Humanitarian

Assistance and Combats Global Food

Insecurity. The Budget provides $10.3 billion

in lifesaving humanitarian and refugee assis-

tance to support more than 330 million people in

need in more than 70 countries, in addition to the

October 2023 emergency supplemental request

of $10 billion to address unprecedented global

humanitarian needs. The Budget also fully sup-

ports the President’s commitment to resettle

up to 125,000 refugees in the United States, as

well as the Enduring Welcome and Safe Mobility

Ofﬁce initiatives. The Budget also provides more

than $1billion to support the President’s pledge

to alleviate global food insecurity, including

$100million for the Vision for Adapted Crops and

Soils, as part of the overall U.S. Government’s

ﬂagship food security initiative, Feed the Future,

44 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

which works to build more resilient and sus-

tainable food systems and nutritious food crops

in underserved regions. The State Department

and USAID would have to reduce lifesaving as-

sistance around the globe without the additional

$10billion in humanitarian assistance requested

in the Administration’s October 2023 national se-

curity supplemental request.

Bolsters Sustainable, Inclusive, and

Democratic Global Development. The

Budget supports the President’s goal to strength-

en American development efforts through local

expertise and by deploying a more expansive set

of development tools. The Budget provides over

$3billion for bolstering global democracy, includ-

ing $345million for the President’s Initiative for

Democratic Renewal to foster transparent and

accountable governance. The Budget provides

more than $3 billion to advance gender equity

and equality worldwide, including $200 million

for the Gender Equity and Equality Action Fund.

The Budget also includes $110million in support

of internet freedom, including $50million for the

U.S. Agency for Global Media Open Technology

Fund. The Budget provides $594million, an in-

crease of $37 million above the 2023 level, for

USAID directed high-impact and lifesaving vol-

untary family planning and reproductive health

programs and America’s voluntary contribution

to the United Nations Population Fund. The

Budget continues America’s commitment to con-

tributions for the United Nations.

Fulﬁlls the President’s Commitment to

Central America and Strengthens America’s

Partnership in the Western Hemisphere.

The Budget provides approximately $1 billion

for Central American programming to meet the

President’s commitment to invest $4 billion in

Central America over four years to address the

root causes of migration. The Budget also sup-

ports hemispheric programs to advance econom-

ic prosperity and regional security through key

initiatives such as the Americas Partnership for

Economic Prosperity, including $75million for a

capital increase to the Inter-American Investment

Corporation—known as IDB Invest—to advance

clean energy projects, modernize agriculture,

strengthen transportation systems, and expand

access to ﬁnancing. The Budget further re-

serves $35million in additional targeted funding

for regional migration management, including

$25million for the IDB’s Migration Grant Facility

to support integration efforts for migrants and

host communities and address the root causes of

irregular migration.

CUTTING THE DEFICIT BY EXPANDING AMERICA’S PRODUCTIVE

CAPACITY AND PROMOTING TAX FAIRNESS

From day one, the Biden-Harris Administration

has worked to build an economy from the middle

out and bottom up. The President’s economic

agenda has shown that investing in the Nation

can go along with achieving meaningful deﬁcit re-

duction. The deﬁcit is over $1 trillion lower than

when the President took ofﬁce, thanks in large

part to a strong economic recovery facilitated by

investments that have expanded the Nation’s pro-

ductive capacity and a historic vaccination pro-

gram that allowed the responsible wind-down of

emergency measures. In addition, the President

has also signed into law signiﬁcant pro-growth

investments and deﬁcit-reduction policies that

are already lowering costs for families and rein-

vigorating American industry and will continue

to take full effect in coming years.

Delivering on a Commitment

to Fiscal Responsibility.

The President has enacted another rough-

ly $1 trillion in savings over the next decade

through the FRA, and through the Inﬂation

Reduction Act provisions that empower Medicare

to negotiate lower prescription drug prices, cap

insulin at $35 per month for seniors,and make

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 45

the wealthy and large corporations pay more of

their fair share. To address the unfairness of 55

of the most proﬁtable U.S. corporations paying

$0 in Federal income taxes, the President signed

into law a 15-percent minimum tax on the prof-

its of the largest corporations—those with over

$1 billion in proﬁts. He also signed into law a

surcharge on corporate stock buybacks, which

encourages businesses to invest in their growth

and productivity as opposed to funneling tax-

preferred proﬁts to wealthy shareholders. The

Inﬂation Reduction Act also enacted long-overdue

investments in rebuilding and modernizing the

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), which raise rev-

enue by making wealthy taxpayers and big corpo-

rations pay the taxes they owe—while improving

customer service and without increasing audit

rates relative to historical levels for small busi-

nesses and taxpayers making under $400,000 per

year. The Budget would build on this progress by

increasing the corporate minimum tax rate to 21

percent, quadrupling the surcharge on stock buy-

backs, extending the IRS investment, and other

important reforms.

As these investments continue to deliver

for working families and communities, the

Administration looks forward to building on this

progress with responsible investments that con-

tinue to grow America’s economy from the middle

out and bottom up while improving the long-term

budget outlook. The Budget proposes another

$3 trillion in deﬁcit reduction over the next 10

years by making the wealthy and large corpora-

tions pay their fair share, closing tax loopholes,

cutting wasteful spending on Big Pharma, Big

Oil, and other special interests.

In addition to Medicare tax and prescription

drug reforms discussed above, the Budget:

Proposes a Minimum Tax on Billionaires.

The tax code currently offers special treatment

for the types of income that wealthy people en-

joy. While the wages and salaries that everyday

Americans earn are taxed as ordinary income,

billionaires make their money in ways that are

taxed at lower rates, and sometimes not taxed

at all. This special treatment, combined with

sophisticated tax planning and giant loopholes,

allows many of the wealthiest Americans to pay

lower rates on their full income than many mid-

dle-class households pay. To ﬁnally address this

glaring inequity, the Budget includes a 25 per-

cent minimum tax on the wealthiest 0.01 percent,

those with wealth of more than $100million.

Ensures Corporations Pay Their Fair

Share. The Budget increases the rates that corpo-

rations pay in taxes on their proﬁts. Corporations

received an enormous tax break in 2017, cutting

effective U.S. tax rates for U.S. corporations to a

low of less than 10 percent. While their proﬁts

soared, their investment in their workers and the

economy did not. Their shareholders and top ex-

ecutives reaped the beneﬁts, without the prom-

ised trickle down to workers, consumers, or com-

munities. The Budget would set the corporate

tax rate at 28 percent, still well below the 35 per-

cent rate that prevailed prior to the 2017 tax law.

In addition, the Budget would raise the Inﬂation

Reduction Act’s corporate minimum tax rate on

billion-dollar corporations from 15 percent to 21

percent, ensuring the biggest corporations pay

more of their fair share. These policies are com-

plemented by other proposals to incentivize job

creation and investment in the United States and

ensure large corporations pay their fair share.

Denies Corporations Deductions for

All Compensation Over $1 million Per

Employee. Executive compensation has sky-

rocketed in recent decades, with Chief Executive

Ofﬁcer pay averaging more than 300 times that

of a typical worker in 2022. The 2017 tax law’s

corporate tax cuts only made this problem worse,

producing massive boosts to executive compen-

sation while doing nothing for low- and middle-

income workers. Current law denies deductions

for executive compensation over $1million only

for a small number of highly paid employees at

publicly-traded C corporations. The Budget pro-

poses to deny deductions for all compensation

over $1million paid to any employee of a C corpo-

ration, which would discourage companies from

giving their executives massive pay packages and

level the playing ﬁeld across C corporations.

46 INVESTING IN AMERICA AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Stops the Race to the Bottom in

International Corporate Tax and Ends Tax

Breaks for Offshoring. For decades, countries

have competed for multinational business by

slashing tax rates, at the expense of having ad-

equate revenues to ﬁnance core services. Thanks

in part to the Administration’s leadership, more

than 130 nations signed on to a global tax frame-

work to ﬁnally address this race to the bottom in

2021. Many of America’s international partners,

including many of the world’s largest economies,

have implemented or will soon implement this

transformational agreement. The Budget propos-

es to do the same by reforming the international

tax system to reduce the incentives to book prof-

its in low-tax jurisdictions, stopping corporate in-

versions to tax havens, and raising the tax rate

on U.S. multinationals’ foreign earnings from

10.5 percent to 21 percent. These reforms would

ensure that proﬁtable multinational corporations

pay their fair share.

Quadruples the Stock Buybacks Tax. In

2022, the President signed into law a surcharge

on corporate stock buybacks, which reduces the

tax advantage for buybacks over dividends and

encourages businesses to invest in their growth

and productivity as opposed to funneling tax-

preferred proﬁts to foreign shareholders. The

Budget proposes quadrupling the stock buybacks

tax from one percent to four percent to address

the continued tax advantage for buybacks and

encourage corporations to invest in productivity

and the broader economy.

Repeals Tax Cuts for the Wealthy and

Reforms Capital Gains Tax to Ensure the

Wealthy Pay Their Fair Share. The 2017 tax

law lowered rates for the wealthiest Americans,

delivering massive tax cuts to the top one per-

cent. The Budget repeals those cuts, restoring

the top tax rate of 39.6 percent for single ﬁlers

making more than $400,000 a year and married

couples making more than $450,000 per year.

The Budget also proposes taxing capital gains

at the same rate as wage income for those with

more than $1million in income and ﬁnally closes

the carried interest loophole that allows some

wealthy investment fund managers to pay tax at

lower rates than their secretaries.

Closes Tax Loopholes. The Budget saves bil-

lions of dollars by closing other tax loopholes that

overwhelmingly beneﬁt the rich and the largest,

most proﬁtable corporations. This includes: clos-

ing the so-called “like-kind exchange loophole”

that lets real estate investors defer tax indeﬁnite-

ly; reforms to tax preferred retirement incentives

to ensure that the ultrawealthy cannot use these

incentives to amass tax free fortunes; prevent-

ing the super-wealthy from abusing life insur-

ance tax shelters; closing a loophole that beneﬁts

wealthy crypto investors; and ending a tax break

for corporate jets.

Cracks Down on Wealthy Tax Cheats. The

Inﬂation Reduction Act addressed long-standing

IRS funding deﬁciencies by providing stable,

multi-year funding to improve tax compliance by

ﬁnally cracking down on high-income individuals

and corporations who too often avoided paying

their lawfully owed taxes and improve service for

the millions of Americans that do pay their taxes.

Already, the IRS is using these resources to crack

down on tax evasion by the wealthy and big busi-

nesses. For example, the IRS is collecting taxes

owed by tax-delinquent millionaires and address-

ing complex tax schemes used by the largest part-

nerships and multinational corporations, along

with improving customer service and moderniz-

ing IT infrastructure. The Budget proposes to re-

store the full Inﬂation Reduction Act investment

and provide new funding over the long-term to

continue cutting the deﬁcit by making sure that

wealthy Americans and big corporations pay the

taxes they owe.

Addresses Expiring Tax Cuts after 2025.

President Trump and congressional Republicans

deliberately sunset portions of the Tax Cuts and

Jobs Act of 2017 legislation after 2025 to con-

ceal both the true increase in the deﬁcit—much

larger than the already-massive $2 trillion cost

estimate—and the true size of their tax breaks

for multi-millionaires and large corporations.

This was one of the most egregious and ﬁscally

reckless budget decisions in modern history. The

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 47

President, faced with this ﬁscally irresponsible

legacy, will work with the Congress to address the

2025 expirations, and focus tax policy on reward-

ing work not wealth, based on the following guid-

ing principles. The President:

• Opposes increasing taxes on people earn-

ing less than $400,000 and supports

cutting taxes for working people and

families with children to give them more

breathing room;

• Opposes tax cuts for the wealthy—either

extending tax cuts for the top two percent

of Americans earning over $400,000 or

bringing back deductions and other tax

breaks for these households; and

• Supports paying for extending tax cuts for

people earning less than $400,000 with

additional reforms to ensure that wealthy

people and big corporations pay their fair

share, so that the problematic sunsets

created by President Trump and congres-

sional Republicans are addressed in a

ﬁscally responsible manner.

CREATING A GOVERNMENT THAT DELIVERS

FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

To build on the historic progress made under

President Biden’s leadership, the American peo-

ple need a modern and effective Government. A

high-performing Federal Government—staffed

by expert civil servants—plays a critical role in

ensuring Americans have reliable services and

resources, from helping the American people ﬁle

taxes and apply for beneﬁts, to confronting the

risks and opportunities presented by artiﬁcial

intelligence (AI).

To help deliver that future, the President’s

Budget advances the goals of the Biden-Harris

Management Agenda (PMA) across three key ar-

eas: strengthening and empowering the Federal

workforce; delivering excellent, equitable, and

secure Federal services and customer experi-

ence; and managing the business of Government.

This work is critical for bolstering Government’s

ability to deliver for the American people.

The Right Team and the Right Tools

More than four million Americans serve the

Nation, as civilian and uniformed personnel,

both at home and overseas. As the Nation’s larg-

est employer, the Federal Government is stra-

tegically competing for highly-skilled talent to

continue carrying out programs and delivering

services that beneﬁt the American people. These

civil servants need to be equipped with the right

tools to do their jobs, including modern infor-

mation technology (IT). The Budget continues

investments to ensure the Federal Government

has the right team and tools to deliver for the

American people.

Helping Agencies Attract, Retain, and

Hire Top Talent. Agencies have made sub-

stantial progress in strengthening and empow-

ering the Federal workforce, such as recruiting

the wide-range of talent necessary for the im-

plementation of the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law, a once in a generation investment in the

Nation’s infrastructure and competitiveness

that spurred a surge hiring effort of 6,099 target-

ed positions. The Budget continues to support

Ofﬁce of Personnel Management’s (OPM) pro-

grams—such as the Hiring Experience Ofﬁce—

in making progress on streamlining hiring. The

Budget also directs agencies to take part in col-

laborative cross-Government shared hiring ac-

tions that enable agencies to quickly hire on a

larger scale, allowing applicants to submit one

Federal job application and be considered for

many opportunities. The Budget advances the

Administration’s focus on the expansion of early

career talent pipelines, including the develop-

ment of strategic and targeted apprenticeships,

increased volume of student and early career op-

portunities, and equitable access to paid intern-

ships. The Budget also provides resources to

support continued transformation of the person-

nel vetting mission, and its Trusted Workforce

2.0 Implementation Strategy, which is designed

to ensure all Americans can trust the Federal

workforce.

Building the Personnel System and

Support Required to Make the Federal

Government a Model Employer. As the

Government faces increasingly complex chal-

lenges, the need for Federal leaders, managers,

and front-line staff with the right skills in the

right jobs has never been greater. The Budget

50 CREATING A GOVERNMENT THAT DELIVERS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

sustains critical investments in OPM to en-

able the Agency’s ability to lead Federal human

capital management and serve as a centralized

leader in human resources. The Budget further

advances work to address Government-wide com-

pensation challenges, and reinforces additional

initiatives to enhance personnel systems for criti-

cal elements of the workforce.

Modernizing Federal IT Policies and

Technology to Better Serve the American

People. Technology is a key enabler for the

Federal Government and its workforce. The

Budget makes key investments to protect the

Federal systems from compromises—leverag-

ing the beneﬁts of digital identity and AI while

balancing the risks it poses to rights, opportuni-

ties, and safety, and redeﬁning security expecta-

tions for software and the cloud. To support IT

modernization efforts, the Budget also includes

an additional $75 million for the Technology

Modernization Fund (TMF), an innovative in-

vestment program that gives agencies additional

ways to deliver services to the American public

quickly. TMF manages over $750 million for

48investments, across 27 Federal agencies, and

is particularly well-positioned to make a large

impact in the Federal Government’s ability to de-

liver excellent, equitable, and secure services.

Advancing AI Governance, Innovation,

and Risk Management. To capitalize on the

opportunities and mitigate the risks of AI—in-

cluding by implementing Section 10 of Executive

Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy

Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence,”—

the Administration is committed to advancing

its management of AI and signiﬁcantly expand-

ing AI talent in the Federal Government. The

Budget provides additional funding for Federal

agencies to establish agency Chief AI Ofﬁcers ac-

countable for their agency’s use of AI, to adopt

new AI technologies to improve Government ser-

vices, and to establish minimum safeguards for

Government use of AI to protect the rights and

safety of the public. In addition to this funding,

the Budget also includes an additional $32 mil-

lion for the U.S. Digital Service (USDS), General

Services Administration, and OPM to support

the National AI Talent Surge across the Federal

Government.

Serving the American People

President Biden set an objective in the PMA

that when the American public interacts with

Government, they should get a simple, seamless,

and secure customer experience that is on par

with what they expect in the private sector. The

Budget advances this goal by:

Supporting Digital Services Teams. The

Budget sustains investment in the USDS to con-

tinue bringing world class technology talent into

the Federal Government—helping agencies con-

front some of their hardest issues. USDS staff

are centrally recruited into the Government from

the private sector and deployed into agencies to

assist with the critical projects, buttressing exist-

ing personnel with new skills and expertise. Over

the past 10 years, USDS has successfully helped

agencies to modernize their technical operations

and minimize the risk of large IT projects, over 60

percent of which have historically failed without

the intervention of USDS. For example, USDS

is supporting the Internal Revenue Service in its

technology transformation, modernizing decades-

old systems and improving taxpayer services,

the Department of Health and Human Service

(HHS) in streamlining the enrollment and re-

newal process for Medicaid coverage, including

saving half a million children from erroneously

losing their health insurance, and the Federal

Communications Commission in its efforts to

bring affordable, reliable, and high-speed broad-

band to eligible households.

Increasing Customer Experience Across

the Federal Government. The Budget funds

the expertise and tools necessary to ensure ex-

cellent service delivery and customer experience

across the Federal Government. The Budget

invests in teams of specialized customer expe-

rience and digital services professionals in 10

Federal departments, and critical subagencies

that serve millions of customers. The Budget

also provides funding for new “Voice of Customer”

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 51

programs at eight Federal agencies to collect and

report performance data on key drivers of cus-

tomer experience from a broad representation of

Americans— which can drive meaningful service

improvements. The Budget also supports spe-

ciﬁc service delivery enhancements, such as the

Transportation Security Administration’s pilot

program to deploy customer experience strate-

gists at airports to streamline passenger screen-

ing, and the Department of State’s efforts to build

online passport renewal.

Designing, Building, and Managing

Government Service Delivery for Priority

Life Experiences. The Budget advances efforts

to better serve the American people by providing

funding for interagency teams to build digital

service capacity. Following extensive customer

experience-focused discovery research and design

phase projects and pilots aimed at developing

promising solutions, the Budget also speciﬁcal-

ly supports cross-agency Life Experience proj-

ects, including funding for the Health Resources

and Services Administration at HHS to help

Americans more easily access essential services

following the birth of a child. In addition, the

Budget invests in shared products and platforms

that enable simple, seamless, and secure services

across the Federal Government.

Protecting Taxpayer Investment

The Administration has the obligation to invest

taxpayer money with care, ensuring that taxpay-

ers get excellent returns on each dollar that is

spent. That includes investing in American work-

ers, small businesses, equity efforts, and climate

resilience. The Budget invests in improved stew-

ardship of taxpayer funds in the following ways:

Ensuring the Future is Made in America.

The President’s economic agenda is focused on

ensuring the future is made in America. The

Administration is delivering on the President’s

agenda by advancing a whole-of-Government ef-

fort to ensure resources and programs advance

domestic jobs and industries. The Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law included the Build America,

Buy America Act, requiring that all federally

funded infrastructure projects use American iron

and steel, manufactured products, and construc-

tion materials, unless such items are not avail-

able, would constitute an unreasonable cost, or

meet the requirements of other statutory exemp-

tions. The Ofﬁce of Management and Budget’s

(OMB) Made in America Ofﬁce is working with

Federal agencies to improve their capacity to

perform supply chain analysis, perform market

research, and engage with industry to maximize

the use of critical domestic products. These ef-

forts will help to strengthen the U.S. industrial

base in critical sectors while increasing the qual-

ity and number of good-paying jobs by promoting

the domestic production of steel and iron prod-

ucts, manufactured products, and construction

materials.

Streamlining Federal Grant-Making and

Improving Program Outcomes. In order to

reduce administrative burden for Federal agen-

cies and recipients and to improve outcomes of

Federal ﬁnancial assistance programs, OMB is

updating its comprehensive Guidance on Grants

and Agreements. These updates will represent

the most substantial changes to the guidance

since its release in 2013, and will reduce unnec-

essary compliance requirements. In addition,

to improve the coordination of Federal ﬁnancial

assistance policy, oversight, and strategic direc-

tion, OMB established the Council on Federal

Financial Assistance in August 2023. This part-

nership of Federal grant-making agencies pro-

vides a single forum for oversight and manage-

ment of Federal ﬁnancial assistance.

Improving Federal Procurement. Under

the Better Contracting Initiative, agencies will

ensure strong contracting outcomes by mak-

ing better use of acquisition data and leverag-

ing expertise in acquiring common software and

other IT requirements. At the same time, the

Administration is working aggressively to cre-

ate a more resilient supplier base and increase

competition by increasing the percent of Federal

contract award dollars that go to small disad-

vantaged businesses—building on historic spend

made by agencies to this underserved community

52 CREATING A GOVERNMENT THAT DELIVERS FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

on the way to a goal of 15 percent by 2025. In ad-

dition, agencies will advance the sustainability of

Federal supply chains and achieve net-zero emis-

sions from Federal procurement by 2050.

Managing the Government to Deliver

Results that Improve Lives. The

Administration continues to drive evidence-based

management practices to deliver a more effective

Government. OMB and agency leadership con-

ducted strategic review meetings to review prog-

ress on agency strategic plans and discuss ap-

proaches to strengthening organizational health

and organizational performance, following the re-

lease of OMB Memorandum M-23-15, Measuring,

Monitoring, and Improving Organizational

Health and Organizational Performance in the

Context of Evolving Agency Work Environments.

In December of 2023, agencies established 79

new performance commitments to be achieved

through 2025. The public is invited to follow

agency progress on https://Performance.gov.

Advancing Federal Evidence-Based

Policymaking. The President has made clear

that the Administration will make decisions guid-

ed by the best available science and data. The

Budget demonstrates this commitment by invest-

ing in evidence-based programs at, and bolster-

ing capacity for, program evaluation. The Budget

invests in the Federal statistical system’s key role

in evidence building by expanding skilled statis-

ticians and infrastructure to equip agencies with

tools for ensuring high-quality data and robust

data conﬁdentiality protections, as well as creat-

ing a seamless data user experience.

Promoting Accountability and Integrity.

The Administration is committed to improving

program integrity and ensuring effective stew-

ardship of taxpayer dollars, including through

implementation of the American Rescue Plan, the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the CHIPS and

Science Act, and the Inﬂation Reduction Act. To

deliver on those commitments, the Administration

has provided agencies with the tools to strength-

en program integrity and deliver results. The

President has made clear that results, transpar-

ency, and accountability go hand-in-hand, which

is why the Budget includes robust legislative and

funding proposals that would ensure agencies and

their Inspectors General have the resources and

authorities they need for appropriate oversight

of these programs. For example, the Budget in-

cludes new proposals for modernizing, protecting,

and strengthening the Unemployment Insurance

(UI) program that would help states develop and

test fraud-prevention tools and strategies and

increase investigations of fraud rings targeting

the UI program. Further, the Budget ensures

additional resources and time for investigations

and prosecution of those engaged in major or sys-

temic pandemic fraud, invests in identity theft

and fraud prevention to stop fraud before funds

are ever paid out, and provides much-needed help

for innocent victims recovering from having their

identities and beneﬁts stolen.

Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. To pro-

tect against foreign adversaries and safeguard

Federal systems, the Budget bolsters cyberse-

curity by ensuring every agency is increasing

the security of public services. To advance the

Administration’s commitment to making cyber-

space more resilient and defensible, the Budget

provides $13 billion in cybersecurity funding

across civilian departments and agencies. In addi-

tion, the Budget provides an additional $103mil-

lion for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure

Security Agency (CISA), for a total of $3 billion

to advance the Administration’s commitment to

making cyberspace more resilient and defensible.

This includes: $470 million to deploy Federal

network tools, including endpoint detection and

response capabilities; $394 million for CISA’s in-

ternal cybersecurity and analytical capabilities;

$41 million for critical infrastructure security

coordination, and $116 million for critical infra-

structure cyber event reporting.

Transforming Personnel Vetting. The

Administration is committed to improving how

agencies vet their civilian, military, and contrac-

tor personnel—to ensure Government is employ-

ing personnel with necessary skillsets. During

2023, the Administration sustained reform mo-

mentum by rolling out new training standards for

the background investigators and adjudicators

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 53

implementing policy changes, authorizing the

expansion of continuous vetting beyond national

security sensitive personnel, and transitioning

away from legacy e-QIP software to the more

user-friendly eApp platform for individuals en-

tering the personnel vetting process. The Budget

instructs agencies to be prepared for further

improvements as directed in the Performance

Accountability Council’s Trusted Workforce 2.0

Implementation Strategy. Among other goals,

agencies should expect to continue enrolling their

non-sensitive personnel into continuous vetting,

expand data collection for enhanced performance

metrics, update training and internal processes

to reﬂect reform progress, and adopt additional

personnel vetting shared services.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Lowers Energy Costs and Catalyzes Clean Energy and Economic Growth in Rural

Communities. The Budget builds on the $13 billion provided in the President’s historic

Inﬂation Reduction Act for rural development programs at USDA to reduce energy bills for

families, expand clean energy, transform rural power production, and create thousands of

good-paying jobs for people across rural America. Rural communities are critical to achiev-

ing the goal of 100 percent clean electricity by 2035. The Budget provides $1billion for loan

guarantees for renewable energy systems and energy efﬁciency improvements for farmers

and rural small businesses, and $6.5 billion in authority for rural electric loans to support

additional clean energy, energy storage, and transmission projects that would create good-

paying jobs. In addition, the Budget includes $53 million in zero-interest loans for the Rural

Energy Savings Program, which would help rural Americans implement durable cost-effec-

tive energy efﬁciency measures in their homes, which lowers energy costs and contributes

to the President’s clean energy goals and the Justice40 Initiative. The Budget also provides

$10 million in Rural Community Facilities Grants speciﬁcally for rural communities making

an energy transition away from outdated energy sources, facilitating emerging infrastruc-

ture needs.

• Connects More Rural Americans to High-Speed, Affordable, and Reliable Internet.

The President is committed to ensuring that every American has access to affordable broad-

band internet—and thanks to his Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, under the Biden-Harris

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible for providing nutrition assistance to

low-income Americans and a safety net for the farm sector, conserving and preserving private

agricultural lands, and sustaining the health and productivity of the Nation’s forests. The

President’s 2025 Budget for USDA: sustains America’s advantages in agriculture; strengthens

the nutrition safety net and removes barriers to vital assistance; promotes job growth and

economic opportunity in rural communities, including more jobs in clean energy to mitigate

the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; promotes environmental justice; supports

historically disadvantaged and underserved producers; and helps farmers, ranchers, and forest

landowners adapt to the effects of the climate crisis.

The Budget requests $29.2 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $2 billion or

7.4-percent increase from the 2023 level, excluding Food for Peace Title II Grants, which are

included in the State and International Programs total. Resources provided through the 2025

Budget complement investments in natural resource conservation, national forest and wildland

re management, and broadband deployment provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and

Ination Reduction Act.

56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Administration, USDA has provided $2.3 billion to people living and working across 35 States

and Territories, which is expected to expand broadband access to more than 137,000 house-

holds. Installing high-speed internet creates high-paying union jobs and strengthens rural

economies, which leads to higher property values, increased job and population growth, lower

unemployment rates, and new business formation. Reliable internet is also crucial for ru-

ral Americans to access healthcare services through telehealth. Building on the $2 billion

for USDA broadband programs provided in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for 2023, the

Budget provides $112 million for the ReConnect program, which provides grants and loans to

deploy broadband to unserved areas, especially tribal areas.

• Increases Climate Resilience and Other Conservation Practices in Agriculture

Production. Climate change presents real threats to U.S. agricultural production, forest re-

sources, and rural communities. The Budget provides $6 billion for climate-related funding, a

$733 million increase over the 2023 enacted level, and $1.3 billion over the 2020enacted level.

This funding includes $985 million for the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS),

a $67 million or 7-percent increase above the 2023 enacted level, and a $152 million increase

or 18-percent above the 2020 enacted level, to assist farmers, ranchers, and forestland owners

with production goals in the face of a changing climate while conserving, maintaining, and

restoring natural resources on their lands. The Inﬂation Reduction Act provided generational

investments to increase adoption of voluntary conservation practices that sequester carbon

and reduce GHG emissions associated with farming and ranching operations. Increasing

conservation in agricultural production supports voluntary environmental services markets,

leverages private-sector and other non-Federal investment, and provides additional income

opportunities for America’s farmers. These practices also help producers adapt to multi-year

drought conditions and reductions in water availability. To implement Inﬂation Reduction

Act investments, the NRCS would hire thousands of employees—creating good-paying jobs

throughout rural America.

• Supports a Strong Nutrition Safety Net. The Budget provides $8.5 billion for critical nu-

trition programs, including $7.7 billion to fully fund participation in the Special Supplemental

Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which is critical to the health of

pregnant women, new mothers, infants, and young children. This program helps low-income

families put nutritious food on the table and addresses racial disparities in maternal and child

health outcomes. In the Biden-Harris Administration National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition,

and Health, the Administration set goals to help more individuals experiencing food insecurity

access Federal nutrition assistance programs. By investing in outreach and modernization,

WIC would reach 800,000 more women, infants, and children each month, providing vital nu-

trition assistance to nearly seven million individuals, up from 6.2 million in 2021. The Budget

supports enhanced beneﬁts for fruits and vegetables to improve nutritional outcomes and

reduce food insecurity among children consistent with the recommendations by the National

Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. In addition, the Budget includes an emer-

gency contingency fund that would provide additional resources, beyond the $7.7 billion, when

there are unanticipated cost pressures. The Budget also includes $15 billion over 10 years to

allow more States and schools to leverage participation in the Community Eligibility Provision

to providehealthy school meals at no cost to an additional nine million children.

• Invests in America’s Brave Wildland Fireﬁghters. The Budget builds on the

Administration’s historic investments in the wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce at the Forest

Service and the Department of the Interior, including investments from the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law, by supporting implementation of permanent and comprehensive pay reform,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 57

enhancement of health services, hiring of additional permanent and temporary wildland ﬁre-

ﬁghters to increase capacity, and improvement of Government housing. These investments,

totaling $387 million over the comparable 2023 enacted level for USDA Forest Service, would

help address long-standing recruitment and retention challenges, increase the Departments’

capacity to complete critical risk mitigation work, and further the Administration’s commit-

ment to build a more robust and resilient wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce as the frequency and

intensity of catastrophic wildﬁres continue to increase due to climate change.

• Reduces Housing Insecurity and Strengthens Climate Resiliency in Rural

Communities. Adequate affordable housing has been a long-standing problem in rural

communities—one that is exacerbated by low energy efﬁciency of the aging housing stock,

meaning higher costs to families. To help address this, the Budget proposes additional funding

for rental assistance, multifamily and single-family housing, and again proposes to eliminate

the existing low-income borrower penalty that requires individuals to repay subsidy costs for

Single-Family Direct loans—a requirement that only exists for rural housing. The Budget

provides strong support for USDA’s multifamily housing and housing preservation programs.

Through these investments, the Administration advances equity in support of underserved

communities by reducing rent burdens for low-income borrowers and preserving low-income

tenant-based housing in rural America. The Budget again proposes to increase the resiliency

of rural housing to the impacts of climate change through a proposal to require energy and

water efﬁciency improvements and green features in USDA’s rural housing programs that

include construction.

• Sustains American Leadership in Agricultural Innovation and Research. The Budget

sustains American innovation in agriculture by providing a total of almost $3.8billion for ag-

ricultural research, education, and outreach. This includes $365 million, a 20-percent increase

above the 2023 enacted level, for agriculture research, extension, and education grants to

minority-serving land grant universities and tribal colleges to increase the productive capac-

ity of small family farms and historically underserved populations, including the responsible

application of artiﬁcial intelligence to ensure that the entire spectrum of the agriculture sector

can reap the economic beneﬁts of this technology. The Budget also includes support for the

duties of a Chief Artiﬁcial Intelligence Ofﬁcer, who would promote the safe and responsible

application of artiﬁcial intelligence in advancing the productivity of the Nation’s agriculture

sector. The Budget provides $321 million for the Department’s core climate-related research

and development (R&D) activities, which includes R&D on the carbon cycle and the impacts

of weather and water cycle variations on soil, air, and water resources associated with agri-

culture. This would help to quantify risks and beneﬁts to agriculture from global change so

technologies can be developed for harnessing beneﬁcial aspects of global change, adapting

agricultural systems to change, and mitigating the Nation’s net emissions of GHG.

• Provides Trade and International Food Security. America’s farmers, ranchers, and

producers are feeding the world. The Budget provides funding to fully staff the Foreign

Agricultural Service, which supports the marketing and promotion of high-quality, high-value

U.S. agricultural products to a variety of overseas markets, creating jobs and income streams

throughout the supply chain domestically and internationally. Further, the Budget allows

for USDA to engage in international trade and regulatory systems and agreements, creating

new markets and ensuring current markets stay open. In addition, the Budget provides food

assistance, such as $243 million for the McGovern-Dole International Food for Education and

Child Nutrition Program. Lastly, capacity building projects, supported by the Budget, combat

global food insecurity, share knowledge around climate-smart agricultural practices, and de-

velop rules- and science-based markets.

58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

• Supports Better Delivery of Services to Rural America and the Nation’s Farmers. To

better serve rural communities and areas that have been previously left behind, the Budget

provides funding for USDA to ensure adequate stafﬁng and critical information technol-

ogy upgrades to improve program delivery. This includes expanding the authority for the

Non-recurring Expenses Fund to access expired discretionary funds for projects that would re-

mediate cybersecurity vulnerabilities and improve web-based rural development loan services

to provide a more automated experience for borrowers. To make sure that eligible individuals

are aware of available Federal support, regardless of their native language, the Budget pro-

vides $2 million for a Department-wide Language Access Plan. To expand rural prosperity

and economic growth, the Budget includes $10 million for the Rural Partners Network, which

continues the collaboration and outreach of 20 Federal agencies and regional commissions to

ensure rural communities have equitable access to Federal programs.

• Supports the Upcoming Farm Bill. The Budget provides USDA with the stafﬁng resources

necessary to seamlessly implement reauthorization of the Farm Bill. The Administration looks

forward to working this year with the Congress, partners, stakeholders, and the public to iden-

tify shared priorities and build on the historic legislative achievements of the ﬁrst three years

of the Administration. The Farm Bill presents a unique opportunity to transform the food and

agricultural system from one that beneﬁts a few to one that beneﬁts many—all while strength-

ening USDA’s nutrition programs, which are among the most effective and far-reaching tools

available to improve the health and well-being of Americans. The Nation can achieve mean-

ingful, equitable growth in agriculture and rural economies by creating new revenue streams

for American farmers, ranchers, and producers of all sizes through climate smart agriculture

and forestry, biobased products, renewable energy, local and regional food systems, increased

competition in agricultural markets, and other value-added opportunities, while reducing the

paperwork burden for Federal programs and achieving best in Government practices. The Farm

Bill is also a critical opportunity to ensure that the wealth created in rural America stays there

to empower rural communities with the tools necessary to advance their locally-led vision.

The upcoming Farm Bill is also an opportunity to make progress toward ensuring that all

Americans have access to healthy, affordable food, as emphasized in the Biden-Harris

Administration National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health. This is an important

moment to protect food assistance beneﬁts that reﬂect the true cost of a basic, healthy diet,

strengthen cross enrollment capabilities across Federal assistance programs, and eliminate

barriers to food assistance for vulnerable groups. These barriers make it difﬁcult for un-

derserved groups to succeed, including low-income college students, individuals reentering

society and seeking a second chance, youth who have aged out of foster care, kinship fami-

lies, low-income individuals in the U.S. Territories, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance

Program (SNAP) recipients facing time limits. Rather than reducing obstacles to employ-

ment, research demonstrates that time limits on SNAP eligibility amplify existing inequities

in food and economic security. Beyond removing barriers to food access, there is also the

opportunity to make healthier choices easier by expanding food purchasing options, fruit

and vegetable incentives, and local food procurement through Federal nutrition programs,

including by building upon efforts already plotted by USDA. The Farm Bill reauthorization

process is an opportunity to strengthen program integrity to address new risks and vulnera-

bilities while ensuring that USDA can continue to support the needs of all eligible households.

The Administration looks forward to working with the Congress to: support new and beginning

farmers; shore up the Federal Government’s commitment to agricultural research; address

climate change by protecting and enhancing investments in conservation, climate-smart

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 59

agriculture and forestry, and clean energy; strengthen local and regional food supply chains; con-

tinue efforts on reducing food loss and waste; support competition by increasing transparency

and continuing to support small and independent processors; open new market opportunities

and provide a competitive advantage for American producers—including small and histori-

cally underserved producers and early adopters. In addition, the Administration supports

improvements to crop insurance, proactively managing risk from natural hazards, including

the permanent authorization of the cover crop incentive program. These Administration pri-

orities can help create a stronger safety net and better markets for consumers and producers

of U.S. agricultural products through the Farm Bill, which is one piece of the puzzle for how

USDA helps people across America and the globe.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Fosters Economic Development and Creates Good-Paying Jobs. The Budget provides

the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) with $437million to award grants

that help communities across the Nation bolster innovation, competitiveness, and econom-

ic development. This represents a signiﬁcant $131.5million or 43-percent increase under

the Biden-Harris Administration. As part of this historic investment, the Budget provides

$41million to continue the Recompete Pilot Program, a new program established under this

Administration to provide ﬂexible, place-based funding to communities working to reduce

prime-age employment gaps in the most economically distressed areas. The Budget also

proposes $41million for the Good Jobs Challenge to fund high-quality, locally-led workforce

systems that expand career opportunities for hard-working Americans, and $5 million for

grants focused exclusively on the economic development needs of tribal governments and

indigenous communities.

• Promotes Leadership and Responsible Innovation in Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI).

The Budget invests $65million with Commerce to safeguard, regulate, and promote AI, in-

cluding protecting the American public against its societal risks. This funding would allow

Commerce to successfully implement central components of the Administration’s Executive

Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

Speciﬁcally, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) would establish

the U.S. AI Safety Institute to operationalize NIST’s AI Risk Management Framework by

creating guidelines, tools, benchmarks, and best practices for evaluating and mitigating

dangerous capabilities and conducting evaluations including red-teaming to identify and

mitigate AI risk. The institute would develop technical guidance that would be used by reg-

ulators considering rulemaking and enforcement on issues such as authenticating content

created by humans, watermarking AI-generated content, identifying and mitigating against

The Department of Commerce (Commerce) is responsible for: promoting job creation; supporting

and overseeing international trade; and providing economic, environmental, and scientic

information needed by businesses, citizens, and governments. The President’s 2025 Budget

for Commerce promotes access to good jobs and equitable growth, protects supply chains and

national security, bolsters American leadership in manufacturing and responsible innovation, and

produces better data about the Nation’s economy.

The Budget requests $11.4 billion in discretionary budgetary authority for 2025, a $287 million

or 2.4-percent increase above the 2023 level. Resources provided through the 2025 Budget

support signicant investments in America’s innovation economy authorized under the CHIPS

and Science Act of 2022.

62 DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

harmful algorithmic discrimination, ensuring transparency, and enabling adoption of priva-

cy-preserving AI, and would serve as a driver of the future workforce for safe and trusted AI.

• Supports Offshore Wind Energy and Climate Resilience. The Budget provides $53mil-

lion to expand offshore wind permitting activities at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), a $31 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This would

support NOAA in its efforts to use the best available science to support the goal of deploying

30 gigawatts of offshore energy by 2030 while protecting biodiversity and promoting sus-

tainable ocean co-use. The Budget also provides $16million for NOAA’s Climate Adaptation

Partnerships, which would support collaborative efforts that help communities build equitable

climate resilience.

• Encourages Technological Development and Innovation across the Nation. The

Budget includes $4billion in mandatory funds for EDA’s Regional Technology and Innovation

Hubs Program to build on the one-time $500million investment provided in the Consolidated

Appropriations Act, 2023. The Budget also includes $41million in discretionary funding for

smaller grants that enable tech and innovation growth in underrepresented regions. In total,

this funding would enable EDA to establish cutting-edge and strategic regional technology

hubs that foster the geographic diversity of innovation and create quality jobs in and for un-

derserved and vulnerable communities across the Nation.

• Advances the Next Generation of Weather Satellites. The Budget provides $2.1billion

for weather satellites, a $432million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This investment

would maintain the existing ﬂeet of satellites critical for extreme weather forecasts and invest

in next generation systems that would provide more accurate forecasts and outlooks as well

as new environmental monitoring capabilities as the Nation faces more powerful and frequent

storms and extreme weather caused by climate change.

• Supports Minority-Owned Businesses to Narrow Racial Wealth Gaps. The Budget pro-

vides an additional $10million to increase the capacity of the Minority Business Development

Agency (MBDA) for a total of $80million. Overall, this funding level reﬂects a $32million

increase for MBDA since the start of the Administration. This continued investment would

bolster services provided to minority-owned, including women of color-owned, enterprises by

expanding the Business Center Program, funding the Rural Business Center program, and

supporting innovative initiatives to foster economic resiliency.

• Modernizes Research Facilities. The Budget invests in the fundamental infrastructure

that makes science possible. The Budget provides $312million for maintenance, renovations,

and improvements at NIST research campuses, a $182million increase above the 2023 en-

acted level. With these resources, NIST would overhaul the backbone of several electricity,

heating, and cooling capabilities to enable its laboratories to continue to advance in measure-

ment sciences and calibration services.

• Protects High-Priority Natural Resources. The Budget provides $86million to support

National Marine Sanctuaries and Marine Protected Areas as part of the Administration’s

America the Beautiful Initiative, which aims to conserve at least 30 percent of U.S. lands and

waters by 2030. This is an $18million increase above the 2023 enacted level, which would

expand critical conservation work and support the designation process for additional sanc-

tuaries. In addition, the Budget provides $34million, a $10million increase over the 2023

enacted level, to support Mitchell Act hatcheries in the Columbia River Basin. These addition-

al funds are part of the Administration’s commitment to prioritize the restoration of healthy

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 63

and abundant wild salmon, steelhead, and other native ﬁsh populations to the Columbia River

Basin, and honor the United States’ obligations to tribal nations.

• Improves Economic Data. The Budget provides $1.6 billion for the Census Bureau, a

$93million increase from the 2023 enacted level. This includes funding to support informa-

tion technology system modernization to improve the collection and analysis of data, funding

to improve how the Census Bureau measures the economic wellbeing of Americans over time,

and investments in gathering data about Puerto Rico’s people and economy. The Budget pro-

vides $138.5million for the Bureau of Economic Analysis, an $8.5million increase from the

2023 enacted level, to support economic statistics, including research on environmental-eco-

nomic statistics.

• Protects Critical and Emerging Technology. The Budget provides $223million to the

Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). These resources would help BIS expand export enforce-

ment domestically and overseas, bolster the Bureau’s capacity to identify critical and emerging

technologies eligible for export control and evaluate the effectiveness of export controls, and

increase regional expertise to enhance cooperation on export controls with allies and partners.

In addition, the Budget provides $5 million for the International Trade Administration to

effectively implement new requirements under Executive Order 14105, “Addressing United

States Investments in Certain National Security Technologies and Products in Countries of

Concern.”

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Promotes Integrated Deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc and Globally. To sustain and

strengthen deterrence, the Budget provides funding to prioritize China as America’s pacing

challenge in line with the 2022 National Defense Strategy. DOD’s 2025 Paciﬁc Deterrence

Initiative highlights some of the key investments the Department is making, focuses on

strengthening deterrence in the region, and demonstrates the Department’s long-term com-

mitment to the Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget also provides funding to advance the Administration’s

commitments under the Australia-United Kingdom-United States enhanced trilateral secu-

rity partnership (AUKUS) dedicated to bolstering security and stability in the region. DOD is

building the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary to meet these challenges, working

to integrate deterrence efforts across the U.S. Government and with U.S. allies and partners.

• Supports Ukraine, European Allies, and Partners. The Budget continues to provide

critical support for Ukraine, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies, and other

European partner states by prioritizing funding to enhance the capabilities and readiness

of U.S., allied, and partner forces in the face of continued Russian aggression. However, the

Budget cannot address the critical support to Ukraine, which requires congressional action

on the Administration’s October 2023 national security supplemental request.

The Department of Defense (DOD) is responsible for the military forces needed to safeguard

the United States’ vital national interests. The President’s 2025 Budget for DOD provides the

resources necessary to sustain and strengthen U.S. deterrence, advancing vital national security

interests through integrated deterrence, campaigning, and investments that build enduring

advantages. The Budget supports America’s servicemembers and their families, strengthens

alliances and partnerships, bolsters America’s technological edge, ensures readiness, preserves

economic competitiveness, and combats 21

Century security threats.

The Budget includes $850 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $34 billion or

4.1-percent increase from the 2023 enacted level. This growth is in alignment with levels agreed

to in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 and enables DOD to make the investments necessary

to execute the Administration’s 2022 National Security Strategy and 2022 National Defense

Strategy.

In addition, the Budget includes a request for unmet needs from the Administration’s October

2023 supplemental request for urgent security needs through the end of 2024.

66 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

• Counters Persistent Threats. While focused on maintaining robust deterrence against

China and Russia, the Budget also provides funding to enable DOD to remain vigilant in the

face of other persistent threats including those posed by North Korea, Iran, and violent ex-

tremist organizations.

• Modernizes the Nuclear Deterrent. The Budget provides funding to maintain a strong nu-

clear deterrent as a foundational aspect of integrated deterrence, for the security of the Nation

and U.S. allies. The Budget supports the U.S. nuclear triad, NATO strategic deterrence, and

the necessary ongoing nuclear modernization programs, to include the nuclear command, con-

trol, and communication networks.

• Invests in the Submarine Industrial Base (SIB). DOD conducted the 2025 SIB study to

determine how to complete the once-in-a-generation recapitalization of the submarine force

needed to increase the United States’ ability to build and sustain attack submarines to meet

U.S. military requirements. The Budget builds on the Administration’s October 2023 supple-

mental request supporting the SIB and also supports the Administration’s commitments under

AUKUS—the ﬁrst major deliverable of which was the historic decision to support Australia

acquiring conventionally-armed, nuclear-powered submarines.

• Advances U.S. Cybersecurity. The Budget continues to invest in cybersecurity programs

to protect the Nation from malicious cyber actors and cyber campaigns. These investments

strengthen cyber protection standards for the defense industrial base (DIB) and cybersecurity

of DOD networks.

• Delivers a Robust Military Pay Raise. The Budget funds a robust 4.5 percent pay raise for

America’s servicemembers, continuing to build on the highest pay raise in decades of 5.2 per-

cent in 2024. The Budget also provides servicemembers with annual rate increases for both

housing and subsistence allowances.

• Increases Income Eligibility Threshold for Basic Needs Allowance (BNA). The Budget

proposes to increase the income eligibility threshold for BNA from 150 percent to 200 percent

of the Federal Poverty Guidelines.

• Fulﬁlls America’s Commitment to Military Families. Military families are key to the

readiness and well-being of the All-Volunteer Force, and therefore are critical to national secu-

rity. The Budget continues to support military families by prioritizing programs, including the

Secretary of Defense’s Taking Care of People initiatives, that seek to increase access to behav-

ioral health providers, continue access to employment opportunities for military spouses, and

increase access to high-quality child care for military families via the Child Care Workforce

Initiative.

• Focuses on Suicide and Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Efforts. The Budget

includes funding to support the Department’s efforts on Suicide Prevention and Response

and implements recommendations from the Suicide Prevention and Response Independent

Review Committee. This funding would support improving the delivery of mental health-

care, addressing stigma and other barriers to care, revising suicide prevention training, and

promoting a culture of lethal means safety. The Budget also includes funding to support the

Department’s efforts on Sexual Assault Prevention and Response and implements Secretary-

approved recommendations from the Independent Review Commission on Sexual Assault in

the Military, designed to increase awareness, provide support mechanisms to victims, and

signiﬁcantly reduce the environment for, tolerance of, and occurrence of sexual assault, sexual

harassment, and domestic violence in the Joint Force. The Budget also includes funding to

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 67

continue implementation of military justice reforms, led by each of the Services’ Ofﬁce for

Special Trial Counsel.

• Promotes Energy Efﬁciency and Installation Resilience for Warﬁghting Operations.

The Budget invests in power and energy performance, which makes U.S. forces more agile,

efﬁcient, and survivable. The Budget also improves the resilience of DOD facilities and opera-

tions to protect mission critical capabilities.

• Enhances Biodefense and Pandemic Preparedness. The Budget provides robust fund-

ing to support the Administration’s 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation

Plan for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving

Global Health Security, the National Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Initiative, and to

implement recommendations from DOD’s 2023 Biodefense Posture Review.

• Ensures Readiness across America’s Armed Forces. The Budget continues to ensure

that U.S. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Guardians remain the best trained and

equipped ﬁghting forces in the world. The Budget places additional emphasis on foundational

investments to sustain current weapon systems and support increased training across the

Department, while pursuing technological enhancements to extend the service life of material

vital to the warﬁghter. In addition, the Budget continues the recapitalization and optimiza-

tion of the four public Naval Shipyards to meet future submarine and carrier maintenance

requirements.

• Builds the Air Power Needed for the 21

Century. The Budget funds the procurement of

a mix of highly capable crewed aircraft while continuing to modernize ﬁelded ﬁghter, bomber,

mobility, and training aircraft. The Budget also accelerates the development and procurement

of uncrewed combat aircraft and the relevant autonomy to augment crewed aircraft. Investing

in this mix of aircraft provides an opportunity to increase the resiliency and ﬂexibility of the

ﬂeet to meet future threats, while reducing operating costs.

• Optimizes U.S. Naval Shipbuilding and Modernization. Maintaining U.S. naval power

is critical to reassuring allies and deterring potential adversaries. The Budget includes ex-

ecutable and responsible investments in the U.S. Navy ﬂeet. The Budget also continues the

recapitalization of the Nation’s strategic ballistic missile submarine ﬂeet while robustly in-

vesting in the SIB. In addition, the Budget invests in improving the lethality and survivability

of the ﬂeet, particularly improving undersea superiority.

• Strengthens the U.S. Supply Chain and Industrial Base. The Budget invests in key

technologies and sectors of the U.S. industrial base such as microelectronics, submarine

construction, munitions production, and biomanufacturing. The Budget supports DOD’s mod-

ernization initiatives in its organic industrial base to maintain the Nation’s readiness.

• Supports a Ready and Modern Army. The Budget maintains a ready Army capable of

responding globally as part of the Joint Force through investments in Army modernization

initiatives, including critical non-kinetic and long-range strike capabilities. In addition, the

Budget modernizes and expands the production capacity of the industrial base to ensure the

Army can meet strategic demands for critical munitions.

• Invests in Long-Range Fire Capabilities. The safety and security of the Nation requires a

strong, sustainable, and responsive mix of long-range strike capabilities. The Budget invests

in the development and testing of hypersonic strike capabilities while enhancing existing long-

range strike capabilities to bolster deterrence and improve survivability.

68 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

• Increases Space Resilience. Space is vital to U.S. national security and is integral to mod-

ern warfare. The Budget maintains America’s advantage by providing funding to improve the

resilience of U.S. space architectures, such as in-space sensing and communications, in order

to bolster deterrence and increase survivability.

• Optimizes Force Structure. In line with the 2022 National Defense Strategy, the Budget

provides funding to optimize force structure in order to build a Joint Force that is lethal, sus-

tainable, resilient, survivable, agile, and responsive.

• Supports Defense Research and Development (R&D) and the Defense Technology

Industrial Base. DOD plays a critical role in overall Federal R&D that spurs innovation,

yields high-value technology, enables America to maintain and build advantages over strategic

competitors, and creates good-paying jobs. The Budget sustains high levels of defense R&D,

testing, and evaluation funding to invest in breakthrough technologies that drive innovation,

support capacity in the defense technology industrial base, ensure American technological

leadership, and underpin the development of future defense capabilities.

• Invests in Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI). The Budget provides funding to responsibly develop,

test, procure, and integrate transformative AI applications across the Department. The Budget

also supports the implementation of Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy

Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

• Reiterates the Administration’s Request for Urgent National Security Priorities. In

October 2023, the Administration submitted an emergency national security supplemental

request to the Congress for urgent security needs through the end of 2024. This request in-

cluded $58 billion for DOD to provide critical support to Israel and Ukraine, and to strengthen

integrated deterrence in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The request would also make crucial investments in

the American DIB, beneﬁtting U.S. military readiness and helping to create and sustain jobs

across America. Absent congressional action on this emergency request, DOD would not be

able to provide this urgently needed support to its allies and partners, or to make these criti-

cal DIB investments. The Administration appreciates the bipartisan supplemental legislation

that passed the Senate that would address these urgent needs.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

Preschool to 12th Grade Education

• Supports Academic Achievement for All Students, Particularly Students in Schools

with High Rates of Poverty. The disruptive effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on student

learning has added new urgency to the work of schools. The Budget includes $8 billion in

mandatory funding to provide Academic Acceleration and Achievement Grants to close op-

portunity and achievement gaps and speed the pace of learning recovery. Carrying forward

efforts funded by the American Rescue Plan, these grants to school districts would support

evidence-based strategies to increase school attendance, provide high-quality tutoring, and

expand learning time, including both in the summer and in extended day or afterschool pro-

grams. To help ensure that every student receives the high-quality education they deserve,

the Budget also provides $18.6 billion for Title I, a $200 million increase above the 2023

enacted level. This funding amount is $2.1 billion higher than when the President took of-

ﬁce, reﬂecting the President’s strong commitment to expanding support for every American

student. Title I, which reaches 90 percent of school districts across the Nation, delivers criti-

cal funding to schools in low-income communities so they can provide their students with the

learning opportunities needed to recover academically from the COVID-19 pandemic and be

successful after graduation.

• Expands Access to High-Quality Preschool. The Budget includes a major new manda-

tory funding proposal for a Federal-State partnership to provide free, high-quality preschool

to four-year olds, offered in the setting of a parent’s choice—from public schools to child care

providers to Head Start. The proposal gives States the ﬂexibility to expand preschool to

three-year-old children once they make high-quality preschool fully available to four-year-old

children. Over the next 10 years, this proposal would dramatically expand access to effec-

tive early childhood education, ensuring students enter kindergarten ready to learn. This

The Department of Education (ED) is responsible for assisting States, school districts, and

institutions of higher education in providing a high-quality education to all students and

addressing the inequitable barriers underserved students face in education. The President’s

2025 Budget for ED makes critical investments to: spur the Nation’s future prosperity; accelerate

academic growth; bolster mental health supports for students at all levels; advance the needs

of students with disabilities; increase affordability and quality in higher education; and improve

connections between the K-12 system, higher education, and the workforce.

The Budget requests $82 billion in discretionary funding for ED in 2025, a $3.1 billion or

3.9-percent increase from the 2023 level.

70 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

proposal would be administered by the Department of Health and Human Services in col-

laboration with ED. The Budget also includes $25 million for incentive demonstration grants

to create or expand free, high-quality preschool in school or community-based settings for

children eligible to attend Title I schools. The incentive demonstration grants, which would

require close collaboration among school districts, Head Start, and other community-based

providers, would serve as models that could be adopted across the Nation. This program would

expand its reach by encouraging districts to leverage Title I funds, along with other Federal,

State, and local funds.

• Bolsters Mental Health Supports for All Students. The mental health of students, teach-

ers, and school staff is essential for their overall well-being and continued academic recovery,

and continues to be a high priority of the Administration, which has delivered an additional

$2.1 billion to mental health programs since 2021. Research shows that students who receive

social, emotional, mental, and behavioral supports have better outcomes, including performing

better academically. The Budget provides a combined total of $216 million for mental health

programs, including $200 million from the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, a 900-percent

increase in program funding since 2021. These funds would help increase the number of

school-based counselors, psychologists, social workers, and other mental health professionals

in K-12 schools.

• Addresses Critical Educator Shortages. While the education sector has faced shortages

in critical stafﬁng areas for decades, these shortages have grown worse since the COVID-19

pandemic, highlighting the importance of retaining educators and building strong pipelines

into the profession. Since 2021, the Administration has supported schools in addressing ed-

ucator shortages, including by supporting the expansion of evidence-based pathways such

as residencies and grow your own programs, which may be provided through teacher regis-

tered apprenticeships. The Budget includes $90 million for Supporting Effective Education

Development, $95 million for the Teacher Quality Partnership program, and $30 million for

the Hawkins Centers of Excellence program, to expand the number of prospective teachers

who have access to comprehensive, high-quality pathways and improve the diversity of the

teacher pipeline. The Budget also includes critical investments in recruitment and retention

of teachers and school leaders, and provides $173 million for the Teacher and School Leader

Incentive Fund.

• Increases Support for Children with Disabilities. To support high-quality special edu-

cation services for over seven million Pre-K through 12 students with disabilities, the Budget

provides $14.4 billion for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) State Grants, a

$200 million increase over the 2023 enacted level. Since 2021, the Administration has secured

a $1.3 billion, or 10-percent, increase in annual funding for the program as well as an addition-

al $2.6 billion in American Rescue Plan funds to help students with disabilities recover from

the COVID-19 pandemic. The Budget also invests $545 million in IDEA Grants for Infants

and Families, to provide early intervention services to infants and toddlers with disabilities.

To address nationwide special educator shortages, the Budget also invests $125 million, which

is $10 million above the 2023 enacted level, in grants to prepare special education and early

intervention personnel—addressing another critical educator shortage area.

• Expands Full-Service Community Schools. Community schools continue to be a high

priority for the Administration as they play a critical role in providing comprehensive wrap-

around services to students and their families, including afterschool programs, adult education

opportunities, and health and nutrition services, and have been demonstrated to improve aca-

demic and other outcomes for students. The Budget provides $200 million for this program,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 71

an increase of $50 million above the 2023 enacted level, and a 500-percent, or $120 million,

increase in program funding since the beginning of the Administration.

• Supports Multilingual Learners. The number of students learning English as a second

language continues to grow in the Nation’s schools, and multilingualism is a crucial skill

that all students should develop to be competitive in a global economy. The Budget provides

$940 million for the English Language Acquisition program, an increase of $50 million above

the 2023 enacted level, to help students learning English attain English proﬁciency and achieve

academic success. The Budget provides $72 million in dedicated funding to help schools hire

more bilingual teachers and allow States and districts to provide professional development on

multilingual education for existing teachers and staff.

Education Beyond High School

• Improves College Affordability and Provides Free Community College. To help low-

and middle-income students overcome ﬁnancial barriers to postsecondary education, the

Budget proposes to increase the discretionary maximum Pell Grant by $100 and thereby

expand the reach of the program to over 7.2 million students. The Budget builds on success-

ful bipartisan efforts to increase the maximum Pell Grant award by $900 over the past two

years—the largest increase in more than 10 years. The Budget provides a path to double

the maximum award by 2029 for students attending public and non-proﬁt institutions. The

Budget excludes for-proﬁt institutions from the mandatory increases due to evidence these in-

stitutions are least likely to provide good outcomes for students. The Budget also expands free

community college across the Nation through a Federal-State partnership. In addition, the

Budget provides two years of subsidized tuition for students from families earning less than

$125,000 enrolled in a four-year Historically Black College and University (HBCU), Tribally

Controlled College and University (TCCU), or Minority-Serving Institution (MSI).

• Invests in Services for Student Borrowers. The Budget provides $2.7 billion for the

Ofﬁce of Federal Student Aid (FSA), a $625 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This

additional funding is needed to provide better support to the 46 million student loan borrowers

and make additional and necessary improvements to the new servicing system. This increase

would allow FSA to continue to modernize its digital infrastructure and ensure the success-

ful administration of its ﬁnancial aid programs, including the Free Application for Federal

Student Aid, through a simpliﬁed and streamlined process for students and borrowers.

• Reduces College Costs for Students. High college prices deter many young people from at-

tending the colleges that would be best for them. The Budget includes a $12 billion mandatory

Reducing the Costs of College Fund that would fund three strategies to lower college costs for

students. First, the fund would provide competitive awards for public institutions that afford-

ably deliver a quality education, allowing those schools to use those funds either to serve more

students or to share best practices so that other schools can become more affordable. Second,

the Classroom to Career fund would also provide over $7 billion for States to provide access to

at least 12 credits of transferable career-connected dual enrollment credits to students while

in high school—credits that can enable students to obtain postsecondary degrees more afford-

ably. Third, the fund would support evidence-based strategies, such as the City University of

New York’s Accelerated Study in Associate Programs model, which increase college graduation

rates, reduce cost burdens for students, and lower costs per graduate.

• Eliminates the Origination Fee on Student Loans. The Budget builds on the President’s

historic actions to reduce student debt and the cost of college by eliminating the origination

72 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

fees charged to borrowers on every new Federal student loan. These unnecessary fees burden

anyone who needs to borrow to help get an education and cost American families billions of

dollars.

• Reimagines the Transition from High School to Higher Education. Reimagining tra-

ditional educational pathways to higher education is critical to improving outcomes for all

students. The Budget doubles the funding provided in 2023 for national activities in career

and technical education, including a focus on the Career-Connected High Schools initiative,

which seeks to increase the integration and alignment of the last two years of high school

and the ﬁrst two years of higher education by expanding access to dual enrollment programs,

work-based learning, college and career advising, and the opportunity to earn industry-recog-

nized credentials while in high school.

• Supports Students through Graduation. The Budget supports strategies to improve the

enrollment, retention, transfer, and completion rates of students by investing in the Federal

TRIO Programs and Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for Undergraduate Programs,

and by more than doubling funding for the Postsecondary Student Success Grants Program.

The Budget also promotes student success through investments to support students’ basic

needs, including funding to help students access non-student aid public beneﬁts and to provide

affordable child care for low-income student parents.

• Expands Institutional Capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs—including Hispanic

Serving Institutions (HSIs)—and Community Colleges. The Budget increases institu-

tional capacity at HBCUs, TCCUs, MSIs—including HSIs—and under-resourced institutions,

including community colleges, by providing an increase of $93 million above the 2023 enacted

level. The Budget funding level is $329 million higher than the 2021 enacted level, underscor-

ing the President’s commitment to increasing funding to historically under-served institutions.

The Budget also doubles funding by providing $100 million for four-year HBCUs, TCCUs, and

MSIs to expand research and development infrastructure at these institutions, a program the

President has championed since his ﬁrst year in ofﬁce to address historic disparities in Federal

research and development funding to HBCUs, TCCUs, and MSIs.

Other Key Priorities

• Strengthens Civil Rights Enforcement. The Budget provides $162 million to ED’s Ofﬁce

for Civil Rights (OCR), a $22 million increase above the 2023 enacted level. This funding

would ensure that OCR has the personnel it needs to carry out its mission to protect equal ac-

cess to education through the vigorous enforcement of civil rights laws.

• Advances Opportunities and Manages Risks of Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI). AI has

the potential to provide transformational academic programming and career opportunities for

the Nation’s students, but it also poses signiﬁcant risks to the privacy, opportunity, and well-

being of students and educators. To support implementation of Executive Order 14410, “Safe,

Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence,” the Budget includes

additional resources to enhance the capacity of Department staff, schools, and postsecondary

institutions to achieve the promise of AI while managing inherent risks.

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Creates Jobs by Building Clean Energy Infrastructure and Lowers Energy Prices

for American Families. The Budget provides $1.6 billion for DOE, more than double the

2021 enacted level and 29 percent above the 2023 enacted level, to support clean energy

workforce and infrastructure projects across the Nation, including: $385 million to weath-

erize and retroﬁt homes of low-income Americans; $95 million, $73 million above the 2021

enacted level, to electrify tribal homes, provide technical assistance to advance tribal energy

projects, and transition tribal colleges and universities to renewable energy; $113 million for

the Ofﬁce of Manufacturing and Energy Supply Chains to strengthen domestic clean energy

supply chains; and $102 million to support utilities and State and local governments in build-

ing a grid that is more secure, reliable, resilient, and able to integrate electricity from clean

energy sources. These investments, which complement and bolster the historic funding in

the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act, create good-paying jobs while

driving progress toward the Administration’s climate goals, including producing carbon pollu-

tion-free electricity by 2035. The Budget also provides dedicated funding for the Interagency

Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization to fa-

cilitate a whole-of-Government approach to workforce training, community engagement,

and identiﬁcation of Federal resources to spur economic revitalization in hard-hit energy

communities that have powered the Nation for generations. In addition to building clean en-

ergy infrastructure, the Budget also assumes enactment of the Administration’s request for

$300 million in supplemental funding for 2024 to safeguard the Strategic Petroleum Reserve,

which is a critical energy security asset that has historically protected American consumers

in times of emergency oil shortages.

• Advances Critical Climate Goals. The Budget includes $10.6 billion in DOE climate and

clean energy research, development, demonstration, and deployment programs, an increase of

12 percent above the 2023 enacted level. Notably, these investments include over $1 billion to

The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for supporting the Nation’s prosperity by

addressing its climate, energy, environmental, and nuclear security challenges through

transformative science and technology solutions. The President’s 2025 Budget for DOE builds

on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Ination Reduction Act; invests in innovation for the

energy economy; advances basic research and scientic infrastructure; creates jobs building

clean energy infrastructure; supports the Nation’s energy and environmental justice goals; and

modernizes and ensures the safety and security of the nuclear weapons stockpile.

The Budget requests $51 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $3.6 billion or 7.5-

percent increase from the 2023 level.

74 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

improve technologies to reduce pollution from industrial facilities, nearly $900 million to com-

mercialize technologies like sustainable aviation fuel and zero-emission trucks to reduce

emissions from the transportation sector, and over $2.4 billion in clean energy research and

development to improve carbon-free electricity generation, transmission, distribution, and stor-

age technologies for reliability, resilience, and decarbonization. Speciﬁcally, within the Ofﬁce

of Energy Efﬁciency and Renewable Energy, the Budget includes $502 million for the Vehicle

Technologies Ofﬁce, $280 million for the Bioenergy—including Sustainable Aviation Fuel—

Technologies Ofﬁce, $318 million for the Solar Energy Technologies Ofﬁce, $199 million for the

Wind Energy Technologies Ofﬁce, $179 million for the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies

Ofﬁce, and over $500 million for the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Ofﬁce and the

Industrial Efﬁciency and Decarbonization Ofﬁce. In addition, the Budget invests in advanc-

ing climate modeling within the Biological and Environmental Research program in the Ofﬁce

of Science. Overall, this funding advances efforts crucial for achieving the goal of a 50- to

52-percent reduction from 2005 levels of economy-wide net greenhouse gas pollution in 2030

and economy-wide net-zero emissions no later than 2050, while also reducing energy bills for

American families.

• Builds the Clean Energy Innovation Pipeline. The Budget includes $8.5 billion across

DOE to support researchers and entrepreneurs transforming innovations into commercial

clean energy products, including in areas such as: offshore wind; industrial heat; sustainable

aviation fuel; and grid infrastructure. Across DOE, the Budget provides $325 million to sup-

port the research, development, and demonstration of technologies and processes to increase

the domestic supply of sustainable critical minerals and materials essential for several clean

energy technologies. The Budget supports $76 million to advance technologies that can enable

earlier detection of methane leaks and integrate across a network of methane monitoring sen-

sors for more reliable measurement and mitigation and $150 million to make small quantities

of high-assay, low-enriched uranium (HALEU) available for ongoing advanced nuclear reac-

tor demonstrations. The Budget also assumes enactment of the Administration’s request for

$2.2 billion in 2024 supplemental funding to procure low-enriched uranium (LEU) and HALEU,

which—coupled with a long-term ban on imports of LEU and HALEU from Russia—would

prompt sufﬁcient private sector investment to reinvigorate U.S. uranium enrichment and re-

duce America’s current dependence on Russian imports for roughly 20 percent of LEU used

in civilian nuclear power reactors. The $8.5 billion also includes $845 million, an $81 million

increase above the 2023 enacted level, for a Department-wide initiative to accelerate the viabil-

ity of commercial fusion energy, coordinating academia, national laboratories, and the private

sector, which supports the Bold Decadal Vision for Commercial Fusion Energy. The Budget

funds eight crosscutting DOE Energy Earthshots initiatives which could substantially reduce

the cost of energy for the American consumer through innovations in clean energy generation,

energy efﬁciency, and storage. In addition, the Budget provides $30 million to accelerate com-

mercial demonstration projects through a new national laboratory effort.

• Reduces Health and Environmental Hazards for At-Risk Communities. The Budget

provides $8.2 billion to address legacy waste and contamination in communities used during

the Manhattan Project and the Cold War for nuclear weapons production, including $3.1 billion

to continue cleanup progress at the Hanford site in Washington. The Budget also supports

$205 million to ensure cleanup remedies at Cold War sites remain protective of human health

and the environment. The Administration would ensure the investments for the cleanup of

legacy pollution and long-term stewardship of these sites align with the Justice40 Initiative to

beneﬁt disadvantaged communities.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 75

• Advances Energy Justice and Equity. The Budget supports several key initiatives to

accelerate equity and justice for historically excluded communities to beneﬁt all Americans,

including: $55 million for Community Capacity Building grants to address areas impact-

ed by persistent poverty around DOE sites; $105 million to plan, design, and demonstrate

community-scale energy solutions to mitigate extreme heat in low-income and disadvantaged

communities; and $256 million to build capacity for advancing energy research and develop-

ing a new energy workforce through programs at Historically Black Colleges and Universities,

Minority Serving Institutions, tribal colleges, community colleges, and emerging research in-

stitutions. The Budget also supports systematic implementation of the Justice40 Initiative

and the Department’s equity action plan strategies.

• Maintains World Leading Research through the CHIPS and Science Act and Invests

in Climate Innovation. The Budget invests $8.6 billion for the Ofﬁce of Science to boost

American innovation and sustain American leadership in research and scientiﬁc discovery,

advancing toward the CHIPS and Science Act full authorization level. These investments sup-

port: cutting-edge research at the national laboratories and universities as well as building

and operating world-class scientiﬁc user facilities; identifying and accelerating novel technolo-

gies for clean energy solutions; improving predictability of climate trends and extremes using

high performance computing; providing new computing insight through quantum information;

and positioning the United States to meet the demand for isotopes. The Budget also assumes

enactment of the Administration’s request for $98 million in 2024 supplemental funding for

increased domestic operational capacity for development and production of isotopes. This

funding would decrease U.S. dependence on a foreign supply chain for isotopes which are

critical for the public health, energy, and national security sectors and would increase U.S.

competitiveness in the global market for isotopes.

• Strengthens Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI), Cybersecurity, and Resilience of the Energy

Sector. The Budget provides $455 million to extend the frontiers of AI for science and tech-

nology and to increase AI’s safety, security, and resilience. These investments enhance the

Department’s computing capabilities and support the development of AI testbeds to build

foundation models for energy security, national security, and climate resilience as well as tools

to evaluate AI capabilities to generate outputs that may represent nuclear, nonproliferation,

biological, chemical, critical-infrastructure, and energy security threats or hazards. The fund-

ing also invests in continued support for training new researchers from a diverse array of

backgrounds capable of meeting the rising demand for AI talent.

• Protects the Nation from Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Terrorism. The Budget

enhances DOE capabilities to prevent and respond to WMD terrorist attacks by non-state ac-

tors at home and abroad. The Budget also supports DOE’s long-standing efforts to advance

nuclear and radioactive material security, enhancing U.S. national security, health, and eco-

nomic interests. In addition, the Budget continues investments to develop the next generation

of arms control technologies and experts to help mitigate against emerging and evolving na-

tional security risks.

• Strengthens the Nation’s Nuclear Deterrent. The Budget provides $19.8 billion for

Weapons Activities, $4.5 billion above the 2021 enacted level, to prioritize implementation of

the 2022 National Defense Strategy and Nuclear Posture Review by modernizing the Nation’s

nuclear deterrent to keep the American people safe. The Budget supports a safe, secure, reli-

able, and effective nuclear stockpile and a resilient, responsive nuclear security enterprise

necessary to protect the U.S. homeland and allies from growing international threats.

76 DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

• Powers the Nuclear Navy. DOE’s Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program ensures safe and

reliable operation of reactor plants in nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers. The

Budget prioritizes infrastructure modernization and investments to develop, reﬁne, and de-

liver new technologies to the Navy and maintain America’s advantage over its adversaries.

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

The President’s 2025 Budget:

Reduces Drug and Other Healthcare Costs for All Americans

• Negotiates Lower Drug Prices and Expands Access to Prescription Drugs. Thanks

to action taken by this Administration, millions of seniors are saving money on their drug

costs, and the Administration announced the ﬁrst 10 drugs for which prices will be negoti-

ated by Medicare as it continues implementation of the Inﬂation Reduction Act. The Budget

builds on this success by: signiﬁcantly increasing the pace of negotiation; bringing more

drugs into negotiation sooner after they launch; expanding the Inﬂation Reduction Act’s in-

ﬂation rebates and $2,000 out-of-pocket prescription drug cost cap beyond Medicare and into

the commercial market; and by taking other steps to build on the Inﬂation Reduction Act drug

provisions. In addition, the Budget extends the $35 cost-sharing cap for a month’s supply of

a covered insulin product to the commercial market. For Medicaid, the Budget includes pro-

posals to ensure Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) are prudent

purchasers of prescription drugs, such as authorizing HHS to negotiate supplemental drug

rebates on behalf of interested States in order to pool purchasing power. The Budget also

limits Medicare Part D cost-sharing for high-value generic drugs, such as those used to treat

hypertension and hyperlipidemia, to no more than $2 for Medicare beneﬁciaries. To speed

development and increase access of safe and affordable biosimilar medicines, the Budget

streamlines and modernizes the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) premarket review.

• Expands Access to Quality, Affordable Healthcare. The President and Vice President

believe that healthcare is a right, not a privilege. With enrollment in marketplace coverage

at an all-time high, the Budget builds on the incredible success of the Affordable Care Act by

making permanent the expanded premium tax credits that the Inﬂation Reduction Act ex-

tended and providing Medicaid-like coverage to individuals in States that have not adopted

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for protecting the health

and well-being of Americans through its research, public health, and social services programs.

The President’s 2025 Budget for HHS: expands access to quality, affordable healthcare while

lowering costs; dramatically improves access to early care and learning; advances the Biden

Cancer Moonshot; transforms behavioral healthcare; enhances public health infrastructure and

capabilities to improve health outcomes; bolsters maternal health; advances health equity; and

transforms child welfare.

The Budget requests $130.7 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $2.2 billion or

1.7-percent increase from the 2023 level. This request includes appropriations for the 21st

Century Cures Act and the program integrity cap adjustment.

78 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Medicaid expansion, paired with ﬁnancial incentives to ensure States maintain their existing

expansions. Further, the Budget includes an allowance to ban unwarranted “facility fees” for

telehealth and certain outpatient services in commercial insurance. The Budget also includes

funding for continued implementation of the No Surprises Act, which protects Americans across

the Nation from surprise medical bills. For Medicaid and CHIP, the Budget allows States to

extend the existing 12-month continuous eligibility for all children to 36 months, and allows

States to provide continuous eligibility for children from birth until they turn age six. Further,

the Budget prohibits enrollment fees and premiums in CHIP. The President also supports

eliminating Medicaid funding caps for Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning their

matching rate with States and moving toward parity for other critical Federal programs in-

cluding Supplemental Security Income and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

Honors America’s Commitment to Seniors and Americans in Need

• Protects and Strengthens Medicare and Medicaid. The Budget extends solvency of the

Medicare Hospital Insurance (HI) trust fund indeﬁnitely by ensuring that high-income indi-

viduals contribute their fair share and directing revenue from the Net Investment Income Tax

into the HI trust fund as was originally intended. In addition, the Budget directs an amount

equivalent to the savings from the Budget’s proposed Medicare drug reforms into the HI trust

fund. The Budget proposes to limit the portion of Medicaid and CHIP managed care dollars

spent on administration and incentivize more investments in quality healthcare services by

establishing a medical loss ratio.

• Protects Seniors’ Health and Dignity. The Budget invests $150 billion over 10 years to

improve and expand Medicaid home and community-based services, which allow older adults

and individuals with disabilities to remain in their homes and stay active in their communi-

ties, and improve the quality of jobs for home care workers. In addition, the Budget proposes

to shift funding for nursing home surveys from discretionary to mandatory beginning in 2026,

and increase funding to cover 100 percent of statutorily-mandated surveys, which would guard

against negligent care and ensure that Americans receive high-quality, safe services within

the facilities. The Budget also continues to build on the President’s commitment to protect

the Nation’s seniors through a comprehensive agenda that: improves the safety and quality of

nursing home care; addresses the backlog of complaint surveys from nursing home residents

and their families; expands ﬁnancial penalties for underperforming facilities; requires greater

transparency of nursing facility ownership; and increases the inspection of facilities with seri-

ous safety deﬁciencies.

Invests in the Health and Well-Being of Families and the Next Generation

• Strengthens Families—and the Economy—by Investing in High-Quality Child Care.

From the beginning of this Administration, the President and Vice President have been fo-

cused on child care costs as a critical challenge for families. When child care is reliable,

high-quality, and affordable, parents can make ends meet, advance in their careers, and stay

in the workforce. Children beneﬁt from early childhood experiences that support healthy child

development and provide opportunities to socialize with peers. The President is committed

to providing relief to families and the Budget creates a historic new program under which

working families with incomes up to $200,000 per year would be guaranteed affordable, high-

quality child care from birth until kindergarten, with most families paying no more than $10

a day, and the lowest income families paying nothing. This would provide a lifeline to the par-

ents of more than 16 million children, saving the average family over $600 per month in care

costs, per child. Parents would have the freedom to select a high-quality child care setting.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 79

This investment could help hundreds of thousands of women with young children enter or re-

enter the workforce more quickly. The President’s Council of Economic Advisers found that

recent Federal investments in child care have increased labor force participation among moth-

ers with young children by roughly three percentage points, equivalent to over 300,000 more

women in the labor force. The President’s proposal would also ensure that early care and edu-

cation workers receive fair and competitive pay. The Budget also provides $8.5 billion for the

Child Care and Development Block Grant, a 44-percent increase since 2021, which would con-

tinue to serve school-age children, while most children under age six would be served through

the new program.

• Builds a Strong Foundation for Families with Universal Pre-K and Head Start. The

Budget funds voluntary, universal, free preschool for all four million of the Nation’s four-year-

olds and charts a path to expand preschool to three-year-olds. High-quality preschool would

be offered in the setting of the parent’s choice—from public schools to child care providers to

Head Start. In addition, the Budget increases Head Start funding by $544 million to support

the Administration’s goal to reach pay parity between Head Start staff and public elementary

school teachers with similar qualiﬁcations over time. Together these proposals would support

healthy child development, help children enter kindergarten ready to learn, and support fami-

lies by reducing their costs prior to school entry and allowing parents to work.

• Supports Family Planning Services for More Americans. Americans deserve access to

the healthcare they need, including contraception and family planning services, which are es-

sential to ensuring control over personal decisions about their own health, lives, and families.

For more than 50 years, Title X family planning clinics have played a critical role in ensuring

access to a broad range of high-quality family planning and preventive health services. Most

Title X clients live in poverty and the uninsured rate of Title X users is twice the national av-

erage, making the Title X family planning program a critical part of the public health safety

net. The Budget includes $390 million, a 36-percent increase above the 2023 enacted level, for

the Title X Family Planning program to increase the number of patients served to 3.6 million.

• Reduces Home Energy and Water Costs. The Budget provides $4.1 billion for the Low

Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP). Reducing household energy and wa-

ter costs continues to be a priority for the Administration, as reﬂected in the $7 billion in

additional funding the Administration has secured for LIHEAP since 2021. LIHEAP helps

families access home energy and weatherization assistance—vital tools for protecting vul-

nerable families’ health in response to extreme weather and climate change. As part of the

Justice40 Initiative, HHS plans to continue its efforts to prevent energy shutoffs and increase

support for households with young children and older people, especially those that have high

energy burdens. The Budget also proposes to expand LIHEAP to advance the goals of both

LIHEAP and the Low Income Household Water Assistance Program. Speciﬁcally, the Budget

gives States the option to use a portion of their LIHEAP funds to provide water bill assistance

to low-income households.

• Advances Child and Family Well-Being in the Child Welfare System. With the overarch-

ing goal of keeping families safely together, reducing the number of children entering foster

care, and achieving better outcomes for children, the Budget proposes to expand and incentiv-

ize the use of evidence-based foster care prevention services. The Budget provides States with

support and incentives to place more foster children with relatives or other adults who have an

existing emotional bond with the children instead of in group homes and institutions, and pro-

vides additional funding to support youth who age out of care without a permanent caregiver.

The Budget proposes to nearly double ﬂexible funding for States through the Promoting Safe

80 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

and Stable Families Program, and proposes new provisions to expand access to legal represen-

tation for children and families in the child welfare system. The Budget provides competitive

grants for States and localities to advance reforms that would reduce the overrepresentation

of children and families of color in the child welfare system and address the disparate experi-

ences and outcomes of these families. The Budget also respects the rights of Lesbian, Gay,

Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Intersex individuals and provides more families with the

support they need to remain safely together. In addition, the Budget provides $195 million for

States and community-based organizations to respond to and prevent child abuse.

• Supports America’s Promise to Refugees and Care for Unaccompanied Children.

The Budget builds on the Administration’s October 2023 supplemental request and provides

$9.3 billion for the Ofﬁce of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) to help rebuild the Nation’s refugee

resettlement infrastructure and support the resettling of up to 125,000 refugees in 2025. The

Budget also helps ensure that unaccompanied immigrant children receive appropriate sup-

port and services while they are in ORR’s care and are uniﬁed with relatives and sponsors as

safely and quickly as possible. This funding would allow ORR to continue the programmatic

improvements the Administration has made, including expanding access to counsel to help

children navigate complex immigration court proceedings and enhancing case management

and post-release services. In addition, the Budget includes an emergency contingency fund

that would provide additional resources, beyond the $9.3 billion, when there are unanticipated

increases in the number of unaccompanied children.

Transforms Behavioral Healthcare

• Invests in Behavioral Healthcare. In 2022, almost a quarter of adults suffered from men-

tal illness, 13 percent of adolescents had serious thoughts of suicide, and overdose deaths

continued near record highs. As a core pillar of his Unity Agenda, the President released a

national strategy to transform how to understand and address mental health in America—and

the Budget makes progress on this agenda by improving access to care for individuals and

communities. The Budget makes signiﬁcant investments in expanding the 988 Suicide and

Crisis Lifeline that is projected to respond to 7.5 million contacts from individuals in distress

in 2025 alone. In addition, the Budget: expands mental healthcare and support services in

schools; expands the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) suicide prevention

program to additional States, and tribal and territorial jurisdictions; increases funding for the

Children’s Mental Health Initiative by $50 million; doubles funding for the Mental Health

Crisis Partnership Program; and invests in strengthening the behavioral health workforce—

including integration into primary care settings. The Budget also expands access to behavioral

health services through signiﬁcant investments in Certiﬁed Community Behavioral Health

Clinics and Community Mental Health Centers. In addition, the Budget provides $1 billion

to advance health information technology adoption and engagement in interoperability for

certain behavioral health providers.

• Expands Coverage of Behavioral Healthcare Services. The Budget further builds on the

President’s Unity Agenda by increasing access to behavioral health services through expanded

coverage. For Medicare beneﬁciaries, the Budget ensures parity of coverage between behav-

ioral and physical conditions, expands access to a broader range of behavioral health provider

types, and reduces costs for patients receiving behavioral health services. The Budget also

proposes to extend incentive payment programs for Medicare providers in areas with clinician

shortages to a broader set of clinicians, including behavioral health clinicians. For people with

commercial insurance, the Budget expands coverage of mental health beneﬁts and strength-

ens the network of behavioral health providers.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 81

• Expands Access to Treatment for Substance Use Disorder. The Administration has

made historic advances in expanding access to treatment for opioid use disorder, including

signing into law a bipartisan provision to expand the number of medical providers who can

initiate buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder from 129,000 to nearly two million,

a 15-fold increase that can expand treatment to rural and underserved areas. Funding for

States, Territories, and Tribes through the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery

Services Block Grant and the State Opioid Response grant program have grown by a combined

seven percent since 2021, expanding access to prevention, harm reduction, treatment, and

recovery support services nationwide. The Budget builds on these accomplishments by in-

creasing funding for the State Opioid Response grant program, which has provided treatment

services to over 1.2 million people and enabled States to reverse more than 500,000 overdoses

with over nine million purchased overdose reversal medication kits. The Budget also invests

in a new technical assistance center to strengthen health providers understanding and treat-

ment of women’s mental health and substance use.

Invests in Medical Innovation, Scientiﬁc Breakthroughs,

and the Treatments of Tomorrow

• Advances Progress toward Biden Cancer Moonshot Goals. The President and First

Lady reignited the Biden Cancer Moonshot to mobilize a national effort to end cancer as we

know it—spurring tremendous action across the Federal Government and from the public

and private sectors and building a strong foundation for the work ahead. To date, the Biden

Cancer Moonshot has announced roughly 50 new programs, policies, and resources to address

ﬁve priority actions including: improving access to cancer screening; understanding and ad-

dressing environmental and toxic exposures; making progress on cancer prevention; driving

innovation to reach communities and individuals; and boosting support for patients, families,

and caregivers. More than 100 private companies, non-proﬁts, academic institutions, and pa-

tient groups have also stepped up with new actions and collaborations. The Budget makes

signiﬁcant investments to work toward the President and First Lady’s signature Biden Cancer

Moonshot goal of reducing the cancer death rate by at least 50 percent over the next 25 years

and improving the experience of people who are living with or who have survived cancer.

These include an increase of more than $2 billion across the National Cancer Institute, FDA,

CDC, cancer projects at the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health, and additional

mandatory funds for the Indian Health Service (IHS) beginning in 2026.

• Closes Research Gaps in Women’s Health. The President and the First Lady launched

the ﬁrst-ever White House Initiative on Women’s Health Research, recognizing that wom-

en have been understudied and underrepresented in health research for far too long. The

Initiative is working across Government to better integrate women’s health within the Federal

research portfolio and catalyze signiﬁcant private and philanthropic commitments to increase

funding for women’s health research. The Administration proposes to transform the way the

Government funds women’s health research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), includ-

ing by creating a new nationwide network of centers of excellence and innovation in women’s

health. The Budget would also double existing funding for the Ofﬁce of Research on Women’s

Health at NIH. These new resources would make investments that maximize the ability to

prevent, diagnose, and treat health conditions in women and ensure women get the answers

they need when it comes to their health.

82 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Advances Health Equity

• Promotes Maternal Health and Health Equity. The United States has the highest mater-

nal mortality rate among developed nations, and rates are disproportionately high for Black,

American Indian and Alaska Native, and rural women. Since 2021, funding to reduce maternal

mortality has grown by over $190 million, demonstrating this Administration’s commitment to

addressing needs in this area. The Budget continues this progress by including $376 million,

an increase of $82 million above the 2023 enacted level to support the ongoing implementation

of the White House Blueprint for Addressing the Maternal Health Crisis, launched by the Vice

President, to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity rates, and address the highest rates of

perinatal health disparities. The Budget expands Medicaid maternal health support services

during the pregnancy and postpartum period by incentivizing States to reimburse a broad

range of providers including doulas, community health workers, peer support initiatives, and

nurse home visiting programs. In addition, the Budget builds on the success of the more than

40 States that answered the Vice President’s call to extend Medicaid postpartum coverage by

requiring all States to provide continuous Medicaid coverage for 12 months postpartum, elimi-

nating gaps in health insurance at a critical time for all women.

• Guarantees Adequate and Stable Funding for IHS. The Administration is committed

to upholding the United States’ responsibility to tribal nations by addressing the historical

underfunding of IHS. The enactment of an advance appropriation for 2024 for IHS was a

historic and welcome step toward the goal of eventually securing adequate and stable funding

for IHS that will provide needed improvements in access to care and the overall health sta-

tus of American Indians and Alaska Natives. The Budget requests $8 billion in discretionary

resources in 2025, a 12-percent increase over the 2021 enacted level. Included increases are

for clinical services, preventative health, facilities construction, contract support costs, and

tribal leases. Beginning in 2026, the Budget proposes all resources as mandatory. Mandatory

funding would: close longstanding service and facility shortfalls over time; improve access

to high-quality healthcare; and fund key Administration priorities, such as the Biden Cancer

Moonshot. The Budget also proposes to reauthorize and increase funding for the Special

Diabetes Program for Indians, which has been critical in lowering the prevalence of diabetes

in Indian Country.

• Advances Rural Health. With over 60 million Americans living in rural areas, the Budget

invests in direct primary care and mental healthcare services, expanded infrastructure, and

assistance for rural hospitals to remain open and provide high-quality services in these critical

communities.

Protects and Strengthens Public Health and Health Infrastructure

• Helps Communities Respond to and Recover from Gun Violence. Gun violence is a

signiﬁcant public health problem in the United States and is the leading cause of death for

children and teens. The effects of gun violence extend beyond victims and their families. Gun

violence can overwhelm communities and lead to short- and long-term needs. The Budget

invests a total of $2.5 billion in discretionary and mandatory funds over 10 years in CDC to

support an evidence-based community violence initiative. The initiative would address the

causes of violence in communities and help reduce the health inequities that characterize

such violence across the United States. The Budget also includes $60 million for gun violence

research across CDC and NIH.

• Enhances Biodefense and Public Health Infrastructure. Over the past three years,

substantial progress has been made toward developing and implementing transformational

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 83

capabilities to increase the Nation’s ability to respond to and prepare for emerging health

threats. Building upon this progress, the Budget invests $9.8 billion in both discretionary and

mandatory Prevention and Public Health Fund funding, an increase of $499 million over the

2023 enacted level, to bolster public health capacity that would enable CDC to better serve

and protect the American public. These resources would continue to strengthen State, tribal,

local, and territorial health departments, enhance public health data systems and collection,

and improve the core immunization program. In addition, the Budget includes $20 billion in

mandatory funding for HHS public health agencies in support of the Administration’s biode-

fense priorities as outlined in the 2022 National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan

for Countering Biological Threats, Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness, and Achieving Global

Health Security.

• Strengthens Domestic Medical and Food Supply Chains. The Administration has made

historic investments over the past three years to increase the resiliency of America’s supply

chains. Using Defense Production Act authorities, HHS expanded domestic manufacturing

capacity of medical countermeasures to make access to lifesaving drugs and vaccines more

reliable and quickly scalable to respond to future threats. The Budget builds on this progress

by investing $75 million in the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response to

manufacture more essential medicines, medical countermeasures, and critical inputs in the

United States and $12 million to strengthen FDA’s capacity to identify and address potential

disruptions and shortage threats. The Budget also expands end-to-end supply chain visibility

to priority FDA-designated essential medicines and devices to prepare for and mitigate po-

tential shortages. The Budget institutionalizes HHS’s supply chain resilience and shortage

mitigation efforts in a new ofﬁce to coordinate Department-wide activities, strategy, and guid-

ance for drugs, biologics, medical devices, and critical foods.

• Invests in the Treatment and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. The Budget invests

in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including Hepatitis C, HIV, and vac-

cine-preventable diseases. The Budget proposes a national program to signiﬁcantly expand

screening, testing, treatment, prevention, and monitoring of Hepatitis C infections in the

United States, with a speciﬁc focus on populations with high infection levels. To help end the

HIV epidemic, the Budget eliminates barriers to accessing pre-exposure prophylaxis—also

known as PrEP—for Medicaid beneﬁciaries and proposes a new mandatory program to guar-

antee PrEP at no cost for all uninsured and underinsured individuals and provide essential

wrap-around services. The Budget also invests in State and local efforts to promote equity

and protect civil rights through a new initiative to modernize outdated criminal statutes with

a discriminatory impact on HIV-positive individuals. In addition, the Budget proposes a new

Vaccines for Adults program to provide uninsured adults with access to routine and outbreak

vaccines at no cost. The Budget also expands the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program to in-

clude all children under age 19 enrolled in CHIP and covers the vaccine administration fee for

all VFC-eligible uninsured children.

• Invests in Healthcare Cybersecurity. Cyber attacks on the healthcare system disrupt

patient care and put patient safety at risk, and the healthcare system continues to be a target

for cyber criminals. From 2018 to 2022, there was a 95-percent increase in large data breach-

es reported to HHS, including ransomware attacks. In line with the National Cybersecurity

Strategy, which emphasizes a whole-of-Nation approach to addressing the ongoing cyber

threat, the Budget invests in protecting the Nation’s healthcare system from cyber threats.

The Budget includes funding for the Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response

to coordinate HHS’s cybersecurity efforts. The Budget provides $800 million to help high-

need, low-resourced hospitals cover the upfront costs associated with implementing essential

84 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

cybersecurity practices, and $500 million for an incentive program to encourage all hospitals

to invest in advanced cybersecurity practices. The Budget also provides $141 million to con-

tinue strengthening HHS’s ability to protect and defend HHS systems and information while

supporting the Healthcare and Public Health Sector, including $11 million to expand and en-

hance HHS’s capacity to protect the privacy and security of health information through Health

Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 modernization. The Budget also invests

in HHS’s role in promoting the use of artiﬁcial intelligence in healthcare and public health

while protecting against its risks.

• Modernizes Organ Donor Systems and Networks. In 2023, the President signed into law

the Securing the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Act to overhaul and

break up the monopoly that controlled the organ transplant system for decades. This law will

help modernize the organ transplant system used to allocate and distribute donor organs to

individuals waiting for transplants. The Budget includes critical funding that would support

lifesaving reforms to the system to make it more agile, user friendly, accountable, and equi-

table, resulting in increased access to donor organs. The Budget also helps to facilitate and

encourage transplants for Medicare beneﬁciaries through expanded support for living organ

donors.

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Reiterates the Administration’s Request for Immediate Funding to Secure the

Border, Build Capacity to Enforce Immigration Law, and Counter Fentanyl. In

October 2023, the Administration transmitted an emergency supplemental request for the

Southwest border and migration issues totaling $11.8 billion, of which $8.7 billion was for

DHS. The Budget includes, and therefore reiterates the need for, the unmet needs from the

October 2023 supplemental request. In addition to urgent requirements, the request in-

cludes investments to build longer-term capacity in the areas of border security, immigration

enforcement, and countering fentanyl, totaling $2.9 billion for DHS. This amount includes:

$405 million to hire 1,300 additional Border Patrol Agents to secure the border; $239 million to

hire 1,000 additional U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Ofﬁcers to stop fentanyl and

other contraband from entering the United States; $755 million to hire an additional 1,600

Asylum Ofﬁcers and support staff to facilitate timely immigration dispositions; $100 million

for Homeland Security Investigations to investigate and disrupt transnational criminal or-

ganizations and drug trafﬁckers; and $849 million for cutting-edge detection technology at

ports of entry. Taken together, these long-term capacity-building investments represent the

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is responsible for: protecting the United States

from threats and hazards by preventing terrorism; securing the Nation’s land and maritime

borders; enforcing U.S. immigration laws; protecting the President and other key ofcials;

securing Federal cyberspace and critical infrastructure; and ensuring disaster resilience,

response, and recovery. The President’s 2025 Budget for DHS advances climate resilience,

Federal cybersecurity, maritime security, and humane border enforcement. Resources in the

2025 Budget build on prior-year investments in the DHS workforce, cybersecurity, border security,

and hazard mitigation.

The Budget requests $62.2 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a 2-percent increase

above the 2023 level, when controlling for a proposal to use a greater portion of Passenger

Security Fees to offset the Transportation Security Administration’s (TSA) topline. The Budget

also includes a proposed $4.7 billion Southwest Border Contingency Fund to respond to changing

conditions on the Southwest border, which, if fully accessed, would increase the DHS request to

10 percent above the 2023 level.

In addition, the Budget includes a request for unmet needs from the Administration’s October

2023 border and disaster supplemental requests, including investments to build additional DHS

border and immigration capacity to better address conditions at the border and counter illegal

fentanyl trafcking.

86 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Administration’s vision for ensuring the Nation’s border security and immigration system can

effectively respond to challenges present along the border. In addition, the Administration ap-

preciates the Senate’s bipartisan border legislation that would make additional investments

in DHS and provide authorities to bolster the Department’s efforts to secure and manage the

border.

• Continues to Invest in Critical Capabilities Needed for Border and Immigration

Enforcement. Strengthening border security and providing safe, lawful pathways for migra-

tion remain top priorities for the Administration. The Budget builds on the Administration’s

October 2023 supplemental request to include $25.9 billion for CBP and U.S. Immigration

and Customs Enforcement (ICE), an increase of $1.9 billion over the 2023 enacted level when

controlling for border management amounts. The Budget includes: funds for CBP to hire an

additional 350 Border Patrol Agents and 310 processing coordinators; $127 million for border

security technology between ports of entry; and $86 million in air and maritime operational

support that is central to efforts to secure the border. The Budget also includes: funds to

support 34,000 ICE immigration detention beds; $225 million to address increased transporta-

tion and removal costs; and $34 million to combat child exploitation, forced labor, and human

trafﬁcking.

• Enables Resources to Scale Border Enforcement Capacity to Conditions on the

Southwest Border. Given the uncertainty surrounding border conditions in any given year,

the Budget proposes a $4.7 billion contingency fund to aid the Department and its components

when responding to migration surges along the Southwest border. Modeled on a contingency

fund provided for unaccompanied children, each ﬁscal year the fund would receive appropria-

tions incrementally, and above the base appropriation, as Southwest border encounters reach

pre-identiﬁed levels. DHS would be limited to obligating funds for surge-related functions,

and would transfer funds to CBP, ICE, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

accounts for valid surge-related obligations.

• Supports Refugee Processing. As part of the Administration’s commitment to wel-

come 125,000 refugees annually, the Budget proposes $145 million for U.S. Citizenship and

Immigration Services (USCIS) International Refugee Affairs Division.

• Protects the Homeland from the Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

Terrorism. To ensure the security of the homeland from all types of terrorism threats, the

Budget provides $418 million for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD). The

CWMD ofﬁce works across Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial governments and the

private sector to prevent WMD use against the homeland and promote readiness against

chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. The Budget enhances the ability of

high-risk urban areas across the United States to detect and prevent terrorist attacks using

nuclear or other radiological material, through critical protection programs such as the Global

Nuclear Detection Architecture, Securing the Cities, Radiation Portal Monitor Program, and

Mobile Deployment Detection Program.

• Supports Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security. To make U.S. cyberspace more

resilient and secure, the Budget provides $3 billion for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure

Security Agency (CISA), an increase of $103 million over the 2023 enacted level. This includes:

$470 million to deploy Federal network tools, including endpoint detection and response capa-

bilities; $394 million for CISA’s internal cybersecurity and analytical capabilities; $41 million

for critical infrastructure security coordination; and $116 million for critical infrastructure

cyber event reporting.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 87

• Deploys Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI) Responsibly. Recognizing that rapid advancements

in AI and machine learning bring with them both opportunities and the potential for misuse,

the Budget includes $5 million to open an ofﬁce at DHS responsible for: coordinating the

Department’s use of AI; promoting AI innovation; and managing risks from the use of AI,

including risks to rights and safety. Additional AI funds are also requested for existing pro-

grams in ICE, CBP, and FEMA to ensure investment and expansion of the DHS AI mission, in

support of Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of

Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

• Invests in Climate and Natural Disaster Resilience. As part of the Administration’s

efforts to build a climate resilient Nation, the Budget provides $4.4 billion for DHS’s climate

resilience programs. This is in addition to $1 billion provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law for 2025. The Budget helps State and local communities, Tribes, and Territories build

climate resilience through various FEMA grant and technical assistance programs, in support

of the National Climate Resilience Framework. The Budget includes $531 million for ﬂood haz-

ard mapping, including the development of new data to support future ﬂood conditions so that

communities and Americans have the most up-to-date information regarding their ﬂood risk.

• Supports State, Local, Tribal, Territorial, and Community Preparedness. The

Budget proposes $3.2 billion for FEMA grants that support jurisdictions to prevent, protect

against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from terrorism and natural disasters. The Budget

increases funds for priority grant programs including: $770 million for ﬁreﬁghter grants,

which is $50 million above the 2023 enacted level; $375 million for Emergency Management

Performance Grants, which is $20 million above the 2023 enacted level; and $385 million for

the Nonproﬁt Security Grant Program, which is $80 million above the 2023 enacted level, and

provides vital security assistance to threatened nonproﬁts, including houses of worship.

• Reiterates the Need for Additional Disaster Relief and Security Amounts. In October

2023, the Administration transmitted an emergency supplemental request for domestic re-

quirements totaling $56 billion, of which $9.2 billion was for DHS. The Budget includes, and

therefore reiterates the need for, the unmet needs for FEMA from the October 2023 domestic

supplemental request. This amount includes $9 billion for the Disaster Relief Fund to address

ongoing recovery needs in communities that have suffered major disasters, and close the gap

between disaster costs and available funding in 2024. The Budget also reiterates the supple-

mental request for $200 million for FEMA’s Nonproﬁt Security Grant Program to support

nonproﬁt institutions at risk of terrorist attacks.

• Enhances America’s Presence in the Indo-Paciﬁc Region. Increasing America’s pres-

ence in the Indo-Paciﬁc region is critical to strengthening security and prosperity in Asia. The

Budget includes $263 million to increase Coast Guard presence in the Indo-Paciﬁc: $200 million

to procure two additional Fast Response Cutters; and $63 million to support training, partner-

ships, and regional engagement. This investment contributes to: building a more stable, free,

and open region with unrestricted access to the maritime commons for all nations; advancing

the existing rules-based international order; and solidifying the United States as a trusted

partner in the region.

• Supports Presidential Campaign and Special Event Security. The Budget includes

$2.9 billion for the Secret Service, including funds to meet both protective and investigative

mission requirements. Of this amount, the Budget includes $70 million for security related to

the 2024 Presidential Campaign and inauguration and $16 million to begin security prepara-

tions for the 2026 World Cup.

88 DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

• Modernizes TSA Pay and Workforce Policies. The TSA workforce deserves to be fair-

ly compensated at rates comparable with their peers in the Federal workforce. The Budget

includes an additional $1.5 billion to fully fund the TSA pay equity initiative. Since imple-

menting pay parity in July 2023, TSA has already seen an 11-percent reduction in attrition,

and is making gains in retaining what has historically been a workforce with high turnover.

DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is responsible for creating

healthy, safe, sustainable, and inclusive communities and affordable homes. The President’s

2025Budget for HUD: protects and expands rental assistance for low-income families; provides

new projects to prevent and reduce homelessness; takes steps to address affordable housing

supply shortages; protects vulnerable populations from housing instability and health hazards;

and prevents and redresses housing-related discrimination.

The Budget requests $72.6 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a nearly

$500million, or 0.7-percent increase from the 2023 level. In recognition of challenges in the

housing market, the Budget also includes signicant mandatory and tax proposals to prioritize

and expand rental assistance, homeownership, and affordable and climate resilient housing

supply across the Nation.

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Expands Access to Affordable Rent through the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV)

Program. The HCV program currently provides 2.3 million low-income families with rental

assistance to obtain housing in the private market. The Budget proposes $32.8billion in dis-

cretionary funding, an increase of $2.5 billion over the 2023 level, and assumes Public Housing

Agencies will draw $963 million from HCV program reserves to maintain and protect criti-

cal services for all currently assisted families. The Budget also reﬂects the Administration’s

continued commitment to expand assistance, supporting an additional 20,000 households,

particularly those who are experiencing homelessness or ﬂeeing, or attempting to ﬂee, domes-

tic violence or other forms of gender-based violence. To further ensure that more households

have access to safe and affordable housing, the Budget includes mandatory funding to sup-

port two populations that are particularly vulnerable to homelessness—youth aging out of

foster care and extremely low-income (ELI) veterans. The Budget provides $9 billion to

establish a housing voucher program for all 20,000 youth aging out of foster care annually,

and provides $13 billion to incrementally expand rental assistance for 400,000 ELI veteran

families, paving a path to guaranteed assistance for all who have served the Nation and are

in need. Since the beginning of this Administration, HUD has expanded voucher assistance

to over 100,000 additional families, and the Budget continues this progress by expanding

voucher access to hundreds of thousands of families.

• Increases Affordable Housing Supply to Reduce Housing Costs. Access to safe and

affordable housing is a critical foundation of the President’s economic vision. The Budget

builds on previous investments and actions by the Administration to boost housing supply

90 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

and lower housing costs, particularly for lower- and middle-income households. The Budget

invests $1.3 billion in the HOME Investment Partnerships Program (HOME) to construct and

rehabilitate affordable rental housing and provide homeownership opportunities. To further

address the critical shortage of affordable housing in communities throughout the Nation,

the Budget provides $20 billion in mandatory funding for a new Innovation Fund for Housing

Expansion, which would be a competitive grant program for municipalities and other entities

that develop concrete plans for expanding housing supply, with additional funding for hous-

ing affordability pilots. The Budget also provides $7.5 billion in mandatory funding for new

Project-Based Rental Assistance contracts to incentivize the development of new climate-re-

silient affordable housing. The Budget expands the existing Low-Income Housing Tax Credit

and proposes a new Neighborhood Homes Tax Credit. Together these proposals would expand

the supply of safe and affordable housing, bring new units to market, and ultimately help curb

cost growth across the broader rental market.

• Advances Efforts to End Homelessness. The Budget provides $4.1 billion, an increase of

$427 million over the 2023 level, for Homeless Assistance Grants to continue supporting ap-

proximately 1.2 million people experiencing homelessness each year and to expand assistance

to approximately 25,000 additional households, speciﬁcally survivors of domestic violence and

homeless youth. In addition, the Administration plans to use approximately $100 million

in program recaptures to fund coordinated interventions to support nearly 11,000 addition-

al homeless individuals and families. These new resources support the Administration’s

commitment to the goals laid out in the All In: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End

Homelessness and build on efforts that have expanded assistance to roughly 140,000 addi-

tional households experiencing homelessness since the President took ofﬁce. The Budget

also provides $505 million, or $6 million above the 2023 level, for Housing Opportunities for

Persons with AIDS, serving a population with a disproportionately high rate of homelessness

and providing a critical link to services. The Budget further reﬂects the Administration’s com-

mitment to make progress toward ending homelessness by providing $8 billion in mandatory

funding for the acquisition, construction, or operation of housing to expand housing options for

people experiencing or at-risk of homelessness, as well as $3 billion in mandatory funding for

grants to provide counseling and emergency rental assistance to older adult renters at-risk of

homelessness.

• Supports Economic Development and Removes Barriers to Affordable Housing. The

Budget provides $2.9 billion for the Community Development Block Grant program to assist

communities in modernizing infrastructure, investing in climate resilience and economic de-

velopment, creating parks and other public amenities, and providing social services. Within

this amount, up to $100million is provided to expand Pathways to Removing Obstacles to

Housing, a competitive program that builds upon ongoing HUD research on land use and af-

fordable housing by rewarding State, local, and regional jurisdictions that make progress in

removing barriers to affordable housing developments, such as restrictive zoning. States and

localities that embrace efforts to increase their supply of housing would ease cost growth for

renters and homebuyers in those areas.

• Reduces Lead and Other Home Health Hazards for Vulnerable Families. The Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention identiﬁes the risk for lead exposure as greatest for children

from racial and ethnic minority groups and children in families living below the poverty level.

To help protect families from these health hazards, the Budget provides $350 million for States,

local governments, and nonproﬁts to reduce lead-based paint and other health hazards, espe-

cially in the homes of low-income families with young children, as part of the Administration’s

Justice40 Initiative. To more efﬁciently deliver assistance, the Budget transforms how States

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 91

and local governments receive funds through a new formula grant program to more effectively

fund lead and other home health hazard mitigation efforts for the most vulnerable and at-risk

families across the Nation. The Budget targets $67million speciﬁcally to prevent and mitigate

lead-based paint and housing-related health hazards, such as ﬁre safety and mold, in public

housing, an increase of $2 million above the 2023 level.

• Expands Access to Homeownership and Reduces Down Payments for First-Time

and First-Generation Homebuyers. The Budget proposes a new Mortgage Relief Credit to

help increase access to affordable housing. The proposal includes a new tax credit for middle-

class homebuyers of up to $10,000 over two years to ease affordability challenges. In addition,

to unlock starter home inventory for ﬁrst-time homebuyers and help middle-class families

who are “locked in” to their current homes because of lower mortgage rates at the time of pur-

chase, the proposal also includes a credit of up to $10,000 for one year to middle-class families

who sell their starter home—a home at or below the area median home price—to another

owner-occupant. The Budget also provides $10 billion in mandatory funding for a new First-

Generation Down Payment Assistance program to help address homeownership and wealth

gaps. In addition, the Budget preserves the Administration’s progress in expanding access to

homeownership for underserved borrowers, including many ﬁrst-time and minority homebuy-

ers, through Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Ginnie Mae credit guarantees. In

2023, ﬁrst-time homebuyers accounted for over 80 percent of FHA-insured home purchase

loans. The Budget also includes up to $50 million for a HOME down payment assistance pi-

lot program that would reduce mortgage down payments for ﬁrst-generation as well as low

wealth ﬁrst-time homebuyers.

• Supports Eviction Prevention Efforts. The Budget provides $3 billion in mandatory fund-

ing for competitive grants to promote and solidify State and local efforts to reform eviction

policies by providing access to legal counsel, emergency rental assistance, and other forms of

rent relief. The Budget also includes $10 million for the Eviction Protection Grant Program,

which provides legal assistance to low-income tenants at risk of or subject to eviction.

• Advances Equity by Preventing and Redressing Housing Discrimination and

through Other Government-Wide Priorities. The Budget provides $86 million, equal

to the 2023 level, to support State and local fair housing enforcement organizations and to

further education, outreach, and training on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair

housing laws. The Budget also preserves robust funding for HUD stafﬁng and technical as-

sistance to afﬁrmatively further fair housing, improve access to affordable housing, address

gender-based violence, and combat housing discrimination, including discrimination in tenant

and homebuyer screening and advertising in furtherance of Executive Order 14110, “Safe,

Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

• Improves the Quality of HUD-Assisted Housing. The Budget provides $26.5 billion

in funding to support HUD-assisted multifamily properties and Public Housing to serve

2.2million low-income families. In addition to ongoing efforts to make HUD-assisted multi-

family housing more resilient and energy efﬁcient—the Green and Resilient Retroﬁt Program,

the Budget includes $112 million for preservation and greening of HUD-assisted housing via

the Rental Assistance Demonstration. The Budget also centralizes funding for inspections for

these properties, which would enhance HUD’s ability to identify and address ﬁnancial and

physical risks and would complement HUD’s modernized National Standards for Physical

Inspection of Real Estate building maintenance standards. To further complement these ef-

forts, the Budget provides $7.5 billion in mandatory funding for comprehensive modernization

of targeted Public Housing communities.

92 DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Communities. Native Americans are seven

times more likely to live in overcrowded conditions and ﬁve times more likely to have inad-

equate plumbing, kitchen, or heating systems than all U.S. households. The Budget provides

$1.1 billion, a $33 million increase above the 2023 level, to support tribal efforts to expand

affordable housing, improve housing conditions and infrastructure, and increase economic op-

portunities for low-income families. Of this total, $150 million would prioritize activities that

advance resilience and energy efﬁciency in housing-related projects.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Honors Commitments to Tribal Communities. Incorporating feedback from tribal con-

sultations, the Budget continues to provide robust support for indigenous communities and

upholds Federal trust responsibilities while working to advance equity. The Budget includes

$4.6 billion for DOI’s tribal programs, $514 million above the 2023 enacted level and more

than $1 billion over the 2021 enacted level, to support public safety and justice, human and

social services, and education. The Budget continues to propose reclassiﬁcation of Contract

Support Costs and the Indian Self-Determination Act Section 105(l) leases as mandatory

spending, beginning in 2026, to provide certainty for tribal communities in meeting these

ongoing requirements with dedicated funding. Budget resources across DOI’s tribal pro-

grams build on historic investments in the American Rescue Plan and complement Inﬂation

Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law investments to ensure long-term success in

addressing critical infrastructure and climate adaptation needs in indigenous communities.

• Invests in Key Tribal Programs. The Budget includes over $700 million in Tribal Public

Safety and Justice funding at DOI, a $71 million increase over the 2023 enacted level, to sup-

port critical law enforcement and tribal court needs in Indian Country. The Budget supports

and protects funding for economic development and other tribal community programs and pro-

poses increases over the 2023 enacted level, including: an increase of $26 million for climate

resilience and natural resources management; a $77million increase for education programs

across Bureau of Indian Education schools; a $38 million increase for tribal human services

programs; and an increase of $12 million for native language and cultural revitalization

The Department of the Interior (DOI) manages and conserves the Nation’s natural resources

and cultural heritage, and supports the Administration’s efforts to address the climate crisis

and transition the Nation to clean energy. The President’s 2025 Budget for DOI: protects

environmental resources by investing in ecosystem restoration, wildre management, and public

land resilience to ensure healthy lands and waters; enhances programs that advance racial and

economic justice and honors commitments to tribal nations; and supports development in U.S.

Territories and freely associated states.

The Budget requests $17.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $0.8 billion or

4.8-percent increase from the 2023 level. The 2025 Budget advances DOI’s mission through

investments in wildre management, tribal programs, ecosystem restoration, national park

operations, western water infrastructure, and climate resilience. The Budget demonstrates the

continued support of the Compacts of Free Association with Palau, the Federated States of

Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands, which are critical to U.S. national security.

94 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

programs addressing needs highlighted by the Federal Boarding School Initiative and its re-

cently concluded Road to Healing Tour. To strengthen tribal land management and promote

tribal sovereignty through tribal co-stewardship, the Budget includes a new $8 million alloca-

tion of mandatory funding from the Land and Water Conservation Fund to support tribal land

acquisition for conservation and outdoor recreation.

• Strengthens Climate Resilience in Communities and Ecosystems. Across America,

communities are enduring historic and catastrophic ﬂooding, wildﬁres, extreme heat, drought,

and more, while longer-term changes in temperature will continue to affect ecosystems and

the economies that depend on them. The intensifying impacts of climate change are costing

lives, disrupting livelihoods, and causing billions of dollars in damages. The Budget provides

$5.5 billion in climate adaptation and resilience to address the increasing severity of extreme

weather events fueled by climate change. As a key steward of America’s public lands and

waters, and with a primary responsibility to uphold the Nation’s commitments to American

Indians and Alaska Natives, DOI plays a critical role in combating the climate crisis. The

Budget provides DOI the resources to invest in community partnerships and science-based

land management. The Budget complements the historic Bipartisan Infrastructure Law

and the Inﬂation Reduction Act, which dedicate more than $50 billion across the Federal

Government to advance climate resilience strategies in every community in America, includ-

ing in support of the Justice40 Initiative to ensure that these investments reach communities

that need them the most.

• Advances Climate Science. The Budget includes $275million at DOI to continue to lever-

age science to better understand the impacts of climate change and to inform and improve

land management practices from the Federal to the local level. The Budget includes additional

funding for the U.S. Geological Survey’s Climate Adaptation Science Centers, which partners

scientists with natural and cultural resource managers and local communities to help ﬁsh,

wildlife, water, land, and people adapt to climate change. The Budget also provides increases

for science that would support land management decisions, including funding to better map

migration corridors for big game populations and to develop actionable science and tools for

drought response.

• Invests in America’s Brave Wildland Fireﬁghters. The Budget builds on the

Administration’s historic investments in the wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce at DOI and the

Department of Agriculture, including investments from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

by supporting implementation of permanent and comprehensive pay reform, enhancement of

health services, hiring of additional permanent and temporary wildland ﬁreﬁghters to increase

capacity, and improvement of Government housing. These investments, totaling $135million

over the comparable 2023 enacted level for DOI, would help address long-standing recruit-

ment and retention challenges, increase the Departments’ capacity to complete critical risk

mitigation work, and further the Administration’s commitment to build a more robust and re-

silient wildland ﬁreﬁghting workforce as the frequency and intensity of catastrophic wildﬁres

continue to increase due to climate change.

• Continues to Advance Clean Energy Development on Public Lands. The Budget in-

cludes $142 million, an increase of $31 million above the 2023 enacted level, to continue the

Administration’s progress in deploying clean energy on public lands and waters, spurring eco-

nomic development and creating thousands of good-paying jobs, while conserving biodiversity.

The Budget supports the leasing, planning, and permitting of solar, wind, and geothermal en-

ergy projects, and associated transmission infrastructure that would help mitigate the causes

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 95

of climate change and support the Administration’s goal of deploying 30 gigawatts of offshore

wind capacity by 2030 and 25gigawatts of clean energy capacity on public lands by 2025.

• Commits to Tribal Water Rights Settlements Funding. The Budget builds on Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law investments to provide $2.8 billion in additional mandatory funding to the

Indian Water Rights Settlement Completion Fund, as well as $226 million in discretionary

funding to meet existing settlement obligations. This funding would ensure stable, dedicated

funding for tribal water rights settlements, which is crucial for safe, reliable water supplies

to improve public and environmental health and support economic opportunity in tribal

communities.

• Increases Drought Resilience. The Budget helps ensure communities across the West have

access to a resilient and reliable water supply by investing in rural water projects, water con-

servation, development of desalination technologies, and water recycling and reuse projects.

The Budget complements the nearly $1.7 billion provided in 2025 for western water infra-

structure through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, as well as the nearly $4.6 billion that

was provided by the Inﬂation Reduction Act for drought mitigation and domestic water supply

projects through the Bureau of Reclamation. The Budget provides funding to address the on-

going drought in the western United States, including along the Colorado River System, which

remains near historically low levels, and also for other western river sheds that are experi-

encing similar adverse impacts due to climate change. The Budget also funds Reclamation’s

research and development activities and the WaterSMART program which converts unusable

water resources into useable water supplies, conserve water, and increase drought resiliency.

• Invests in Columbia and Snake River Salmon Recovery. The Budget includes $22million

for technical support, studies, and habitat restoration activities to restore healthy and abun-

dant populations of ﬁsh in the Columbia and Snake River basins. The Budget provides

additional funding for a study to evaluate the potential success of reintroducing anadromous

ﬁsh above the Grand Coulee Dam.

• Supports Biodiversity, Ecosystem Health, and Visitor Experiences. The Budget rec-

ognizes the critical importance of biodiversity and ecosystem health across the Nation. In

order to enhance the President’s America the Beautiful initiative to support locally designed

and community-driven conservation, the Budget supports high-priority biodiversity programs

including: the Endangered Species Act of 1973 implementation; the National Wildlife Refuge

System; and migratory bird, ﬁsh, and aquatic conservation. The Budget includes: $602 million

for the National Wildlife Refuge System with increased support for refuge law enforcement

activities to improve safety and the visitor experience; and $111 million, an increase of

$19 million above the 2023 enacted level, for law enforcement programs enhancing wildlife

and plant protections. In addition, the Budget also includes increases for natural resource

stewardship and increased recreation access at America’s National Conservation Lands and

other Bureau of Land Management recreation areas, and to help advance the National Seed

Strategy across DOI.

• Increases Access to National Parks. The Budget provides $3.6 billion for the National

Park Service, an increase of $461 million since the start of the Administration. Investments

include $11 million to create a more inclusive and representative National Park System and

to strengthen tribal co-stewardship. The Budget also includes $11million to support new sites

that preserve the stories of the cultures and history across America. In addition, the Budget

provides $125 million for the Outdoor Recreation Legacy Program to develop high-quality

96 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

recreation opportunities in economically disadvantaged urban communities, which advances

the Justice40 Initiative.

• Strengthens and Streamlines Permitting Activities. The Budget supports environmen-

tal permitting capacity to accelerate delivery of modernized infrastructure across the Nation.

For example, the Budget includes nearly $200 million for Endangered Species Act of 1973

environmental planning and consultation and migratory bird permitting, an increase of more

than $40 million above the 2023 enacted level. The Budget continues to propose expanding

existing transfer authority by enabling Federal agencies to transfer funds provided under the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries to expedite Endangered Species Act of 1973 con-

sultations. Together with existing law, this proposal would facilitate timely development of

priority infrastructure projects and energy solutions while minimizing negative environmen-

tal impacts.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Invests in Federal Law Enforcement to Combat Gun Violence and Other Violent

Crime. The Budget makes signiﬁcant investments to bolster Federal law enforcement

capacity to strengthen public safety. The Budget includes $17.7 billion, an increase of

$1.1billion above the 2023 enacted level and $2.6 billion above the 2021 enacted level, for

DOJ law enforcement, including $2 billion for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

Explosives to effectively investigate and prosecute gun crimes; expand multijurisdictional gun

trafﬁcking strike forces, increase regulation of the ﬁrearms industry, bolster crime-solving

ballistics, gunshot residue, and other forensic technologies as well as analysts; and imple-

ment the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. The Budget includes $1.9 billion for the U.S.

Marshals Service (USMS) to support efforts to reduce violent crime, including through fugi-

tive apprehension and enforcement operations. The Budget also provides $51 million to the

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to support the continued implementation of enhanced

background checks, a key provision of the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. In addition,

the Budget provides a total of $2.8 billion for the U.S. Attorneys, which includes funding for

50 new attorneys to prosecute violent crimes. The Budget further requests $15million for

the Jabara-Heyer NO HATE Act, an increase of $5 million over the 2023 enacted level.

• Pursues New Mandatory Investments to Combat Violent Crime and Support

Victims. The Budget builds upon the Safer America Plan by investing an additional $1.2bil-

lion over ﬁve years to launch a new Violent Crime Reduction and Prevention Fund to give

Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial law enforcement the dedicated, seasoned, and full

support they need to focus exclusively on violent crime. This includes: hiring new Federal law

enforcement agents, prosecutors, and forensic specialists to address violent crime; expand-

ing Federal operations to combat fentanyl and apprehend dangerous fugitives; and hiring

4,700 detectives at the State and local level to solve homicides, non-fatal shootings, and other

violent crimes to drive down the high rate of unsolved violent crimes and the lengthy delays

that undermine public trust and public safety. In addition, $28 million is provided to expand

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for defending the interests of the United States

and protecting the rights and safety of all Americans. The President’s 2025 Budget for DOJ

invests in: combating gun violence and other violent crime, terrorism, violence against women,

child exploitation, and cyber threats; countering narcotics; protecting civil rights; implementing

Federal, State, and local criminal justice reforms; improving the immigration court system; and

bolstering antitrust enforcement.

The Budget requests $37.8 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $235 million or

0.5-percent increase from the 2023 level.

98 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

the USMS’s Operation North Star, which has taken more than 6,700 of the most dangerous

State and local fugitives off the street since 2021, to 100more cities over ﬁve years, including

20 more cities in 2025 in order to drive down violent crime. This investment also expands the

Drug Enforcement Administration’s (DEA) Operation Overdrive, which uses a data-driven,

intelligence-led approach to identify and dismantle violent drug trafﬁcking networks, to 50

more cities that are experiencing high rates of gun violence and fentanyl overdoses for 45-day

operations. The Budget further requests $7.3 billion to replenish the Crime Victims Fund and

ensure a stable and predictable source of funding is available to support critical victim services

and compensation programs over the next decade.

• Combats Narcotics Trafﬁcking Networks. The Budget also provides $3.3 billion to DEA

to combat drug trafﬁcking, including $1.2 billion to combat opioid trafﬁcking, save lives, and

make communities safer. The Budget invests an additional $18 million in Counter-Fentanyl

Threat Targeting Teams at DEA to enhance America’s ﬁght against the transnational criminal

networks pushing deadly illicit fentanyl in America’s communities. These interdisciplinary

teams of special agents, intelligence analysts, and data experts would map criminal organiza-

tions and build cases that lead to the dismantling of entire drug trafﬁcking networks and the

deprivation of hundreds of millions of dollars to the Sinaloa and Jalisco cartels. In addition,

the Budget provides $494 million in grants supporting efforts to address substance use, in-

cluding $190 million for the Comprehensive Opioid, Stimulant, and Substance Use Program,

$95 million to support Drug Courts, and $51million for anti-drug task forces.

• Reinvigorates Federal Civil Rights Enforcement. In order to address longstanding in-

equities and strengthen civil rights protections, the Budget invests $201 million, an increase

of $11 million over the 2023 enacted level, in the DOJ Civil Rights Division. These resources

would support police reform via pattern-or-practice investigations, prosecuting hate crimes,

enforcing voting rights, and ensuring access to justice.

• Improves Immigration Courts. The Budget builds on the Administration’s October 2023

supplemental request and invests $981 million, an increase of $121 million above the 2023en-

acted level, in the Executive Ofﬁce for Immigration Review (EOIR) to enhance America’s

immigration courts and help address the backlog of over 2.4 million currently pending cases.

This funding would support 25 new immigration judge teams, which includes the support

personnel necessary to ensure efﬁcient case processing. The Budget also invests $30 million

for EOIR to partner to with the U.S. Digital Service to develop and implement digital court

operations strategies that would maximize each judge’s adjudicatory capacity and help reduce

the case backlog.

• Supports State, Local, and Tribal Law Enforcement and Public Safety. The Budget

provides $3.7 billion in discretionary resources for State and local grants and $30.3 billion in

mandatory resources to support State, local, and tribal efforts to protect U.S. communities and

promote public safety through the President’s Safer America Plan. Through a combination of

discretionary and mandatory investments, the Safer America Plan supports the President’s

goal to recruit, train, support, and hire 100,000 additional police ofﬁcers for effective, account-

able community policing consistent with the standards of Executive Order 14074, “Advancing

Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and

Public Safety.” In addition, the Safer America Plan would: fund bonuses for retention of police

ofﬁcers; provide student loan repayment, tuition reimbursement, and higher education grant

programs to incentivize service-minded candidates, including women and individuals from

underrepresented communities to become ofﬁcers; support pilot programs to explore more

ﬂexibility in scheduling and work arrangements; expand mental health and wellness care for

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 99

police ofﬁcers; and fund life-saving equipment. The Safer America Plan would further support

the evidence-based training of law enforcement on topics including crime control and deter-

rence tactics, community engagement, use of force, interacting with people with disabilities,

and responding to persons in mental health crisis and to domestic violence calls. The Safer

America Plan would also further efforts to advance transparency, accountability, and safety

to simultaneously strengthen public safety and public trust consistent with the standards of

the Executive Order 14074 through funding to support the purchase and operation of body-

worn cameras, modernize police academies and training, comprehensively reform public safety

systems, and combat crime to keep the Nation’s streets safe. The Budget, through the Safer

America Plan provides: funding for courts around the Nation to clear their backlogs and im-

prove accountability and deterrence for people on pretrial supervision, and likewise supports

technology and data systems modernization necessary to ensure that the justice system runs

efﬁciently and with the most current data, such as case management systems that effectively

integrate pretrial services, judicial, and law enforcement records; virtual access and notiﬁca-

tion systems to facilitate remote check-ins and hearings as appropriate and beneﬁcial for all

involved; and scheduling software to manage the increased volume of cases. The Budget also

provides funding to support pretrial and post-conviction supervision stafﬁng and systems,

ensuring that persons on release are appropriately monitored and given assistance with the

employment, health, housing, and other supportive services that reduce the risk of recidi-

vism. Speciﬁc discretionary investments include $270 million for the COPS Hiring Program,

an increase of $45 million or 20 percent over the 2023 enacted level, and $100 million for

Community Violence Intervention (CVI) programs, an increase of $50 million or 100 percent

over the 2023 enacted level, to bolster evidence-based strategies for preventing and reducing

gun violence in U.S. communities. To achieve the original goals of the Safer America Plan, the

Budget requests an additional $1.5 billion in mandatory funding to support CVI programs at

the Department over the next 10 years.

• Prioritizes Efforts to End Gender-Based Violence. The Budget proposes $800 million to

support programs under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 (VAWA), which was reautho-

rized and strengthened in 2022. This is a $100 million or 14-percent increase over the 2023

enacted level, which was the highest funding level in history. The Budget supports signiﬁcant

increases for longstanding VAWA programs, including key investments in sexual assault ser-

vices, transitional housing, and legal assistance for survivors. The Budget strongly supports

underserved and tribal communities by providing $15 million for culturally-speciﬁc services,

$5 million for underserved populations, $25 million to assist enforcement of tribal special do-

mestic violence jurisdiction, $3 million to support tribal Special Assistant U.S. Attorneys, and

$10 million for a new special initiative to address missing and murdered indigenous people.

The Budget also provides $10 million to address technology-facilitated abuse through funding

new VAWA programs that address cybercrimes against individuals. In addition, the Budget

provides $55 million to the Ofﬁce of Justice Programs for the Sexual Assault Kit Initiative to

address the rape kit backlog.

• Promotes Equity Across the Justice System. The Budget includes over $10 million in

the Ofﬁce of the Access to Justice to support its work to increase the availability of legal

assistance and eliminate barriers to legal access based on economic, demographic, and geo-

graphic factors. In addition, the Budget continues to invest in the Ofﬁce of Environmental

Justice to protect overburdened and disadvantaged communities from the harms caused by

environmental crimes, pollution, and climate change. The Budget further supports State and

local efforts to promote equity and protect civil rights by including $10million for a new ini-

tiative to modernize outdated criminal statutes with a discriminatory impact on HIV-positive

100 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

individuals, $50 million in VAWA programs speciﬁcally focused on delivering equitable ser-

vices, and $50 million for programs to combat hate crimes.

• Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice System. The Budget leverages the capacity of the

Federal justice system to advance criminal justice reform and serve as a model that is compre-

hensive, evidence-based, and that enhances public safety and equity. The Budget supports key

investments in First Step Act (FSA) implementation, including continuing the historic collabo-

ration between the Bureau of Prisons and the Department of Labor to provide comprehensive,

intensive, and market-driven workforce development and reentry services for people in the

Federal prison system. In total, the Budget continues to invest $409 million in base resources

for FSA implementation, to support rehabilitative programming, improve conﬁnement condi-

tions, and hire additional FSA-dedicated staff.

• Addresses Emerging Cyber and Counterintelligence Threats. The Budget expands

DOJ’s ability to pursue threats through investments in FBI’s cyber and counterintelligence

investigative capabilities. These investments sustain the FBI’s cyber intelligence, counter-

intelligence, and analysis capabilities and include an additional $25 million to enhance those

cyber response and counterintelligence capabilities. The Budget also includes $5 million to

expand a new section within the DOJ’s National Security Division to focus on cyber threats.

These investments are in line with the National Cybersecurity Strategy that emphasizes a

whole-of-Nation approach to addressing ongoing cyber threats. The Budget also provides

$2 million for DOJ to support implementation of Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and

Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

• Bolsters Antitrust Enforcement. The Budget proposes $288 million for the Antitrust

Division, which is an increase of $63 million over the 2023 enacted level and $103 million over

the 2021 enacted level, sustaining the signiﬁcant investments made under this Administration.

These resources would strengthen antitrust enforcement efforts to promote vigorous market-

place competition and reduce costs and raise wages for the American people.

• Reiterates the Administration’s Request for Immediate Funding to Secure the

Border and Build Capacity to Enforce Immigration Law. In addition to the EOIR

investments included in the Budget, the Budget also reiterates the $1.7 billion for DOJ re-

quested in the Administration’s October 2023 border, immigration, and countering fentanyl

supplement request. Of this amount, $1.3 billion is requested for EOIR to fund the hiring of

375 new immigration judge teams to help reduce the immigration case backlog.

101

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Empowers and Protects Workers. Workers power America’s economic prosperity,

building the economy from the middle out and bottom up. To ensure workers are treat-

ed with dignity and respect in the workplace, the Budget invests $2 billion, an increase

of $121 million above the 2023 enacted level, in the Department’s worker protection

agencies. These investments would build upon the nearly $100 million increase in base

appropriations for these agencies since the beginning of the Administration, in addition

to the $200 million in American Rescue Plan Act funding the Administration secured for

the agencies to address the unprecedented COVID-19 emergency. The Budget would en-

able DOL to protect workers’ wages and beneﬁts, ensure that children are working only

in conditions that are safe and legal, address the misclassiﬁcation of workers as indepen-

dent contractors, and improve workplace health and safety. Since 2019, DOL has seen an

88-percent increase in children being employed illegally by companies. The Administration

is focused on preventing and addressing child labor exploitation, and has assessed more

than $16 million in child labor penalties since taking ofﬁce. The Budget includes funding

to combat exploitative child labor, including among migrant children, who are particularly

vulnerable. The Budget also includes funding to implement the signiﬁcant reforms to em-

ployer-sponsored retirement plans enacted in the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022, helping to ensure

that workers’ retirement plans are always protected.

• Expands Access to Paid Family and Medical Leave and Proposes Paid Sick Days.

The vast majority of America’s workers do not have access to employer-provided paid family

leave, including 73 percent of private sector workers. Among the lowest-paid workers, who

are disproportionately women and workers of color, 94 percent lack access to paid family

leave through their employers. In addition, as many as one in ﬁve retirees leave the work-

force earlier than planned to care for an ill family member, which negatively impacts families

as well as the Nation’s labor supply and productivity. The Budget proposes to establish a

national, comprehensive paid family and medical leave program administered by the Social

The Department of Labor (DOL) is responsible for protecting the health, safety, wages, and

economic security of workers and retirees. The President’s 2025 Budget for DOL supports:

building the skills of America’s workers; protecting workers’ rights and benets, health and safety,

and wages; strengthening the integrity and accessibility of the Unemployment Insurance (UI)

program; and creating good jobs that are safe and equitable, provide fair wages and benets,

empower workers, and offer opportunities for advancement and a pathway to the middle class.

The Budget requests $13.9 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $318 million or

2.3-percent increase from the 2023 level.

102 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

Security Administration to ensure that all workers can take up to 12 weeks of leave to bond

with a new child; care for a seriously ill loved one; heal from their own serious illness; address

circumstances arising from a loved one’s military deployment; ﬁnd safety from domestic vio-

lence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking—otherwise known as “safe leave”; or up to

three days to grieve the death of a loved one. The Budget also invests in a program at DOL’s

Women’s Bureau to help States expand access to paid leave beneﬁts, including through grants

to support States in implementing new paid leave programs and through the creation of a

Technical Assistance Hub to share best practices among States. Further, the President contin-

ues to call on the Congress to require employers to provide seven job-protected paid sick days

each year to all workers, and ensure that employers cannot penalize workers for taking time

off to address their health needs, or the health needs of their families, or for safe leave.

• Expands Workforce Training and Provides Pathways to In-Demand Jobs for More

Americans. The President’s historic legislative accomplishments are rebuilding U.S. infra-

structure, supporting clean energy, boosting American manufacturing, and creating millions

of high-quality jobs. The Administration has worked with States, localities, and community-

based organizations to leverage American Rescue Plan Act, Bipartisan Infrastructure Law,

Inﬂation Reduction Act, and CHIPS and Science Act resources to advance effective, evidence-

based training models that ensure all workers, particularly women, workers of color, those

living in rural areas, workers with disabilities, and others underrepresented in growing ﬁelds,

have the skills they need to compete for and ﬁll these and other jobs. The Budget makes ma-

jor new investments in expanding these strategies, through an $8 billion mandatory Career

Training Fund and a $50 million new Sectoral Employment through Career Training for

Occupational Readiness program, both of which would support the development and expan-

sion of public-private partnerships among employers, education and training providers, and

community-based groups to equitably deliver evidence-based, high-quality training, focused

on creating pathways into good jobs in growing, in-demand industries. The Career Training

Fund would provide full funding for 750,000 individuals to enroll in evidence-based training

programs, such as Registered Apprenticeships, that are proven to deliver sustained earnings

increases. These new investments would supplement Workforce Innovation and Opportunity

Act programs by providing the resources necessary to deliver high-quality training at scale.

• Broadens Access to Registered Apprenticeships. The Budget increases support for

Registered Apprenticeships, an evidence-based earn-and-learn model that is a critical tool for

training future workforces for good jobs in the clean energy, construction, semiconductor, trans-

portation and logistics, education, health, and other growing and in-demand industries. The

Budget invests $335 million, a $50 million increase above the 2023enacted level, and supports

expanding existing Registered Apprenticeship programs in clean energy-related occupations.

This investment would also be used to increase the number of workers from historically un-

derrepresented groups, including people of color, women, and people with disabilities, who

participate in Registered Apprenticeships.

• Centers Community Colleges in American Workforce Development. The President

recognizes the crucial role that community colleges play in making high-quality training ac-

cessible to all Americans. For this reason, the Budget invests $70 million, a $5 million increase

above the 2023 enacted level, in the Strengthening Community College training program,

which builds community colleges’ capacity to work with the public workforce development

system and employers to design and deliver high-quality, evidence-based training programs in

communities across the Nation.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 103

• Expands Penalties when Employers Violate Workers’ Rights to Organize, Receive

Fair Wages, or Have a Safe and Healthy Workplace Free from Discrimination. For

too long, employers have only received a slap on the wrist—at most—when they ﬁre or retali-

ate against workers for exercising their right to organize and collectively bargain, steal wages

from workers, force workers to work in unsafe conditions, exploit children, or otherwise ﬂa-

grantly violate the Nation’s labor laws. To create meaningful deterrence for employers from

violating workers’ rights, ensure those who do violate their rights are held accountable, and

level the playing ﬁeld for responsible employers, the Budget proposes instituting and signiﬁ-

cantly increasing penalties at DOL, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and the

National Labor Relations Board for employers that violate workplace safety and, health, wage

and hour, child labor, equal opportunity, and labor organizing rules.

• Modernizes, Protects, and Strengthens UI. The UI program provides a critical safety net

for workers who have lost a job through no fault of their own and helps protect the economy as

a whole from further damage during downturns. The Budget invests $3.5 billion, an increase

of $313 million above the 2023enacted level, to modernize, protect, and strengthen the UI pro-

gram. This includes investments to tackle fraud and support more robust identity veriﬁcation

for UI applicants. Further, the Budget proposes a comprehensive legislative package designed

to provide States with new tools and resources to combat UI fraud and improper payments

while ensuring equity and accessibility for all claimants. The Budget also includes principles

to guide future efforts to reform the UI system, including improving beneﬁt levels and access,

scaling UI beneﬁts automatically during recessions, expanding eligibility to reﬂect the modern

labor force, improving Federal and State solvency through more equitable and progressive ﬁ-

nancing, expanding reemployment services, and further safeguarding the program from fraud.

• Strengthens Mental Health Parity Protections. The Budget requires all health plans to

cover mental health and substance use disorder beneﬁts, ensures that plans have an adequate

network of behavioral health providers, and improves DOL’s ability to enforce the law. In ad-

dition, the Budget includes $275 million over 10 years to increase the Department’s capacity

to ensure that large group market health plans and issuers comply with mental health and

substance use disorder requirements, and to take action against plans and issuers that do not

comply.

• Proposes to Reauthorize the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) Program. The TAA

program provides employment services, job training, income support, job search allowances,

and relocation allowances for workers who lose their jobs due to trade. Since the program’s

expiration in 2022, however, approximately 10,000 trade-affected workers per month have

been deprived of these services. The Administration proposes to reauthorize the TAA program

that expired in 2022, and looks forward to working with the Congress on a broader reauthori-

zation to modernize the program to help trade-affected workers return to quality employment

as quickly as possible.

• Helps to Ensure Compliance with the Labor Provisions of the United States-Mexico

-Canada Agreement (USMCA). The Budget includes a $45 million increase for the Bureau

of International Labor Affairs to allow it to continue Mexico-speciﬁc technical assistance in

support of ongoing USMCA implementation by advancing labor protections, improving work-

ing conditions, stabilizing labor relations, and increasing public awareness and engagement.

• Builds Capacity and Infrastructure for Responsible Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI) Use

and Innovation. The Budget includes funding for a new AI policy ofﬁce to oversee and

manage AI-related work at the Department. The ofﬁce, led bya new Chief AI Ofﬁcer, would

104 DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

guide the effective use of AI, promote AI innovation in DOL programs, and help DOL agen-

cies mitigate risk, as well as coordinate the AI-related activities already occurring across the

Department.

105

DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Drives Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth and Quality International

Infrastructure through the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment

(PGI). The Budget advances the President’s goal of mobilizing $200 billion for infrastruc-

ture investment in low- and middle-income countries by 2027, building on the $30 billion in

ﬁnancing already mobilized by the Administration, which was announced by the President

at the May 2023 G7 Summit. PGI aims to promote infrastructure development along critical

economic corridors to drive inclusive and sustainable economic growth, secure energy sup-

ply chains, fortify trusted digital connectivity, advance gender equality and equity, and build

more resilient food and health systems, as well as critical transport and logistics networks.

The Budget includes approximately $50 billion for PGI across all departments and agencies,

inclusive of private sector ﬁnancing leveraged, including $250 million in ﬂexible resources

to support strategic, high-quality infrastructure to connect workers to good jobs, allow busi-

nesses to grow and thrive, and advance shared national security priorities. To further PGI

goals, the Budget includes $2 billion in mandatory funding over ﬁve years to establish the

International Infrastructure Fund to combat People’s Republic of China (PRC) coercive ﬁ-

nancing, and spur U.S. economic growth. This includes development of the Port of Rades in

Tunisia and includes $200 million for the Millennium Challenge Corporation with a focus

The Department of State (State), U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and

other international programs deliver on the President’s vision of a more free, open, secure, and

prosperous world in which all Americans and people everywhere have the opportunity to reach

their full potential. The President’s 2025 Budget strengthens U.S. national security to Out-

Compete China and counter Russian aggression, revitalize long-standing U.S. alliances and

partnerships, and galvanize a U.S. global response to shared challenges in nearly 200 countries.

The Budget requests $64.4 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025 for State, USAID, and

other international programs, a $0.7 billion or 1.1-percent increase from the estimated 2023 level

which includes actual offsetting collections and fee revenue. Within this total, the Budget includes

$58.8 billion for State and USAID, a $0.7 billion or 1.2-percent increase from the estimated 2023

level. The Budget also includes $2.5 billion for international programs at the Department of the

Treasury, a $0.1 billion or 5-percent increase from the estimated 2023 level.

In addition, the Budget includes a request for unmet needs from the Administration’s October

2023 supplemental request for urgent security needs through the end of 2024.

106 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

on critical investments across Africa. The Budget also leverages U.S. Development Finance

Corporation investments to strengthen U.S. global infrastructure.

• Provides Lifesaving Humanitarian Assistance and Combats Global Food Insecurity.

The Budget provides $10.3 billion in lifesaving humanitarian and refugee assistance to sup-

port more than 330 million people in need in more than 70 countries, in addition to the October

2023 emergency supplemental request of $10 billion to address the unprecedented humanitar-

ian need globally. The Budget also fully supports the President’s commitment to resettle up

to 125,000 refugees in the United States, as well as the Enduring Welcome and Safe Mobility

Ofﬁce initiatives. The Budget also provides more than $1 billion to support the President’s

pledge to alleviate global food insecurity, including $100 million for the Vision for Adapted

Crops and Soils, as part of the overall U.S. Government’s ﬂagship food security initiative,

Feed the Future, which works to build more resilient and sustainable food systems and nutri-

tious food crops in underserved regions. State and USAID would have to reduce lifesaving

assistance around the globe without the additional $10 billion in humanitarian assistance

requested in the Administration’s October 2023 national security supplemental request.

• Unlocks New Lending to Address Global Challenges and Provides a Credible

Alternative to the PRC’s Coercive Lending. The Budget builds on the Administration’s

October 2023 supplemental request and unlocks roughly $36 billion in new World Bank ﬁnanc-

ing to address global challenges by leveraging $1 billion in contributions to the World Bank,

largely for International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) loan guarantees.

This funding would provide an alternative to the PRC’s coercive ﬁnancing and address global

challenges.

• Disrupts the International Synthetic Drug Trade. The Budget includes $169 million

across State and USAID to counter fentanyl and other synthetic drug production and trafﬁck-

ing, which is 58 percent above 2023 levels. These resources would counter the worldwide ﬂow

of fentanyl and other synthetics that endanger public safety and health, and contribute to tens

of thousands of drug-overdose deaths in the United States annually.

• Galvanizes Action against Strategic Competitors. The Budget builds on the

Administration’s October 2023 supplemental request and provides approximately $1.5 billion

to counter Russian aggression across Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia, including more than

$300 million to support procurement of American equipment across the region and $482 million

for Ukraine to continue its efforts to expel Russian forces from its territory, establish civilian

security in newly liberated territories, and spur economic growth. The Budget also includes

$400 million for the Countering PRC Inﬂuence Fund to support strategic opportunities to

counter the PRC globally, and $241 million in military assistance to reafﬁrm American nation-

al security commitments in the Indo-Paciﬁc. In addition, the Budget provides $25 million for

a new Countering Russian Malign Actors in Africa Fund to suppress Russian or other malign

actors in the region, and to improve security force responsiveness and democracy. The Budget

also invests $50 million for a new capital increase to the European Bank for Reconstruction

and Development to maintain support to Ukraine and deliver on multilateral development

bank evolution reforms.

• Secures American Presence and Commitment in the Indo-Paciﬁc. The Budget provides

over $4 billion to realize a more free, open, secure, and connected Indo-Paciﬁc that bolsters U.S.

alliances and partnerships, nearly $600 million above the 2023 level. This includes $2.1 billion

in bilateral and regional foreign assistance, including $100 million for a standalone request

for Taiwan military assistance and $20 million for the Indo-Paciﬁc Economic Framework. The

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 107

Budget includes over $62 million in support of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), demonstrating America’s continued commitment to ASEAN centrality. The Indo-

Paciﬁc Strategy total also includes $2 billion to support diplomatic presence and programs in

the region, including new and planned U.S. diplomatic posts in the Paciﬁc and Indian Oceans.

The Budget reﬂects a substantial commitment to the Indo-Paciﬁc and relies on the $2 billion

investment that the Administration requested in the October 2023 national security supple-

mental request in security assistance to fully address urgent regional security needs and deter

acts of aggression.

• Achieves the Administration’s Historic Climate Finance Pledge. The Budget pro-

vides a path to achieving the President’s $11 billion commitment for international climate

ﬁnance, including $3 billion for the President’s Emergency Plan for Adaptation and Resilience

(PREPARE). A signature initiative, PREPARE supports more than half a billion people in

developing countries to adapt to and manage the impacts of climate change. The Budget

also supports a $500 million contribution through mandatory funding to ﬁnance the Green

Climate Fund, as part of the $3 billion multiyear pledge to expand climate adaptation and

mitigation projects in developing countries, and $100 million for the Amazon Fund to combat

deforestation and preserve the world’s largest tropical rainforest. The Budget builds on his-

toric international climate ﬁnance progress made over the course of the Administration, in

which estimated 2023 levels of $9.5 billion represent a near-six-fold increase from 2021.

• Protects Americans at Home and Abroad, and Strengthens Health Systems Globally.

The Budget provides nearly $10 billion for global health programs, which would increase sup-

port for global health programs, strengthening health systems, and pandemic preparedness.

The Budget fulﬁlls the President’s commitment to the seventh replenishment of the Global

Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria by providing $1.2 billion to match $1 for every

$2 contributed by other donors. The Budget also provides more than $900 million for global

health security, including $250 million for the Pandemic Fund. The Budget invests $30 million

in new resources for the World Bank’s Global Financing Facility for Women, Children, and

Adolescents, a contribution anticipated to leverage at least $210 million to strengthen health

systems, and $20 million for the Administration’s Global Health Worker Initiative to better

train, equip, and protect the health workforce. In addition, the Budget includes loan guaran-

tees to the World Bank’s IBRD to support investments in global challenges, including pandemic

preparedness, which would bolster the impact of these global health activities.

• Fulﬁlls the President’s Commitment to Central America and Strengthens America’s

Partnership in the Western Hemisphere. The Budget provides approximately $1 billion

for Central American programming to meet the President’s commitment to invest $4 billion in

Central America over four years to address the root causes of migration. The Budget also sup-

ports hemispheric programs to advance economic prosperity and regional security through key

initiatives such as the Americas Partnership for Economic Prosperity, including $75 million

for a capital increase to the Inter-American Investment Corporation—known as IDB Invest—

to advance clean energy projects, modernize agriculture, strengthen transportation systems,

and expand access to ﬁnancing. The Budget also includes $35 million in additional targeted

funding for regional migration management, including $25 million for the Inter-American

Development Bank’s Migration Grant Facility to support integration efforts for migrants and

host communities, and address the root causes of irregular migration. The Budget also further

strengthens America’s diplomatic presence in the region with funding for posts in the Eastern

Caribbean. The Budget continues robust support for Haiti to curb gang violence, improve

security, and address drivers of migration, including $100 million for the Haiti Multinational

108 DEPARTMENT OF STATE AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Security Support to address insecurity and create the necessary conditions for long-term sta-

bility and growth.

• Invests in America’s Workforce to Ensure U.S. Foreign Policy Delivers for the

American people. The Budget requests more than $8 billion for America’s national secu-

rity workforce to underpin America’s global leadership, modernize diplomacy, and implement

the President’s National Security Strategy. The Budget includes pay increases for the U.S.

workforce and locally employed and foreign service national staff at the 75th percentile of

the median wage in their respective countries to retain and attract the local personnel criti-

cal to U.S. diplomatic and development efforts. The Budget also expands State and USAID’s

workforce by nearly 550, including 145 new positions in support of the Global Development

Partnership Initiative at USAID and 58 new positions at State in support of the Indo-Paciﬁc—

including increased support for the Australia-United Kingdom-United States enhanced

trilateral security partnership and Paciﬁc Island posts. To equip the workforce with cutting-

edge technology, the Budget also provides over $800 million in information technology and

cybersecurity, a 17-percent increase above 2023 levels. These resources include substantial

funding for zero trust architecture implementation to strengthen cybersecurity, and approxi-

mately $20 million in targeted artiﬁcial intelligence investments ﬁrmly aligned with the goals

laid out in the Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use

of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.”

• Bolsters Sustainable, Inclusive, and Democratic Global Development. The Budget

supports the President’s goal to strengthen American development efforts through local ex-

pertise and by deploying a more expansive set of development tools. The Budget provides over

$3 billion for bolstering global democracy, human rights, and governance, including $345 million

for the President’s Initiative for Democratic Renewal to foster transparent and accountable

governance. The Budget provides more than $3 billion to advance gender equity and equal-

ity worldwide, including $200 million for the Gender Equity and Equality Action Fund. The

Budget also includes $110 million in support of internet freedom, including $50 million for the

U.S. Agency for Global Media Open Technology Fund. The Budget also provides $594 million,

an increase of $37 million above 2023 levels, for USAID-directed high-impact and lifesav-

ing voluntary family planning and reproductive health programs and America’s voluntary

contribution to the United Nations Population Fund. The Budget also continues America’s

commitment to contributions for the United Nations, including $25 million for United Nations

Educational, Scientiﬁc, and Cultural Organization back payments incurred since 2011, restor-

ing America’s seat at the table on scientiﬁc cooperation, freedom of expression, and media

independence.

• Advances International Digital Connectivity and Security. The Budget provides

$500 million to further the National Security Strategy’s commitment to American leadership

to ensure an open and secure technological ecosystem. This includes $91 million for USAID’s

whole-of-Government Digital Strategy, which expands secure internet access, increases adop-

tion of open and secure digital technology policies, and supports the American economy through

export of U.S. information technology goods and services. The Budget also includes $65 million

for the Administration’s signature Digital Transformation with Africa initiative to promote

the African digital economy.

• Promotes Stability and Security in the Middle East. The Budget builds on the

Administration’s October 2023 supplemental request and sustains core investments in the

stability of the Middle East and the security of key partners. The Budget maintains support

for Israel with $3.3 billion in security assistance, consistent with the U.S.-Israel Memorandum

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 109

of Understanding, as well as sustains assistance for the Palestinian people in the West Bank

and Gaza and continues investments in peacebuilding as a foundation for a sustainable, two-

state solution with Israel. The Budget also demonstrates enduring commitments to other U.S.

partners in the region, including nearly $1.5 billion for Jordan and $1.4 billion to support the

U.S. strategic partnership with Egypt. U.S. assistance in the Middle East and North Africa

continues efforts to combat terrorism and Iran-backed malign actors and helps mitigate the

economic shocks and instability worsened by the Israel-Hamas conﬂict.

• Complements the Urgent National Security Supplemental. In October 2023, the

Administration submitted an emergency national security supplemental request to the

Congress to fund key national security priorities through the end of 2024. This request included

$34 billion to provide security and economic assistance to Ukraine, critical support for Israel,

lifesaving humanitarian assistance, including for the Palestinian people, foreign military ﬁ-

nancing to support America’s partners in the Indo-Paciﬁc, and to address irregular migration

and other national security priorities. Absent congressional action on this emergency request,

the United States would not be able to provide the necessary support to Ukraine, and State

and USAID would have to reduce lifesaving assistance around the globe. The Administration

appreciates the bipartisan supplemental legislation that passed the Senate and would address

these urgent needs.

111

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Continues Implementation of the President’s Historic Bipartisan Infrastructure

Law. The Budget provides a total of $78.4 billion for highway, highway safety, and tran-

sit formula programs, supporting the amounts authorized for year four of the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. This includes $62.1 billion in obligation limitation funding for the

Federal-aid Highways program, an increase of $3.3 billion above the 2023 enacted level and

$15.7billion above the enacted level for 2021, the year prior to enactment of the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. This funding would support construction and safety projects of highways

and bridges across the United States. The Budget also includes $14.3 billion for Transit

Formula Grants, a $645 million increase above the 2023 enacted level, to support core capital

and planning programs for transit agencies across the Nation, as well as transit research,

technical assistance, and data collection. The Budget also reﬂects an additional $9.5 billion

in advance appropriations provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for bridge replace-

ment and rehabilitation, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and other programs to

improve the safety, sustainability, and resilience of America’s transportation network.

• Prioritizes Investment in the FAA. The Budget provides $17.5 billion in discretionary

budget authority for the FAA, an increase of $2.1 billion above the 2023 enacted level, less

Congressional Directed Spending. This funding supports robust hiring and training of air

trafﬁc controllers started in 2023 to rebuild the pipeline of new controllers needed to safely

meet projected air trafﬁc demands. The Budget also continues FAA’s multiyear effort of

The Department of Transportation (DOT) is responsible for delivering the world’s leading

transportation system, serving the American people and economy through the safe, efcient,

sustainable, and equitable movement of goods and people. The President’s 2025 Budget

for DOT continues to complement the President’s historic Bipartisan Infrastructure Law by:

continuing to rebuild and modernizing America’s roads, bridges, rail, transit systems, and airports;

and prioritizing signicant investments in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to ensure

the agency has the people, facilities, and equipment necessary for a safe and efcient National

Airspace System (NAS).

The Budget requests $25.4 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025. The Budget also

includes $81.7 billion in obligation limitations and $1.9 billion in mandatory resources, as well as

$36.8 billion in emergency-designated advance budget authority, for transportation infrastructure

and safety investments in 2025. In total, the Budget represents an increase of $58 billion or

a 67-percent increase above the enacted level for 2021, the year prior to enactment of the

Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, demonstrating the Administration’s commitment to rebuilding and

modernizing America’s infrastructure.

112 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

reforming aircraft certiﬁcation as well as increasing its safety oversight capabilities. In addi-

tion, the Budget increases investment in the facilities and systems that comprise the NAS by

over $650 million for a total investment of $3.6billion, to ensure the NAS continues to safely

accommodate the growth in traditional commercial aviation trafﬁc alongside new entrants

from the commercial space, unmanned aircraft, and advanced air mobility industries. The

Administration also proposes to increase the fuel tax for high-end business jets, to better align

the costs of the services provided to those users on the system.

• Modernizes FAA Facilities. The Administration supports a long-term FAA authorization

that: improves safety; enables access to the system by current and emerging users; reduces

emissions and improves resiliency; and expands consumer protections and access. However,

it would be difﬁcult to achieve these important goals if FAA does not have the modern facili-

ties and systems necessary to operate the NAS. Over the last decade, FAA capital spending

has not kept up with the Agency’s needs. Therefore, the Budget proposes a ﬁve-year, $8 billion

mandatory program to signiﬁcantly modernize FAA’s major facilities and radars. This effort

would ensure that the American people and all travelers can continue to depend on a safe,

modern, and efﬁcient aviation system.

• Builds on Investments for a Safe and Efﬁcient Passenger and Freight Rail Network.

The Budget expands on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law’s already signiﬁcant investments to-

ward improving the safety and efﬁciency of the Nation’s rail network. This includes $2.5 billion

for grants to Amtrak, along with $250 million for the Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and

Safety Improvements program, a ﬂexible and oversubscribed competitive grant program that

advances the Justice40 Initiative. These amounts are in addition to the $13.2 billion in rail

funding directly provided by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. In addition, the Budget in-

creases funding for critical safety programs, such as $8 million for the Conﬁdential Close Call

Reporting System, doubling the 2023enacted level. This program, which all Class I railroads

have agreed to join, allows railroads and their employees to report unsafe events and condi-

tions without fear of reprisal.

• Supports the Nation’s Transit Systems. The Nation’s transit systems play a critical role

in: ensuring riders can access jobs, school, healthcare, and opportunity; spurring sustainable

economic development; reducing highway congestion; and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

The Budget includes $2.4 billion for the Capital Investment Grant program, which provides

essential funding for transit expansion projects. At the same time, the Budget recognizes that

many transit systems face an uncertain future as ridership and fare revenue have still not ful-

ly rebounded to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. To ensure transit continues to be a vital and

viable transportation option, the Budget includes language to temporarily allow larger transit

systems to use existing formula funds for operating expenses, and also encourages States to

support their transit systems.

• Makes Supply Chains More Resilient and Moves Goods More Quickly through the

Nation’s Ports and Waterways. The Budget continues support for modernizing America’s

port and waterway infrastructure initiated under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The

Budget includes $80 million for the Port Infrastructure Development Program to strengthen

maritime freight capacity on top of the $450 million in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for

2025. In addition to keeping the Nation’s supply chain moving by improving efﬁciency, DOT

would prioritize projects that also lower emissions—reducing environmental impact in and

around the Nation’s ports.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 113

• Supports Competitive Programs for Multimodal Projects. The Budget provides

$800 million for the Rebuilding American Infrastructure with Sustainability and Equity

(RAISE) and National Infrastructure Project Assistance—also known as the Mega grant pro-

gram—competitive grant programs, matching the 2023 enacted level for National Infrastructure

Investments, by redirecting balances from the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and

Innovation Act program. The RAISE and Mega grant programs support innovative highway,

transit, passenger rail, freight, port and other transportation projects across the Nation, and

advance the Justice40 Initiative. The RAISE program invests in locally- or regionally-signiﬁ-

cant projects such as complete streets projects that improve transportation options and protect

all transportation system users, infrastructure to support healthier and more sustainable

means of travel, and projects that provide signiﬁcant beneﬁts to disadvantaged communities.

The Mega program accelerates delivery of larger projects that can transform and better con-

nect regions and strengthen major supply chain networks, such as the Brent Spence Bridge

Project connecting Kentucky and Ohio, and the I-5 Bridge Replacement Project connecting

Oregon and Washington.

• Addresses the Roadway and Pedestrian Safety Crisis. Despite improvements in vehicle

safety technologies, the National Highway Trafﬁc Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates

that 42,795 people died in motor vehicle trafﬁc crashes in 2022. While this is a very small de-

crease from 2021, the Nation continues to face a national crisis of trafﬁc deaths on America’s

roadways. The Budget provides $1.3 billion for NHTSA, which is $83million above the 2023

enacted level, to conduct critical research to reduce roadway fatalities and injuries on the

Nation’s highways. The Budget also includes increased funding for the newly formed Ofﬁce of

Automation Safety which would lead NHTSA’s efforts to safely and securely integrate autono-

mous vehicles onto the Nation’s roadways. The Ofﬁce of Automation Safety, in coordination

with NHTSA research, would address vehicle cyber security risks as well as risks related to

artiﬁcial intelligence, in alignment with the implementation of Executive Order 14110, “Safe,

Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.” The Budget also

provides almost $965million to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration to continue

its essential safety activities, including its Large Truck and Medium-Duty Truck Crash Causal

Factors Studies.

• Invests in Merchant Mariner Training. The Budget provides $191 million for the United

States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) to support an exemplary standard of excellence

in education and training opportunities for the next generation of diverse seagoing ofﬁcers

and maritime leaders to serve the Nation. This includes funding for sexual assault and sexual

harassment prevention and response activities, newly created subject matter expert Advisory

Council positions, and expanded measures to support survivors of sexual assault. The Budget

also proposes $86 million in priority maintenance and improvement projects at the USMMA

campus.

115

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Protects Improvements to Taxpayer Experience and Supports Ensuring the

Wealthy and Big Corporations Pay the Taxes They Owe. The Inﬂation Reduction Act

addressed long-standing Internal Revenue Service (IRS) funding deﬁciencies by providing

stable, multi-year funding to improve tax compliance by ﬁnally cracking down on high-income

individuals and corporations who have too often avoided paying their lawfully owed taxes,

and improving service for the millions of Americans who do pay their taxes. The IRS is us-

ing Inﬂation Reduction Act funding to modernize its information technology infrastructure,

administer new clean energy tax credits, rebuild the administrative capacity of the Agency

to better assist taxpayers, and crack down on tax evasion by the wealthy and big corpora-

tions. These goals can only be realized if annual discretionary appropriations are provided

to maintain and protect current services. To ensure that taxpayers continue to receive high-

quality customer service and that all Americans are treated fairly by the U.S. tax system, the

Budget maintains annual funding at the 2023 level for all IRS activities and provides a total

of $12.3 billion for the Agency. In addition to annual discretionary funding, the Budget pro-

poses to restore the full Inﬂation Reduction Act investment and provide new funding over the

long-term to maintain progress on service enhancements and deﬁcit-reducing tax compliance

initiatives. This proposal reﬂects a robust research base demonstrating that program integ-

rity investments to enforce existing tax laws increase revenues in a progressive way and, in

doing so, shrink the tax gap—the difference between taxes owed and taxes paid.

• Promotes Access to Capital to Underserved Communities. The Budget provides

$325million for the Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund, an in-

crease of $1 million above the 2023 level, and $55 million, or a 20-percent increase above the

2021 level, to provide access to credit and technical assistance to historically underserved

The Department of the Treasury (Treasury) is responsible for maintaining a strong economy,

promoting economic conditions that enable inclusive growth and stability, protecting the integrity

of the nancial system, combating global nancial crime and corruption, and managing the U.S.

Government’s nances and resources effectively. The President’s 2025 Budget for Treasury:

supports a fair and robust tax system that ensures the wealthy and large corporations pay

the taxes they owe; maintains improved taxpayer experience and service; combats terrorism

and nancial crime; promotes community development and access to credit in disadvantaged

communities; strengthens corporate transparency; and builds institutional capacity to address

emerging issues and advance equity across all Treasury programs.

The Budget requests $14.4 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $0.2 billion or a

1.2-percent increase from the 2023 level.

116 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

and often low-income communities. To address the shortage of long-term affordable credit for

development projects in disadvantaged communities, the Budget also includes a $10 million

subsidy for the CDFI Fund’s Bond Guarantee Program and proposes changes to broaden par-

ticipation while still minimizing the risk of loss to the Federal Government. The Budget would

also broaden access to the Small Dollar Loan Program, allowing more organizations to par-

ticipate in the program that supports individuals seeking affordable credit building loans and

alternatives to costly payday loans.

• Combats Terrorism and Corruption and Increases Corporate Transparency. Treasury

plays a leading role in monitoring and disrupting corruption, money laundering, terrorist ﬁ-

nancing, the use of the ﬁnancial system by malicious actors domestically and abroad, and

combatting the trafﬁcking of illicit substances such as fentanyl in American communities. The

Budget provides $231 million to the Ofﬁce of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, $15 million

above the 2023 level, to expand Treasury’s capacity to provide ﬁnancial intelligence and con-

duct sanctions-related economic analysis while continuing to modernize the sanctions process.

These investments would expand Treasury’s ability to craft, implement, and enforce sanctions,

including the historic sanctions program targeting Russia’s illegal war in Ukraine, and sanc-

tions on key Hamas terrorist group members and ﬁnancial facilitators in Gaza. The Budget

also provides $216 million for the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, $26 million above

the 2023 level, to support Beneﬁcial Ownership Information reporting which will be required

for existing covered companies beginning in 2025. This reporting will provide investigative

tools making it harder for bad actors to hide or beneﬁt from their ill-gotten gains through shell

companies or other opaque ownership structures.

• Builds Critical Agency Capacity to Address Emerging Threats. The Budget pro-

vides $312 million for Treasury’s Departmental Ofﬁces, an increase of $38 million, or a

14-percent increase above the 2023 level, to continue to rebuild stafﬁng levels for Treasury’s

core policy ofﬁces and support Treasury’s role in promoting investment security in sensitive

technologies and products critical to the national security of the United States. The increase

in funding would also allow Treasury to support a Chief Artiﬁcial Intelligence Ofﬁcer to ensure

responsible use and development of artiﬁcial intelligence capabilities. The Budget builds in-

stitutional capacity to support Treasury-wide coordination of program evaluation and expand

engagement with historically underrepresented and underserved groups to advance equity

across all Treasury programs.

• Strengthens Enterprise Cybersecurity. The Budget provides $150 million for the

Cybersecurity Enhancement Account, an increase of $50 million above the 2023 level, to

protect and defend sensitive agency systems and information, including those designated as

high-value assets. The Budget increases centralized funding to strengthen Treasury’s overall

cybersecurity efforts and to continue the implementation of a Zero Trust Architecture. These

investments would protect Treasury’s systems, and the American public’s sensitive data safe-

guarded within these systems, from future attacks. The Budget also provides $396 million for

the Bureau of the Fiscal Service, $24 million above the 2023level. This includes funding to

enhance the security posture of core Government ﬁnancial systems by modernizing and tran-

sitioning all mainframe applications to the secure cloud.

117

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Expands Healthcare, Beneﬁts, and Services for Environmental Exposures. The

Sergeant First Class Heath Robinson Honoring our Promise to Address Comprehensive

Toxics Act of 2022 (PACT Act) represented the most signiﬁcant expansion of VA healthcare

and disability compensation beneﬁts for veterans exposed to burn pits and other environ-

mental exposures in 30 years. As part of the PACT Act, the Congress authorized TEF to fund

increased costs above 2021 funding levels for healthcare and beneﬁts delivery for veterans

exposed to certain environmental hazards—and ensure there is sufﬁcient funding available

to cover these costs without shortchanging other elements of veteran medical care and ben-

eﬁts delivery. The Budget continues this commitment and includes $24.5billion for TEF in

2025, through funds appropriated by the FRA, which is $19.5billion above the 2023 enacted

level.

• Strengthens VA Medical Care. The Budget provides a total of $112.6billion in discre-

tionary medical care funding in 2025, equal to the 2025 advance appropriation request. In

addition, the Budget, through funds appropriated by FRA, includes $21.5billion in TEF for

medical care, bringing the medical care total to $134 billion in 2025, an $11.5billion in-

crease over the 2023 enacted level. In addition to fully funding inpatient, outpatient, mental

health, and long-term care services, the Budget supports programs that enhance VA health-

care quality and delivery, including a $2billion investment for non-recurring maintenance to

improve medical facility infrastructure, and continued efforts to address the opioid and drug

overdose epidemic. In addition, to provide VA with a committed cadre of veteran-oriented,

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is responsible for providing military veterans and their

families, caregivers, and survivors with the benets, care, and support they have earned through

sacrice and service to the Nation. The President’s 2025 Budget for VA honors the Nation’s

sacred obligation to veterans by: investing in world-class healthcare, including enhancing

veterans’ general well-being and mental health; prioritizing veteran mental health services and

suicide prevention programs; increasing support for family caregivers; improving delivery of

benets, including disability claims processing; supporting efforts to end veteran homelessness;

and bolstering other benets to enhance veterans’ prosperity.

The Budget requests $153.7billion for VA, which is a 10-percent increase over the 2023

level, including $129.3billion in discretionary budget authority and $24.5billion in mandatory

budget authority provided by the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (FRA) for the Cost of War

Toxic Exposures Fund (TEF) in 2025. The Budget also includes advance appropriations of

$131.4billion in discretionary budget authority and $22.8billion in mandatory budget authority for

TEF for VA medical care programs in 2026.

118 DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS

mission-focused physicians, the Budget implements a joint VA-Public Health Services Health

Professions Scholarship Program for medical students enrolled in the F. Edward Hébert School

of Medicine at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences.

• Advances the Biden Cancer Moonshot. The Budget invests $45 million within VA research

programs, together with $215million within the VA Medical Care program, for precision on-

cology and to provide access to the best possible cancer care for veterans. Funds also support

research and programs that address cancer care, rare cancers, and cancers in women, as well

as genetic counseling and consultation that advance tele-oncology and precision oncology care

to improve veterans’ health outcomes.

• Prioritizes Veterans’ Mental Health Services and Suicide Prevention. The Budget

invests $135million within VA research programs, together with $17.1billion within the VA

Medical Care program, to increase access to quality mental healthcare with the goal of helping

veterans take charge of their treatment and live full, meaningful lives. VA will also expand and

strengthen the future mental health provider pipeline in innovative ways through strategic

engagement, planning, interagency collaboration, and academic expansion. In addition, the

Budget provides $583million to further advance the Administration’s veteran suicide preven-

tion initiatives, including continued support of the Veterans Crisis Line’s 988 and additional

support for VA’s National Strategy for Preventing Veteran Suicide.

• Supports Women Veterans’ Healthcare. The Budget invests $13.7billion for women vet-

erans’ healthcare, including $1.1billion toward women’s gender-speciﬁc care. More women

are choosing VA healthcare than ever before, with women accounting for over 30 percent of

the increase in enrolled veterans over the past ﬁve years. These investments support compre-

hensive specialty medical and surgical services for women veterans, improve maternal health

outcomes, increase access to infertility counseling and assisted reproductive technology, and

eliminate copayments for contraceptive coverage. The Budget also improves the safety of

women veterans seeking healthcare at VA facilities by supporting implementation of the zero-

tolerance policy for sexual harassment and assault.

• Bolsters Efforts to End Veteran Homelessness. The President believes that every veter-

an should have permanent, safe, and sustainable housing with access to healthcare and other

supportive services. The Budget invests $3.2billion to end current veteran homelessness and

prevent veterans from becoming homeless in the future. In addition to investments made in

VA programs, the Budget for the Department of Housing and Urban Development provides

$13billion in mandatory funding to expand the Housing Choice Voucher Program to reach an

additional 400,000 extremely low-income veteran families, paving a path to guaranteed assis-

tance for all who have served the Nation and are in need.

• Invests in Caregivers Support Programs. Recognizing the critical role family caregivers

play in supporting the health and wellness of veterans, the Budget provides critical funding

for the Program of General Caregivers Support Services. The Budget also speciﬁcally pro-

vides $2.9 billion for the Program of Comprehensive Assistance for Family Caregivers, which

includes stipend payments and support services to help empower family caregivers of eligible

veterans.

• Invests in Overdose Prevention and Treatment Programs. The Budget invests

$713million toward opioid use disorder prevention and treatment programs, including us-

ing predictive analytics to stratify a patient’s risk of overdose, provide augmented care as

appropriate, and to support programs authorized in the Jason Simcakoski PROMISE Act. In

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 119

addition, investments contribute to distribution of naloxone to veterans, which, according to

researchers with the VA Palo Alto Health Care System, has demonstrated success in effective

utilization of the lifesaving opioid overdose reversal medication, and development of an opioid

safety toolkit that provides clinicians materials that aid in decisions related to safe opioid pre-

scribing and non-opioid pain management options.

• Honors the Memory of All Veterans. The Budget includes $495million to ensure veter-

ans and their families have access to exceptional memorial beneﬁts. These funds maintain

national shrine standards at the 158 VA-managed cemeteries and support the operations and

maintenance of Mare Island Cemetery transferred in 2023 from the City of Vallejo, California.

• Invests in Veteran Medical and Other Facilities. The Budget includes $2.8billion in

budgetary resources for construction and expansion of critical infrastructure and facilities, in

addition to the $2billion investment for non-recurring maintenance to improve medical facil-

ity infrastructure. The Budget also provides $141million for grants for construction of State

extended care facilities to deliver high-quality healthcare, beneﬁts, and services for veterans.

• Modernizes VA Information Technology. The Budget provides $6.2billion in total budget-

ary resources for VA’s Ofﬁce of Information Technology to continue upgrades to information

technology systems to enable faster beneﬁts delivery and easier access to medical care ser-

vices. In addition, VA will continue its investments in expanding the safe use of artiﬁcial

intelligence to improve veteran care.

• Supports Claims Processing and Beneﬁts Delivery. The Budget provides $4billion to

the General Operating Expenses, Veterans Beneﬁts Administration account, notably to sup-

port the timely processing of claims. This is an increase $172million over the 2023 enacted

level and would enable VA to continue to focus on delivering timely beneﬁts and services to

veterans.

• Invests in Housing. The Budget provides $326million in discretionary housing loan pro-

gram administration resources aiding veterans in buying, building, improving, or reﬁnancing

a home. The Budget supports program modernization, loss mitigation efforts to keep veterans

in their homes, and the Administration’s Justice40 and Property Appraisal Valuation Equity

initiatives.

121

CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Invests in Projects with High Economic, Environmental, and Public Safety Returns.

The Budget invests in projects and programs in the main mission areas of the Corps, which

are commercial navigation, ﬂood and storm damage reduction, and aquatic ecosystem resto-

ration, which provide a high economic or environmental return, increase resilience to climate

change, promote environmental justice, or address a signiﬁcant risk to public safety. For ex-

ample, the Budget improves the safety of Corps’ dams by investing in projects that the Corps

has identiﬁed as among the highest potential risks to public safety nationwide.

• Increases Climate Resilience. The Budget protects and maintains funding for programs

that help communities identify and address their ﬂood risks and improve the operation of

reservoirs to strengthen ecosystems consistent with other project purposes. For example, the

Budget includes $20million for the Floodplain Management Services Program, $9million

for Planning Assistance to States, and $5 million for the Sustainable Rivers Program. The

Budget also provides: $51.5million for emergency preparedness, which is $11million above

the 2023 enacted level; and $16.5million to dredge the Lower Mississippi River Main Stem

project’s navigation channel, including funds the Corps can use in the event of future low

water levels such as those experienced over the last two years.

• Strengthens Supply Chains at Coastal Ports and on the Inland Waterways. The

Budget facilitates safe and efﬁcient navigation at the Nation’s coastal ports and along the

highest use inland waterways. The Budget includes $930million for operation and mainte-

nance work on the inland waterways, with an emphasis on investments that would improve

the condition of locks and dams and help keep supply chains ﬂowing. The Budget also pro-

vides over $1.7 billion in spending from the Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund to support

navigation in Federal channels that serve the Nation’s coastal ports. The Budget continues

The Army Corps of Engineers—Civil Works program (Corps) is responsible for: developing,

managing, restoring, and protecting water resources primarily through the construction, operation,

maintenance, and study of water-related infrastructure projects; regulating development in waters

of the United States; and working with Federal agencies to help communities respond to and

recover from oods and other natural disasters. The President’s 2025 Budget for the Corps

invests in high return projects, improves the supply chain at the Nation’s coastal ports and on the

inland waterways, increases climate resilience, and promotes environmental justice.

The Budget requests $7.2billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, including Harbor

Maintenance Trust Fund appropriations that are exempted from budget enforcement, building on

the $17billion in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law for the Corps.

122 CORPS OF ENGINEERS—CIVIL WORKS

construction of the Soo Locks replacement lock in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, funded in part

through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

• Promotes Environmental Justice. The Budget continues to invest in projects and programs

that help disadvantaged and tribal communities address their water resources challenges in

line with the President’s Justice40 Initiative. For example, the Budget includes funding for

the Tribal Partnership Program, for technical and planning assistance for communities, and

to continue construction of the Pajaro River at Watsonville, California project initiated with

funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law.

• Restores Aquatic Ecosystems. The Budget invests in restoration of some of the Nation’s

most unique aquatic ecosystems, such as the Chesapeake Bay, the Upper Mississippi River,

the Missouri River, and the Louisiana Coast. The Budget includes $444 million for Florida’s

Everglades restoration program, a $195million or 77.6-percent increase above the 2021 en-

acted level, and $145 million, a $80million or 123-percent increase above the 2023 enacted

level, to support salmon recovery efforts in the Columbia River Basin. The Budget includes

$13million for small aquatic ecosystem restoration projects to help protect wetlands that may

be negatively impacted by the Supreme Court’s Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency

decision on the Administration’s Waters of the United States rule.

• Invests in Research and Development. The Budget builds on the investments proposed

in prior budgets for research and development that would beneﬁt the civil works program.

The Budget includes $79million for this research and development, with a focus on innova-

tive solutions that would help achieve signiﬁcant cost savings in the Civil Works program or

would address emerging water resources challenges, including climate change. For example,

this continued investment would help reduce the cost to maintain existing water resources

infrastructure and improve its reliability, safety, and environmental sustainability—including

through more effective water management at certain dams and innovative methods to identify

risks to existing infrastructure.

123

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Tackles the Climate Crisis. The Budget prioritizes tackling climate change with the ur-

gency that science demands. Resources in the Budget support efforts to mitigate and adapt

to the impacts of the climate crisis while spurring economic progress and creating good-

paying jobs. The Budget builds on the historic climate investments made in the Inﬂation

Reduction Act and Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and includes $2.9billion in EPA climate-

related programs to address the climate crisis by: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions;

expanding upon the GHG Reporting Program and Sinks inventory; implementing provisions

in the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act of 2020 to continue phasing down the

production and consumption of hydroﬂuorocarbons; advancing equitable implementation of

EPA authorities and directives in Indian Country; and engaging with the global community

to respond to the shared challenge of building resilience in the face of climate impacts.

• Invests in Clean Air. The Budget provides a total of $1.5billion for the Ofﬁce of Air and

Radiation, an increase of $690million since the beginning of the Administration, to continue

the development of national programs, policies, and regulations that control indoor and out-

door air pollution and radiation exposure. This funding includes a historic $187million for

the Atmospheric Protection Program to support implementation and compliance with GHG

emission standards and to tackle the climate crisis at home and abroad. The Budget also in-

cludes $100million for the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act Program, which funds grants and

rebates to reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines, and $70million for the Targeted

Airshed Grants program, which helps reduce air pollution in the most polluted nonattain-

ment areas. The Administration continues to support investment in EPA’s work of limiting

emissions of harmful air pollutants, such as air toxics that are especially harmful to frontline

communities and greenhouse gases that are contributing to the climate crisis.

• Supports the Administration’s Goal of Replacing All Lead Pipes. The Budget pro-

vides a total of $101 million for two EPA grant programs dedicated to remediating lead

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for protecting human health and

the environment. The President’s 2025 Budget for EPA continues the historic progress and

investments made by the Administration and supports the continuing restoration of the Agency’s

capacity to carry out its vital mission to ensure clean air and water, tackle the climate crisis,

return contaminated land to productive use, safeguard chemicals in commerce, and advance

environmental justice.

The Budget requests $11billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, an $858million or

8.4-percent increase from the 2023 level.

124 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

contamination in drinking water—the Reducing Lead in Drinking Water grant program and

the Voluntary School and Child Care Lead Testing and Reduction Grant Program—an increase

of $53million over the 2021 enacted level. This investment, along with other programs at EPA

that can be used for lead projects, like the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, builds on

the historic $15billion in direct funding for lead pipe replacement through the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law and underscores the Administration’s commitment to ensuring access to

safe drinking water and creating good-paying jobs in the process.

• Advances Environmental Justice. The Administration continues to take bold steps and

prioritize efforts to deliver environmental justice in communities across the United States,

including implementing the President’s Justice40 Initiative and keeping up the momentum of

the historic Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inﬂation Reduction Act environmental justice

investments. The Budget bolsters these efforts by providing robust funding for EPA’s newly

established Ofﬁce of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights and investing nearly

$1.5billion across numerous programs throughout the Agency in support of environmental

justice efforts, including investments that would support cleaner air and cleaner water in

frontline communities. This includes a new $25million categorical grant program to develop

Direct Implementation Tribal Cooperative Agreements to carry out crucial environmental pro-

grams in Indian Country that would include a focus on addressing the impacts of climate

change.

• Invests in Critical Water Infrastructure. The Budget provides a total of $2.4billion for

the State Revolving Funds (SRFs) for drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, an in-

crease of more than $1billion over the 2023 enacted level for those programs. The SRFs allow

States to fund high priority projects that improve human health and environmental condi-

tions. These funds and other water infrastructure programs within EPA, such as the Water

Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act credit program, investments in lead pipe replace-

ment, and funding grants authorized in the Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Act

of 2021, complement signiﬁcant resources provided for water infrastructure in the Bipartisan

Infrastructure Law. The Budget also includes $30million for a new program that addresses

gaps in resources to help improve the Federal response to water-related emergencies.

• Safeguards against Dangerous Chemicals and Protects Public Health and the

Environment. The Budget continues to build core capacity under the Toxic Substances

Control Act (TSCA) and modernize information technology and data software for the TSCA

program with an investment of $132million, which is $49million above the 2023 enacted lev-

el. The Superfund and Brownﬁelds Programs support efforts to clean up and revitalize sites

contaminated by hazardous waste releases to the environment. The Budget includes $661mil-

lion for Superfund and would be complemented by an estimated $2.2billion in Superfund tax

revenue that is expected to be available in 2025, for a total of approximately $2.9billion. In

addition, the Budget includes $208million for Brownﬁelds, an increase of $34 million over

the 2023 enacted level. The Budget proposes approximately $170million for EPA to contin-

ue addressing per- and polyﬂuoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through actions highlighted in the

Agency’s PFAS Strategic Roadmap.

• Continues to Build Back Critical Capacity to Carry Out EPA’s Core Mission. The

Budget adds more than 2,000 full-time equivalents (FTEs) relative to 2023 levels, for a total of

more than 17,000 FTEs, working on protective regulations, oversight of delegated programs,

enforcement and compliance, land clean-up, grant deployment, public communication and

engagement, and scientiﬁc research in support of all ofﬁces at EPA. In addition, the Budget in-

cludes necessary resources for EPA to begin addressing Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure,

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 125

and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence.” These stafﬁng investments

would enable EPA to better serve the American people and protect the Nation’s public and

environmental health.

• Ensures Compliance with and Enforcement of the Nation’s Environmental Laws.

The Budget provides $260million for civil enforcement efforts, which is $50million above the

2023 enacted level and $88million above the 2021 enacted level, including funding to pre-

vent the illegal importation and use of hydroﬂuorocarbons in the United States. The Budget

also includes: $172 million for compliance monitoring efforts, $57 million above the 2023

enacted level, including funds to conduct inspections in underserved, disadvantaged, and over-

burdened communities, and funds to rebuild the inspector corps; and $77million for criminal

enforcement efforts, an increase of $6million over the 2023 enacted level. The Agency would

also implement the National Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives to target these invest-

ments on the most serious environmental violations.

127

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND

SPACE ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Invests in the U.S.-led Artemis Program of Lunar Exploration. The Budget includes

$7.8billion for the Artemis program, which would bring astronauts—including the ﬁrst wom-

en, ﬁrst people of color, and ﬁrst international astronauts—to the lunar surface as part of a

long-term journey of science and exploration. The Budget invests in new systems to assist lu-

nar surface science and exploration activities, including a small lunar rover and a large cargo

lander that would be used to deliver larger rovers and habitats to the surface in the 2030s.

• Supports Highly-Efﬁcient and Greener Commercial Airliners. The Budget invests

$966million in NASA’s Aeronautics program. Within this topline, the Budget provides a

12-percent increase above the 2023 enacted level for green aviation projects, which would

develop hybrid-electric jet engines, lightweight aircraft structures, and a major new ﬂight

demonstrator to pave the way for new commercial airliners that would be cheaper to operate

and produce less pollution.

• Enhances Climate Science and Information. The Budget invests $2.4billion, $184million

above the 2023 enacted level, in the Earth Science program for missions and activities that

advance Earth systems science and also increase accessibility to information to mitigate

natural hazards, support climate action, and manage natural resources. This includes

$150million for the next generation of Landsat satellites, ensuring continuity of data that

is used for water resource management and climate science. This also includes develop-

ment of applications and tools to support wildland ﬁre management, provide farmers with

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is responsible for sending astronauts

and robotic missions to explore the solar system, advancing the Nation’s understanding of the

Earth and space, and developing new technologies and approaches to improve aviation and

space activities. The President’s 2025 Budget for NASA enables progress toward priority goals

including: exploring the Moon with U.S. and international partner astronauts; understanding the

Earth system; conducting a broad space science program consisting of multiple exciting missions;

and transitioning from a Government-led to commercially-led space stations.

The Budget requests $25.4billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a 9.1-percent

increase since the start of the Administration, to advance space exploration, improve

understanding of the Earth and space, develop and test new aviation and space technologies,

and to do this all with increased efciency, including through the use of tools such as articial

intelligence.

128 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

information they can use, and better understand greenhouse gas emissions from natural and

human-caused sources through the U.S. Greenhouse Gas Center, a multi-agency collaboration

to improve data sets and analysis tools.

• Advances Exploration of the Solar System and Universe. The Budget provides

$5.2 billion for space science, enabling a broad portfolio of missions to explore the solar system

and universe. The Budget supports: continued operations of the James Webb Space Telescope;

increasing space weather research and applications; and expanding technology maturation

ef forts at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to ﬁnd habitable planets beyond the solar sys-

tem. Given that the Mars Sample Return mission is a major part of part of NASA’s planetary

science budget, the Budget enables NASA’s internal assessment of mission architecture op-

tions to be completed to address mission cost overruns before providing more details for the

$2.7 billion in planetary science budget.

• Increases Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Opportunities

at Minority-Serving Institutions. The Budget provides $46 million to the Minority

University Research and Education Project, to increase competitive awards to Historically

Black Colleges and Universities, Tribal Colleges and Universities, and other Minority-Serving

Institutions, and recruit and retain underrepresented and underserved students in STEM

ﬁelds.

• Advances U.S. Space Industry Technology Development. The Budget provides

$1.2 billion for NASA’s Space Technology portfolio to foster innovative technology research

and development to meet the needs of NASA, support the expanding U.S. space industry which

is creating a growing number of good jobs, and keep America ahead of competitors at the fore-

front of space innovation. The Budget funds the close-out of the On-orbit Servicing, Assembly,

and Manufacturing mission, freeing up funding to grow early-stage space technology research

and development programs, fund additional technology collaboration opportunities between

NASA and industry, and fully-fund the Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations

nuclear propulsion demonstration project, a cooperative program with the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency.

• Continues the Transition to Commercial Space Stations. The Budget funds continued

operation of the International Space Station (ISS), a vehicle to safely de-orbit the space station

after it is retired in 2030, and the commercial space stations that NASA would use as soon as

they become available. The Budget gradually reduces research and other activities on board

the ISS in order to provide the funding necessary for the de-orbit vehicle and commercial

space stations. The Administration continues to strongly support the transition to commercial

space stations in 2030, which would maintain U.S. leadership in low earth orbit and free up

resources to allow NASA to make greater investments in cutting-edge science and exploration

activities.

129

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Accelerates Regional Innovation across the Nation. In support of a major priority of

the CHIPS and Science Act, the Budget increases investments to translate the results of ba-

sic research into practical applications and processes that can beneﬁt the Nation, including

$900 million for the Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships, an increase

of $236 million from the 2023 enacted level. The Budget also includes $205 million for the

Regional Innovation Engines program, which facilitates the creation of regional innovation

ecosystems, particularly in areas of the Nation that do not already have strong technology

ecosystems, bringing good-paying jobs in in-demand industries to more areas.

• Strengthens U.S. Leadership in AI and Emerging Technologies. The Budget provides

more than $2 billion for research and development (R&D) in critical emerging technology

areas in alignment with CHIPS and Science Act priorities of boosting U.S. competitiveness in

science and technology, including AI, advanced manufacturing, advanced wireless, biotechnol-

ogies, microelectronics and semiconductors, and quantum information science. The Budget

also includes $30 million for the second year for a pilot of the National AI Research Resource,

as highlighted in Executive Order 14110, “Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and

Use of Artiﬁcial Intelligence,” which aims to democratize access to resources to support the

research and innovation needed to build the next generation of safe and trustworthy AI.

• Advances Climate Research and Development. The Budget includes $1.4 billion for

R&D on climate and clean energy technologies, an increase of $80 million from the 2023

enacted level. This investment supports a broad portfolio of research that includes: at-

mospheric composition; water and carbon cycles; renewable energy technologies; climate

resilience technologies for communities heavily affected by climate change; and social, be-

havioral, and economic research on human responses to climate change, among other topics.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for promoting the progress of science

and innovation, including advancing science education. The President’s 2025 Budget for NSF

builds on previous years’ investments and furthers the goals of the CHIPS and Science Act,

including: strengthening U.S. leadership in articial intelligence (AI) and other critical emerging

technologies; boosting research and development, including for combating the climate crisis;

supporting the Nation’s research infrastructure; advancing equity while promoting education

and workforce development in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); and

increasing research security and oversight.

The Budget requests $10.2 billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $644 million or

6.8-percent increase from the 2023 level.

130 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

• Bolsters the Nation’s Research Infrastructure. The Budget includes $300 million for

research infrastructure at NSF to support the construction and procurement of research fa-

cilities and instrumentation across the Nation to enable scientiﬁc and technological advances.

The Budget provides support for: upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, the world’s largest

particle accelerator; construction of the Leadership-Class Computing Facility to support sci-

ence and engineering research that requires the largest and most computationally intensive

capabilities; and long-term upgrades of NSF’s major Antarctic infrastructure. The Budget

also includes support for continued design and development work for a single extremely large

telescope, which has the potential to advance ground-based astronomy observing capabilities

for U.S. researchers.

• Promotes Equity in STEM Education and Workforce Training. In support of the

CHIPS and Science Act’s priority of building a diverse, STEM-capable workforce, the Budget

provides $1.4 billion for STEM education and workforce development programs at NSF that

have an emphasis on diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility. Within this amount, the

Budget includes $592 million, an increase of $51 million from the 2023 enacted level, for

programs focused on increasing the participation of groups historically underrepresented in

science and engineering ﬁelds, including women and girls and people of color, by supporting:

curriculum design; research on successful recruitment and retention methods; development of

outreach or mentorship programs; fellowships; and building science and engineering research

and education capacity at Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Tribally Controlled

Colleges and Universities, and Minority-Serving Institutions.

• Increases Research Security and Oversight. The Budget includes $18 million for re-

search security activities at NSF, an increase of $6 million from the 2023 enacted level, to

identify risks to the U.S. research enterprise and to develop policies and best practices to

mitigate against those risks. The Budget also includes support for the expanded role of the

Ofﬁce of the Inspector General to conduct oversight and prosecution cases of sexual assault

and harassment in the United States Antarctic Program.

131

SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Expands Access to Capital for Small Businesses. Building on the historic growth in

small business applications under the President and Vice President’s leadership, the Budget

supports historic lending levels across SBA’s business lending programs, including: the 7(a)

business loan guarantee; capital for major ﬁxed assets, otherwise known as a 504 loan guar-

antee; the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program; and Microloan programs.

The over $58billion in lending provided in the Budget would address the need for greater

access to affordable capital, particularly in underserved communities. The Budget proposes

a new direct 7(a) lending program, which would further enable SBA to address gaps in access

to small dollar lending. In addition, increasing the authorized lending level for the SBIC

program by 16 percent to $7billion would signiﬁcantly expand the availability of venture

capital funding for small businesses.

• Supports Disaster Mitigation and Recovery. As communities across the Nation face

increased risks from natural disasters, the Budget continues to support SBA’s Disaster Loan

Program, a program that is vital to ensuring SBA can continue to administer low-interest

disaster loans that provide a ﬁnancial lifeline for homeowners and businesses recovering

from natural disasters.

• Delivers Equitable Access to Counseling and Training Resources. The Budget pro-

vides $20million for the Community Navigator Pilot Program, which works with community

organizations to provide and amplify awareness of free and low-cost business counseling

and training resources. Community Navigators are reducing resource and access barriers in

underserved communities, including veterans, women, rural communities, and communities

of color.

The Small Business Administration (SBA) is responsible for ensuring that small businesses,

entrepreneurs, innovative startups, and disaster-impacted communities have access to the tools

and resources they need to start, recover, build, and grow. The President’s 2025 Budget for

SBA supports comprehensive and equitable access to business technical assistance services,

affordable capital, and Government contracting opportunities.

The Budget requests $971million in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a 25-percent

increase over the 2021 enacted level at the beginning of the Administration. The Budget

continues to build on the historic small business growth achieved under this Administration by

expanding access to capital, counseling services, contracting opportunities, and disaster recovery

assistance.

132 SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

• Invests in Innovators. The Budget provides $30million to support SBA’s Growth Accelerator

Fund Competition, Regional Innovation Clusters, and the Federal and State Technology

Partnership Program to provide entrepreneurs at various technical readiness levels with a

network of technical assistance providers including accelerators, State and local economic

development agencies, colleges and universities, and other technology-based economic devel-

opment entities. This technical assistance provides small business entrepreneurs access to

the tools, networks, and services they need to commercialize cutting-edge innovation and bring

solutions to the market.

• Invests in Veteran-Owned Small Businesses. In January 2023, SBA began accepting

applications for the Veteran Small Business Certiﬁcation program to expand small business

contracting opportunities for veterans. The Budget provides $16million to support this im-

portant program, including the cost to review certiﬁcation and recertiﬁcation applications for

veteran and service-disabled veteran-owned small businesses.

133

SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

The President’s 2025 Budget:

• Protects the Beneﬁts that Americans Have Earned. The Administration is commit-

ted to protecting and strengthening Social Security and opposes any attempt to cut Social

Security beneﬁts as well as proposals to privatize Social Security. The Administration be-

lieves that protecting Social Security should start with asking the highest-income Americans

to pay their fair share. In addition, the Administration supports efforts to improve Social

Security beneﬁts, as well as Supplemental Security Income beneﬁts, for seniors and people

with disabilities, especially for those who face the greatest challenges making ends meet.

• Improves Service Delivery. The Administration is committed to improving service deliv-

ery for the more than sixmillion retirement, survivor, and Medicare claimants, as well as the

more than two million individuals applying for disability and Supplemental Security Income

every year. The Budget provides an increase of $1.3billion, nine percent over the 2023 en-

acted level, to improve customer service at SSA’s ﬁeld ofﬁces, State disability determination

services, and teleservice centers for retirees, individuals with disabilities, and their families.

The Budget also improves access to SSA’s services by reducing wait times.

• Provides National, Comprehensive Paid Family and Medical Leave. The vast major-

ity of America’s workers do not have access to employer-provided paid family leave, including

73 percent of private sector workers. Among the lowest-paid workers, who are dispropor-

tionately women and workers of color, 94 percent lack access to paid family leave through

their employers. In addition, as many as one in ﬁve retirees leave the workforce earlier than

planned to care for an ill family member, which negatively impacts families, as well as the

Nation’s labor supply and productivity. The Budget proposes to establish a national, compre-

hensive paid family and medical leave program administered by SSA. The program would:

provide workers with progressive, partial wage replacement to take time off for family and

medical reasons; include robust administrative funding; and use an inclusive family deﬁni-

tion. The Budget would provide up to 12 weeks of leave to allow eligible workers to take time

The Social Security Administration (SSA) is responsible for providing essential benets to

retirees, survivors, individuals with disabilities, and older Americans with limited income and

resources, helping Americans retire with dignity. The President’s 2025 Budget for SSA supports

investments in improving service delivery and advancing equity and proposes a national paid

family and medical leave program that would give workers the time they need to care for

themselves or a loved one or to bond with a new child.

The Budget requests $15.4billion in discretionary budget authority for 2025, a $1.3billion or

8.9-percent increase from the 2023 level, including cap adjustment funding.

134 SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION

off to: care for and bond with a new child; care for a seriously ill loved one; heal from their own

serious illness; address circumstances arising from a loved one’s military deployment; or ﬁnd

safety from domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking—otherwise known

as “safe leave.” The Budget would also provide up to three days to grieve the death of a loved

one. The Administration looks forward to continuing to work with the Congress to make this

critical investment and strengthen America’s economy.

• Advances Equity and Accessibility. The Administration is committed to making it easier

for people to access the services they rely on, including individuals experiencing homeless-

ness, children with disabilities, and people with mental health and intellectual disabilities.

The Budget makes investments to decrease customer wait times, to simplify Supplemental

Security Income application processes, and to expand access to Agency programs and services,

particularly for underserved communities. SSA will also continue to modernize its informa-

tion technology systems to make more services available online and improve 800 Number

access for those who call. The Budget also prioritizes actions to prevent overpayments and to

allow customers to navigate the recovery and waiver processes more easily.

135

Summary Tables

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 137

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Budget totals in billions of dollars:

Receipts .............................................................................. 4,441 5,082 5,485 5,873 6,186 6,510 6,830 7,164 7,509 7,873 8,258 8,639 30,883 70,328

Outlays ............................................................................... 6,135 6,941 7,266 7,419 7,697 8,083 8,313 8,805 9,123 9,544 10,060 10,316 38,777 86,625

Deﬁcit

........................................................................... 1,694 1,859 1,781 1,547 1,510 1,573 1,483 1,640 1,614 1,671 1,801 1,677 7,894 16,297

Debt held by the public ...................................................... 26,236 28,156 29,984 31,639 33,250 34,892 36,441 38,139 39,795 41,502 43,339 45,056

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ................. 23,728 25,587 27,370 28,917 30,428 32,001 33,485 35,129 36,748 38,419 40,220 41,897

Gross domestic product (GDP) .............................................. 26,977 28,255 29,340 30,553 31,816 33,129 34,511 35,984 37,546 39,176 40,877 42,654

Budget totals as a percent of GDP:

Receipts ..............................................................................

16.5% 18.0% 18.7% 19.2% 19.4% 19.6% 19.8% 19.9% 20.0% 20.1% 20.2% 20.3% 19.4% 19.7%

Outlays ............................................................................... 22.7% 24.6% 24.8% 24.3% 24.2% 24.4% 24.1% 24.5% 24.3% 24.4% 24.6% 24.2% 24.3% 24.4%

Deﬁcit .............................................................................. 6.3% 6.6% 6.1% 5.1% 4.7% 4.7% 4.3% 4.6% 4.3% 4.3% 4.4% 3.9% 5.0% 4.6%

Debt held by the public ...................................................... 97.3% 99.6% 102.2% 103.6% 104.5% 105.3% 105.6% 106.0% 106.0% 105.9% 106.0% 105.6%

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ................. 88.0% 90.6% 93.3% 94.6% 95.6% 96.6% 97.0% 97.6% 97.9% 98.1% 98.4% 98.2%

Memorandum, real net interest:

Real net interest in billions of dollars ............................... –453 187 349 389 410 441 461 480 502 533 558 574 2,051 4,699

Real net interest as a percent of GDP ............................... –1.7% 0.7% 1.2% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3%

The estimated deﬁcit for 2024 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through November.

Table S–1. Budget Totals

(In billions of dollars and as a percent of GDP)

138 SUMMARY TABLES

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Projected deﬁcits in the baseline ................................................. 1,694 1,909 1,865 1,784 1,752 1,815 1,763 1,933 1,985 2,080 2,313 2,233 8,980 19,524

Percent of GDP ................................................................................. 6.3% 6.8% 6.4% 5.8% 5.5% 5.5% 5.1% 5.4% 5.3% 5.3% 5.7% 5.2%

Proposals in the 2025 Budget:

Lowering everyday costs for the American people:

Expand access to child care and early learning ......................... ......... ......... 15 23 40 56 65 73 75 81 85 87 199 600

Reduce the cost of health care ..................................................... ......... ......... 9 37 46 48 50 52 53 55 59 61 190 470

Reduce the cost of prescription drugs ......................................... ......... ......... * –1 –7 –19 –20 –26 –26 –32 –38 –38 –46 –205

Reduce the cost of and expand access to postsecondary

education and training ............................................................ ......... ......... 3 8 21 32 39 39 37 37 37 37 103 290

Reduce the cost of housing for home owners and renters .......... ......... 1 31 19 14 13 15 17 17 19 19 20 91 183

Offset by tax reforms to ensure the wealthiest Americans and

big corporations pay their fair share:

Impose a minimum income tax on the wealthiest taxpayers ......... ......... ......... –50 –56 –59 –60 –60 –59 –53 –50 –54 –227 –503

Increase the top marginal income tax rate for high-income

earners .................................................................................. ......... –10 –75 –31 –14 –15 –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –21 –151 –246

Reform the taxation of capital income .................................... ......... ......... –18 –24 –25 –26 –28 –29 –31 –32 –34 –42 –121 –289

Close loopholes in the estate and gift taxes and related

reforms .................................................................................. ......... ......... –2 –4 –6 –8 –10 –12 –12 –13 –14 –16 –30 –97

Expand limitation on deductibility of excessive employee

remuneration ........................................................................ ......... ......... –37 –19 –30 –35 –31 –28 –22 –21 –22 –26 –153 –272

Subtotal, tax reforms to ensure the wealthiest Americans

and big corporations pay their fair share ....................... ......... –10 –132 –128 –132 –144 –145 –146 –142 –138 –141 –158 –681 –1,406

Total, lowering everyday costs for the American people ........ ......... –9 –75 –41 –18 –13 3 10 14 23 21 8 –144 –68

Invest in working families and improve healthcare:

Provide national, comprehensive paid family and medical

leave .......................................................................................... ......... ......... 2 10 18 20 25 50 50 50 50 50 75 325

Restore and make permanent the American Rescue Plan

expansion of the earned income tax credit for workers

without qualifying children ..................................................... ......... * 15 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 80 163

Expand the child credit, and make permanent full

refundability and advanceability ............................................ ......... 5 210 11 8 11 12 12 12 12 13 9 252 310

Improve home care ....................................................................... ......... ......... 3 4 6 8 10 13 17 23 30 40 30 154

Strengthen public health and improve health outcomes ........... ......... 2 11 31 42 42 42 46 44 45 48 51 167 402

Total, invest in working families and improve healthcare .... ......... 8 241 72 90 97 105 137 140 147 158 168 604 1,354

Tax reforms to make big corporations pay their fair share:

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent ..................... ......... –75 –122 –125 –128 –129 –128 –129 –138 –145 –150 –155 –633 –1,350

Increase the corporate alternative minimum tax rate to 21

percent ...................................................................................... ......... –10 –14 –12 –12 –13 –13 –14 –14 –15 –15 –16 –63 –137

Revise the global minimum tax regime, limit inversions, and

make related reforms ............................................................... ......... –9 –28 –36 –35 –35 –36 –38 –39 –41 –42 –44 –169 –374

Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deﬁcits

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars)

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 139

Table S–2. Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deﬁcits—Continued

(Deﬁcit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Adopt the undertaxed proﬁts rule ............................................... ......... ......... –10 –15 –14 –14 –14 –14 –14 –14 –14 –14 –67 –136

Increase the excise tax rate on repurchase of corporate stock

and close loopholes ................................................................... ......... –4 –15 –15 –15 –15 –16 –16 –17 –18 –19 –20 –76 –166

Total, tax reforms to make big corporations pay their fair

share ..................................................................................... ......... –97 –189 –202 –204 –206 –208 –211 –222 –232 –240 –249 –1,008 –2,164

Close Medicare tax loopholes and increase Medicare tax for

people making over $400,000 ....................................................... ......... –17 –81 –61 –64 –70 –75 –80 –85 –89 –94 –99 –351 –797

Additional investments and reforms ............................................... ......... 67 24 4 –29 –27 –76 –111 –171 –199 –284 –296 –103 –1,165

Debt service and other interest effects ........................................... ......... –1 –4 –9 –16 –23 –30 –38 –47 –59 –72 –88 –83 –388

Total proposals in the 2025 Budget .............................................. ......... –50 –84 –238 –242 –242 –281 –292 –371 –409 –512 –556 –1,086 –3,227

Resulting deﬁcits in the 2025 Budget .......................................... 1,694 1,859 1,781 1,547 1,510 1,573 1,483 1,640 1,614 1,671 1,801 1,677 7,894 16,297

Percent of GDP ................................................................................. 6.3% 6.6% 6.1% 5.1% 4.7% 4.7% 4.3% 4.6% 4.3% 4.3% 4.4% 3.9%

* $500 million or less.

140 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–3. Baseline by Category

(In billions of dollars)

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense ........................................................................... 806 852 884 902 923 938 958 972 998 1,022 1,046 1,070 4,604 9,712

Non-defense .................................................................... 912 965 995 993 1,003 1,009 1,019 1,033 1,054 1,087 1,112 1,136 5,019 10,441

Subtotal, discretionary programs .............................. 1,718 1,818 1,879 1,894 1,926 1,947 1,977 2,005 2,052 2,109 2,158 2,206 9,624 20,153

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ................................................................ 1,348 1,452 1,543 1,637 1,730 1,824 1,919 2,018 2,118 2,221 2,325 2,432 8,653 19,767

Medicare ......................................................................... 839 839 936 997 1,075 1,219 1,176 1,335 1,423 1,534 1,789 1,766 5,402 13,249

Medicaid ......................................................................... 616 567 587 622 662 701 742 785 833 885 940 996 3,314 7,752

Other mandatory programs ........................................... 955 1,308 1,038 1,038 1,037 1,041 1,106 1,174 1,191 1,230 1,285 1,291 5,260 11,431

Subtotal, mandatory programs ................................. 3,758 4,165 4,104 4,294 4,503 4,786 4,943 5,311 5,565 5,870 6,339 6,484 22,629 52,199

Net interest ........................................................................ 658 890 969 1,022 1,088 1,158 1,220 1,278 1,347 1,425 1,500 1,572 5,457 12,579

Total outlays ................................................................... 6,135 6,873 6,952 7,211 7,517 7,891 8,140 8,594 8,964 9,404 9,997 10,262 37,710 84,931

Receipts:

Individual income taxes ..................................................... 2,176 2,510 2,639 2,915 3,145 3,325 3,496 3,658 3,848 4,055 4,265 4,486 15,520 35,834

Corporation income taxes .................................................. 420 520 467 453 440 454 483 494 512 550 559 570 2,297 4,982

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes ......................................... 1,194 1,240 1,285 1,343 1,399 1,469 1,528 1,592 1,658 1,725 1,817 1,887 7,023 15,702

Medicare payroll taxes ................................................... 358 384 399 415 433 456 475 496 518 540 570 593 2,178 4,894

Unemployment insurance .............................................. 49 54 56 59 62 64 64 67 70 71 73 78 306 664

Other retirement ............................................................ 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 78 175

Excise taxes ........................................................................ 76 97 97 100 100 99 101 103 103 104 105 105 497 1,016

Estate and gift taxes .......................................................... 34 29 31 33 49 51 53 56 60 65 70 75 218 543

Customs duties ................................................................... 80 81 61 53 53 55 57 59 61 53 56 58 277 564

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ................. 1 ......... ......... ......... 25 40 51 62 71 79 85 90 116 503

Other miscellaneous receipts ............................................ 40 35 37 40 43 47 51 56 60 63 66 68 218 530

Total receipts .................................................................. 4,441 4,964 5,087 5,426 5,765 6,076 6,376 6,661 6,979 7,324 7,684 8,029 28,730 65,407

Deﬁcit .................................................................................... 1,694 1,909 1,865 1,784 1,752 1,815 1,763 1,933 1,985 2,080 2,313 2,233 8,980 19,524

Net interest ........................................................................ 658 890 969 1,022 1,088 1,158 1,220 1,278 1,347 1,425 1,500 1,572 5,457 12,579

Primary deﬁcit ................................................................... 1,035 1,019 896 762 664 657 544 655 638 655 814 661 3,523 6,945

On-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 1,666 1,837 1,753 1,648 1,590 1,637 1,550 1,692 1,712 1,770 1,990 1,872 8,179 17,214

Off-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 27 72 112 136 162 178 213 241 273 310 323 361 801 2,310

Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S–9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration's ﬁscal policies.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 141

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense ........................................................................... 806 884 900 906 920 940 961 967 981 990 998 1,005 4,626 9,566

Non-defense .................................................................... 912 1,001 1,029 1,021 1,014 993 986 986 993 1,018 1,038 1,057 5,042 10,134

Subtotal, discretionary programs .............................. 1,718 1,885 1,929 1,927 1,934 1,933 1,946 1,952 1,974 2,008 2,036 2,062 9,669 19,700

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ................................................................ 1,348 1,452 1,543 1,637 1,730 1,824 1,919 2,018 2,118 2,221 2,325 2,432 8,653 19,767

Medicare ......................................................................... 839 839 936 997 1,069 1,202 1,158 1,311 1,398 1,504 1,721 1,693 5,362 12,989

Medicaid ......................................................................... 616 567 589 625 666 707 749 797 850 907 969 1,035 3,335 7,893

Other mandatory programs ........................................... 955 1,310 1,303 1,221 1,225 1,281 1,350 1,487 1,483 1,538 1,580 1,609 6,381 14,077

Subtotal, mandatory programs ................................. 3,758 4,167 4,372 4,479 4,690 5,014 5,176 5,612 5,849 6,169 6,595 6,769 23,731 54,725

Net interest ........................................................................ 658 889 965 1,013 1,072 1,136 1,190 1,241 1,301 1,367 1,428 1,485 5,377 12,199

Total outlays ................................................................... 6,135 6,941 7,266 7,419 7,697 8,083 8,313 8,805 9,123 9,544 10,060 10,316 38,777 86,625

Receipts:

Individual income taxes ..................................................... 2,176 2,503 2,679 2,976 3,178 3,369 3,549 3,734 3,925 4,129 4,341 4,574 15,751 36,455

Corporation income taxes .................................................. 420 613 668 721 703 710 741 770 806 859 882 905 3,544 7,766

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes ......................................... 1,194 1,240 1,284 1,342 1,397 1,467 1,526 1,591 1,656 1,723 1,814 1,885 7,016 15,685

Medicare payroll taxes ................................................... 358 413 542 519 543 572 597 625 653 682 720 752 2,772 6,203

Unemployment insurance .............................................. 49 54 56 59 62 64 64 67 70 71 73 78 306 664

Other retirement ............................................................ 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 78 175

Excise taxes ........................................................................ 76 100 110 112 113 113 115 118 118 120 122 122 563 1,163

Estate and gift taxes .......................................................... 34 29 33 35 53 57 61 65 69 75 80 87 238 614

Customs duties ................................................................... 80 81 61 53 53 55 57 59 61 53 56 58 277 564

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ................. 1 ......... ......... ......... 25 40 51 62 71 79 85 90 116 503

Other miscellaneous receipts ............................................ 40 35 38 41 43 47 52 56 60 64 66 69 221 537

Total receipts .................................................................. 4,441 5,082 5,485 5,873 6,186 6,510 6,830 7,164 7,509 7,873 8,258 8,639 30,883 70,328

Deﬁcit .................................................................................... 1,694 1,859 1,781 1,547 1,510 1,573 1,483 1,640 1,614 1,671 1,801 1,677 7,894 16,297

Net interest ........................................................................ 658 889 965 1,013 1,072 1,136 1,190 1,241 1,301 1,367 1,428 1,485 5,377 12,199

Primary deﬁcit ................................................................... 1,035 971 816 533 438 437 293 400 313 304 373 192 2,516 4,098

On-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 1,666 1,788 1,669 1,410 1,346 1,392 1,268 1,398 1,338 1,359 1,476 1,313 7,086 13,970

Off-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 27 72 112 137 164 180 215 243 275 312 326 364 807 2,327

Table S–4. Proposed Budget by Category

(In billions of dollars)

142 SUMMARY TABLES

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Averages

2025–

2029

2025–

2034

Outlays:

Discretionary programs:

Defense ........................................................................... 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.7

Non-defense .................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.2 2.9

Subtotal, discretionary programs .............................. 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 6.1 5.6

Mandatory programs:

Social Security ................................................................ 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.5

Medicare ......................................................................... 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.2 4.0 3.4 3.6

Medicaid ......................................................................... 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2

Other mandatory programs ........................................... 3.5 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.0

Subtotal, mandatory programs ................................. 13.9 14.7 14.9 14.7 14.7 15.1 15.0 15.6 15.6 15.7 16.1 15.9 14.9 15.3

Net interest ........................................................................ 2.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

Total outlays ................................................................... 22.7 24.6 24.8 24.3 24.2 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.3 24.4 24.6 24.2 24.3 24.4

Receipts:

Individual income taxes ..................................................... 8.1 8.9 9.1 9.7 10.0 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.7 9.9 10.2

Corporation income taxes .................................................. 1.6 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2

Social insurance and retirement receipts:

Social Security payroll taxes ......................................... 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

Medicare payroll taxes ................................................... 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7

Unemployment insurance .............................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other retirement ............................................................ 0.1 * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Excise taxes ........................................................................ 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

Estate and gift taxes .......................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Customs duties ................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Deposits of earnings, Federal Reserve System ................. * ......... ......... ......... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Other miscellaneous receipts ............................................ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Total receipts .................................................................. 16.5 18.0 18.7 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.8 19.9 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 19.4 19.7

Deﬁcit .................................................................................... 6.3 6.6 6.1 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.9 5.0 4.6

Net interest ........................................................................ 2.4 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

Primary deﬁcit ................................................................... 3.8 3.4 2.8 1.7 1.4 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.4 1.6 1.2

On-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 6.2 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.1 4.5 4.0

Off-budget deﬁcit ................................................................ 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6

* 0.05 percent of GDP or less.

Table S–5. Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP

(As a percent of GDP)

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 143

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Lower everyday costs for the American people:

Expand access to child care and early learning:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Expand access to affordable, quality child care

for low- and middle-income families ............... ......... 9,900 16,400 32,200 43,800 47,600 52,000 53,100 54,800 56,600 57,900 149,900 424,300

Expand access to free, universal preschool ......... ......... 5,000 7,000 8,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 25,000 30,000 32,500 32,500 55,000 200,000

Account for child care and preschool interaction ......... ......... ......... ......... –2,600 –3,100 –3,600 –3,600 –3,700 –3,800 –3,900 –5,700 –24,300

Subtotal, expand access to child care and

early learning ............................................... ......... 14,900 23,400 40,200 56,200 64,500 73,400 74,500 81,100 85,300 86,500 199,200 600,000

Reduce the cost of health care:

Crosscutting reforms:

Permanently extend enhanced premium tax

credits

.............................................................. ......... ......... 18,408 25,980 27,783 29,326 31,171 32,051 33,715 35,967 38,302 101,497 272,703

Permanently extend coverage to low-income

individuals in States that have not expanded

Medicaid ........................................................... ......... 8,500 19,000 20,000 20,500 21,000 21,500 21,500 22,000 23,000 23,000 89,000 200,000

Replenish and extend No Surprises Act

implementation fund ....................................... ......... 103 115 118 122 42 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 500 500

Extend surprise billing protections to ground

ambulances

...................................................... ......... ......... –74 –101 –104 –113 –117 –121 –128 –133 –140 –392 –1,031

Ban “facility fees” for telehealth and certain

outpatient services in commercial insurance ... ......... ......... –190 –190 –190 –280 –280 –280 –280 –280 –280 –850 –2,250

Subtotal, reduce the cost of health care .......... ......... 8,603 37,259 45,807 48,111 49,975 52,274 53,150 55,307 58,554 60,882 189,755 469,922

Reduce the cost of prescription drugs:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Expand Medicare drug negotiation, extend

inﬂation rebates and out-of-pocket cost caps

to the commercial market, and other steps

to build on the Inﬂation Reduction Act (IRA)

drug provisions ................................................. ......... ......... –1,000 –7,000 –18,000 –19,000 –25,000 –25,000 –31,000 –37,000 –37,000 –45,000 –200,000

Limit Medicare Part D cost-sharing on certain

generic drugs to $2 ........................................... ......... ......... ......... 129 173 173 173 174 174 173 173 475 1,342

Modify the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program in

the Territories ................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Permit biosimilar substitution without Food and

Drug Administration (FDA) determination of

interchangeability ............................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize the Department of Health and

Human Services (HHS) to negotiate Medicaid

supplemental rebates on behalf of States ....... ......... ......... ......... ......... –670 –690 –710 –740 –770 –790 –810 –1,360 –5,180

Apply Medicaid drug rebates to separate

Children’s Health Insurance Programs

(CHIP) ............................................................... ......... –220 –230 –240 –260 –280 –290 –230 –180 –180 –180 –1,230 –2,290

Crosscutting reforms:

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals

(In millions of dollars)

144 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Reduce insulin cost-sharing in commercial

plans

................................................................ ......... 580 473 108 24 25 27 22 25 27 27 1,210 1,338

Subtotal, reduce the cost of prescription drugs .... ......... 360 –757 –7,003 –18,733 –19,772 –25,800 –25,774 –31,751 –37,770 –37,790 –45,905 –204,790

Reduce the cost of and expand access to

postsecondary education and training:

Department of Education:

Double Pell Grants for students at public and

non-proﬁt institutions ...................................... ......... 906 3,922 6,974 10,354 14,151 16,777 17,040 17,315 17,584 17,891 36,307 122,914

Create the Reducing the Costs of College Fund ... ......... 240 600 840 960 1,200 1,320 1,320 1,560 1,680 2,280 3,840 12,000

Fund free community college .............................. ......... ......... 531 7,190 13,752 16,590 13,294 10,443 9,579 9,278 9,343 38,063 90,000

Fund Advancing Affordability for Students

(Historically Black Colleges and Universities

(HBCU)/Tribally Controlled Colleges and

Universities (TCCU)/Minority Serving

Institution (MSI) Tuition Subsidies) ................ ......... ......... 85 2,662 3,477 3,596 3,925 4,050 4,138 4,228 3,839 9,820 30,000

Eliminate student loan origination fees ............. ......... 1,278 1,910 1,939 1,966 2,000 2,040 2,079 2,052 2,048 2,099 9,093 19,411

Department of Labor:

Create a Classroom to Career Training Fund to

support high-quality training .......................... ......... 89 585 884 1,000 1,078 1,091 1,091 1,091 1,091 ......... 3,636 8,000

Corporation for National and Community

Service:

Expand the American Climate Corps ......... ......... 125 250 430 600 860 990 1,180 1,180 1,190 1,195 2,265 8,000

Subtotal, reduce the cost of and expand

access to postsecondary education and

training ......................................................... ......... 2,638 7,883 20,919 32,109 39,475 39,437 37,203 36,915 37,099 36,647 103,024 290,325

Reduce the cost of housing for home owners and

renters:

Department of Housing and Urban Development:

Create an Innovation Fund for Housing

Expansion ......................................................... ......... 10 310 910 1,680 2,500 3,190 3,370 3,090 2,320 1,500 5,410 18,880

Fund new units for extremely low-income

households ........................................................ ......... 610 638 666 696 728 761 795 831 868 907 3,338 7,500

Modernize the public housing stock .................... ......... ......... 75 375 1,125 1,125 1,275 1,275 1,950 300 ......... 2,700 7,500

Create a housing voucher program for youth

aging out of foster care .................................... ......... ......... 215 422 720 951 1,124 1,254 1,372 1,487 1,606 2,308 9,151

Create a housing voucher program for

extremely low-income veterans ....................... ......... ......... 241 507 711 868 1,037 1,211 1,682 2,748 4,120 2,327 13,125

Provide down payment assistance to ﬁrst

generation homebuyers ................................... ......... 243 755 1,523 2,386 2,338 1,768 558 237 192 ......... 7,245 10,000

Fund efforts to support and sustain eviction

prevention ......................................................... ......... 500 1,000 750 750 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,000 3,000

Fund new assistance for homelessness ............... ......... 2 67 329 603 871 1,108 1,278 1,175 915 685 1,872 7,033

Provide emergency rental assistance for older

adults at risk of homelessness ......................... ......... 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 1,500 3,000

Department of the Treasury:

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 145

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Provide Mortgage Relief Credit

.......................... 710 28,517 14,066 5,005 –218 –69 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 47,301 47,301

Provide a neighborhood homes credit

................ ......... 270 1,145 1,829 1,963 2,099 2,183 2,253 2,304 2,371 2,428 7,306 18,845

Expand and enhance the low-income housing

credit

................................................................ ......... 84 354 980 1,918 2,961 4,010 5,054 6,090 7,118 8,077 6,297 36,646

Affordable Housing Program:

Increase Federal Home Loan Banks’

contribution to the Affordable Housing

Program

1,2

......................................................... ......... 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 475 950

Subtotal, reduce the cost of housing for home

owners and renters ...................................... 710 30,631 19,261 13,691 12,729 14,767 16,851 17,443 19,126 18,714 19,718 91,079 182,931

Offset by tax reforms to ensure the wealthiest

Americans and big corporations pay their fair

Impose a minimum income tax on the

wealthiest taxpayers

................................... ......... ......... –50,310 –56,387 –59,430 –60,451 –59,974 –59,331 –53,057 –50,215 –53,513 –226,578 –502,668

Increase the top marginal income tax rate for

high-income earners

................................... –9,871 –75,419 –31,189 –13,798 –14,939 –15,859 –16,818 –17,833 –18,885 –19,997 –21,187 –151,204 –245,924

Reform the taxation of capital income

........... ......... –18,031 –23,713 –25,164 –26,417 –27,624 –29,050 –30,727 –32,158 –33,758 –41,941 –120,949 –288,583

Close loopholes in the estate and gift taxes and

related reforms:

Improve tax administration for trusts and

decedents’ estates

....................................... ......... –9 –79 –83 –96 –112 –130 –150 –174 –199 –227 –379 –1,259

Limit duration of generation-skipping

transfer tax exemption

............................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modify income, estate, gift, and generation-

skipping transfer tax rules for certain

trusts

........................................................... ......... –1,290 –2,625 –5,032 –6,855 –8,871 –10,566 –10,749 –11,608 –12,587 –13,567 –24,673 –83,750

Revise rules for valuation of certain property

... ......... –331 –955 –1,025 –1,139 –1,225 –1,296 –1,390 –1,493 –1,613 –1,745 –4,675 –12,212

Subtotal, close loopholes in the estate and

gift taxes and related reforms ................. ......... –1,630 –3,659 –6,140 –8,090 –10,208 –11,992 –12,289 –13,275 –14,399 –15,539 –29,727 –97,221

Expand limitation on deductibility of

excessive employee remuneration

1,2

............ ......... –37,169 –19,015 –30,421 –34,951 –31,354 –28,057 –22,148 –20,594 –22,385 –25,760 –152,910 –271,854

Subtotal, tax reforms to ensure the

wealthiest Americans and big

corporations pay their fair share ............. –9,871 –132,249 –127,886 –131,910 –143,827 –145,496 –145,891 –142,328 –137,969 –140,754 –157,940 –681,368 –1,406,250

Subtotal, lower everyday costs for the

American people ................................... –9,161 –75,117 –40,840 –18,296 –13,411 3,449 10,271 14,194 22,728 21,143 8,017 –144,215 –67,862

Invest in working families and improve healthcare:

Provide national, comprehensive paid family and

medical leave:

Social Security Administration:

Provide national, comprehensive paid family

and medical leave ............................................. ......... 2,000 10,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 75,000 325,000

Subtotal, provide national, comprehensive

paid family and medical leave ..................... ......... 2,000 10,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 75,000 325,000

146 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Restore and make permanent the American Rescue

Plan expansion of the earned income tax credit for

workers without qualifying children

.................... 388 15,330 15,770 15,998 16,126 16,310 16,451 16,503 16,587 16,695 16,783 79,534 162,553

Expand the child credit, and make permanent full

refundability and advanceability

........................... 5,409 209,890 11,210 7,769 11,376 11,586 11,827 12,157 12,372 12,717 9,120 251,831 310,024

Improve home care:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Improve Medicaid home and community-based

services ............................................................. ......... 3,000 4,000 5,250 7,050 9,400 12,550 16,750 22,350 29,850 39,800 28,700 150,000

Reclassify discretionary nursing home Survey

and Certiﬁcation activities as mandatory ...... ......... ......... 218 352 448 458 469 480 490 501 513 1,476 3,929

Discretionary effects (non-add) ........................ ......... ......... –200 –325 –413 –422 –431 –441 –451 –462 –472 –1,360 –3,617

Require Medicaid adult and home and

community-based services quality reporting .... ......... 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 135 299

Increase private equity and real estate

investment trust ownership transparency in

long-term care (LTC) facilities ......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reduce survey frequency for high-performing

LTC facilities .................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide authority for the Secretary to collect

and expend re-survey fees from LTC facilities

within the Survey and Certiﬁcation Program

that require a revisit survey ............................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase per instance civil monetary penalty

authority for LTC facilities .............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Hold LTC facility owners accountable for

noncompliant closures and substandard care ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve the accuracy and reliability of Nursing

Home Care Compare data ............................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend to the United States Public Health

Service Commissioned Corps (USPHS)

Commissioned Corps beneﬁts available to

other uniformed services ................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Align USPHS Commissioned Corps authorities

with select Armed Forces authorities and

the Military Department Exemption to

the Uniformed Services Employment and

Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) ............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve home care ........................... ......... 3,025 4,244 5,629 7,526 9,887 13,049 17,262 22,873 30,385 40,348 30,311 154,228

Strengthen public health and improve health

outcomes:

Guarantee stable and adequate funding for the

Indian Health Service (IHS):

Department of Health and Human Services:

Shift the IHS to mandatory spending (gross) . ......... ......... 11,078 19,769 25,719 31,219 37,259 35,390 36,494 38,924 41,401 87,785 277,253

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 147

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Reduction in discretionary spending (non-

add) ........................................................... ......... ......... –5,127 –6,906 –8,422 –8,616 –8,814 –9,019 –9,224 –9,438 –9,653 –29,071 –75,219

Subtotal, guarantee adequate and stable

funding for the IHS .............................. ......... ......... 11,078 19,769 25,719 31,219 37,259 35,390 36,494 38,924 41,401 87,785 277,253

Transform behavioral health:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Modernize inpatient psychiatric and

behavioral health facilities’ health

information technology ................................ ......... ......... 400 300 300 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,000 1,000

Apply the Mental Health Parity and

Addiction Equity Act to Medicare

.............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Eliminate the 190-day lifetime limit on

inpatient psychiatric facility services ......... ......... 140 175 180 200 205 220 235 240 260 265 900 2,120

Require Medicare to cover three behavioral

health visits without cost-sharing

............. ......... ......... 110 140 150 160 170 170 180 190 200 560 1,470

Revise criteria for psychiatric hospital

terminations from Medicare ........................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modernize Medicare mental health beneﬁts

. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Broaden the Health Professional Shortage

Area (HPSA) Incentive Program to include

additional non-physician and behavioral

health practitioners ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide mandatory funding for State

enforcement of mental health parity

requirements ................................................ ......... 10 40 25 25 25 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 125 125

Create a Mental Health Transformation

Fund ............................................................... ......... 400 400 400 400 400 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,000 2,000

Provide grants to Community Mental Health

Centers ......................................................... ......... 124 289 372 413 413 413 413 413 413 413 1,611 3,676

Convert Medicaid demonstration to improve

community mental health services into a

permanent program ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... 223 641 1,033 2,160 2,304 2,453 2,604 864 11,418

Department of Labor:

Authorize the Department of Labor (DOL)

to pursue parity violations by entities

that provide administrative services to

Employee Retirement Income Security Act

(ERISA) group health plans ........................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Authorize DOL to impose civil monetary

penalties for Mental Health Parity

and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA)

noncompliance .............................................. ......... ......... –3 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –4 –15 –35

Provide mandatory funding for DOL to

perform additional Non-Quantitative

Treatment Limitations (NQTL) audits ....... ......... 2 5 25 25 34 35 36 37 38 38 91 275

Crosscutting reforms:

148 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in

the private insurance market

..................... ......... ......... ......... 2,549 3,532 3,701 3,884 4,055 4,283 4,496 4,724 9,782 31,224

Require coverage of three behavioral health

visits and three primary care visits without

cost-sharing

................................................. ......... ......... ......... 5,011 4,756 1,966 1,286 1,301 1,384 1,462 1,548 11,733 18,714

Subtotal, transform mental health ............. ......... 676 1,416 8,998 10,020 7,541 7,037 8,366 8,837 9,308 9,788 28,651 71,987

Strengthen public health and combat disease:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Expand access to maternal health supports in

Medicaid ....................................................... ......... 6 10 15 19 24 23 22 27 27 31 74 204

Require 12 months of Medicaid postpartum

coverage

....................................................... ......... –55 –58 –62 –65 –68 –70 –71 –79 –86 –93 –308 –707

Expand and enhance access to Medicare

coverage of nutrition and obesity

counseling ..................................................... ......... 4 71 123 181 213 224 236 248 264 277 592 1,841

Conduct a subnational Medicare medically-

tailored meal demonstration

...................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase access to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

(PrEP):

Establish PrEP delivery program to end

the HIV epidemic in the United States ... ......... 213 371 526 687 853 1,027 1,206 1,394 1,587 1,789 2,650 9,653

Eliminate barriers to PrEP under Medicaid .... ......... –730 –790 –850 –920 –990 –1,070 –1,160 –1,250 –1,340 –1,450 –4,280 –10,550

Establish the National Hepatitis C

Elimination Program ................................... ......... 435 1,280 1,496 1,617 –168 –1,327 –1,648 –1,798 –1,878 –2,038 4,660 –4,029

National Hepatitis C Elimination Program

Costs (non-add) ....................................... ......... 940 1,880 2,350 2,820 1,410 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 9,400 9,400

Medicaid prescription drug and medical

savings (non-add) .................................... ......... –700 –890 –1,120 –1,390 –1,690 –1,120 –1,320 –1,480 –1,600 –1,830 –5,790 –13,140

Medicare zero cost sharing on drugs and

medical savings (non-add) ...................... ......... 195 290 266 187 112 –207 –328 –318 –278 –208 1,050 –289

Establish the Vaccines for Adults program ..... ......... 823 1,036 1,077 1,118 1,162 1,208 1,255 1,304 1,354 1,408 5,216 11,745

Expand Vaccines for Children (VFC) program

to all CHIP children and make program

improvements ............................................... ......... 174 175 186 209 210 221 197 184 185 195 954 1,936

Encourage development of innovative

antimicrobial drugs

3,4

................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enable the Secretary to temporarily modify

or waive the application of speciﬁc

requirements of the Clinical Laboratory

Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)

Act

................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Extend Teaching Health Center Graduate

Medical Education (GME) ........................... 61 212 292 115 68 36 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 784 784

Reauthorize the Special Diabetes Program

for Type 1 Diabetes Research (National

Institutes of Health, NIH) ........................... 10 33 65 102 139 157 124 62 17 3 1 506 713

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 149

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Reauthorize the Special Diabetes Program for

Indians (IHS) ................................................ 177 257 269 11 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 714 714

Increase funding for the National Health

Service Corps (NHSC) program .................. 144 553 730 596 155 32 8 ......... ......... ......... ......... 2,210 2,218

Extend Family-to-Family Health Information

Centers ......................................................... ......... 3 10 12 12 12 9 2 ......... ......... ......... 49 60

Extend the 21st Century Cures Act Cancer

Moonshot:

Extend mandatory spending for the Cancer

Moonshot .................................................. ......... 361 1,066 996 348 77 34 14 ......... ......... ......... 2,848 2,896

Discretionary budget authority (BA) (non-

add) ........................................................... ......... 716 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 716 716

Total Cancer Moonshot request (non-add) .. ......... 1,077 1,066 996 348 77 34 14 ......... ......... ......... 3,564 7,176

Expand cancer care quality measurement in

Medicare

...................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide a pathway to double funding for the

Health Center Program ............................... 1,538 4,664 6,774 4,078 138 75 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 17,267 17,267

Subtotal, strengthen public health and

combat disease ......................................... 1,930 6,953 11,301 8,421 3,706 1,625 411 115 47 116 120 32,006 32,815

Strengthen biodefense:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Strengthen biodefense to protect against 21

Century biothreats ....................................... ......... 3,000 7,000 5,000 2,400 1,400 1,200 ......... ......... ......... ......... 18,800 20,000

Authorize coverage for speciﬁc products and

services, including unapproved drugs,

vaccines, and devices authorized for

emergency use

............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create Federal public health data reporting

authority ....................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, strengthen biodefense .................. ......... 3,000 7,000 5,000 2,400 1,400 1,200 ......... ......... ......... ......... 18,800 20,000

Subtotal, strengthen public health and

improve health outcomes ..................... 1,930 10,629 30,795 42,188 41,845 41,785 45,907 43,871 45,378 48,348 51,309 167,242 402,055

Subtotal, invest in working families

and improve healthcare ................... 7,727 240,874 72,019 89,584 96,873 104,568 137,234 139,793 147,210 158,145 167,560 603,918 1,353,860

Tax reforms to make big corporations pay their fair

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent

.... –74,646 –122,474 –125,105 –128,114 –128,624 –128,353 –129,396 –137,888 –144,919 –150,028 –155,040 –632,670 –1,349,941

Increase the corporate alternative minimum tax rate

to 21 percent

............................................................ –10,050 –13,543 –11,759 –12,264 –12,675 –13,119 –13,672 –14,238 –14,800 –15,379 –15,980 –63,360 –137,429

Revise the global minimum tax regime, limit

inversions, and make related reforms

................... –8,875 –27,920 –35,889 –34,589 –34,819 –36,215 –37,719 –39,261 –40,846 –42,483 –44,178 –169,432 –373,919

Adopt the undertaxed proﬁts rule

.............................. ......... –9,596 –14,541 –14,065 –14,389 –14,181 –14,088 –13,837 –13,752 –13,916 –13,948 –66,772 –136,313

Increase the excise tax rate on repurchase of

corporate stock and close loopholes

....................... –3,863 –15,344 –14,980 –14,936 –15,184 –15,792 –16,458 –17,167 –17,912 –18,691 –19,502 –76,236 –165,966

Subtotal, tax reforms to make big corporations pay

their fair share…………………………………. ...... –97,434 –188,877 –202,274 –203,968 –205,691 –207,660 –211,333 –222,391 –232,229 –240,497 –248,648 –1,008,470 –2,163,568

150 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Close Medicare tax loopholes and increase Medicare

tax for people making over $400,000:

Apply the net investment income tax to pass-through

business income of high-income taxpayers

............ –8,496 –38,302 –29,950 –31,931 –34,819 –37,435 –39,950 –42,143 –43,986 –46,126 –48,579 –172,437 –393,221

Increase the net investment income tax rate and

additional Medicare tax rate for high-income

taxpayers

................................................................. –8,394 –42,920 –31,327 –32,285 –34,710 –37,224 –39,822 –42,450 –44,963 –47,602 –50,487 –178,466 –403,790

Subtotal, close Medicare tax loopholes and

increase Medicare tax for people making over

$400,000 ................................................................ –16,890 –81,222 –61,277 –64,216 –69,529 –74,659 –79,772 –84,593 –88,949 –93,728 –99,066 –350,903 –797,011

Reduce crime and protect victims:

Department of Health and Human Services:

Support Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) Community Violence

Intervention (CVI) initiative ........................... ......... 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 750 1,500

Department of Justice:

Invest in Community Oriented Policing Services ... ......... 870 1,305 1,740 2,023 2,175 1,305 870 435 152 ......... 8,113 10,875

Establish Gun Crime Prevention Strategic Fund ... ......... 194 530 839 884 884 690 354 44 ......... ......... 3,331 4,419

Support the Accelerating Justice System Reform

(AJSR) Program ............................................... ......... 66 279 654 1,064 1,358 1,540 1,705 1,888 1,988 2,000 3,421 12,542

Restore the Crime Victims Fund ......................... ......... ......... 187 377 516 623 650 650 619 630 635 1,703 4,887

Establish the Violent Crime Reduction and

Prevention Fund .............................................. ......... 158 195 223 239 247 89 52 24 8 ......... 1,062 1,235

Expand Community Violence Intervention

Programs .......................................................... ......... 33 90 143 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 566 1,316

Subtotal, reduce crime and protect victims .... ......... 1,471 2,736 4,126 5,026 5,587 4,574 3,931 3,310 3,078 2,935 18,946 36,774

Outcompete China:

Department of the Interior:

Renew Compacts of Free Association .................. 32 1,443 343 248 154 150 147 149 155 164 165 2,370 3,150

International Assistance Programs:

Advance the Indo-Paciﬁc Strategy ...................... ......... 200 300 350 375 400 200 100 50 25 ......... 1,625 2,000

Invest in International Infrastructure Fund ...... ......... 220 510 475 355 265 100 43 22 10 ......... 1,825 2,000

Subtotal, outcompete China ............................ 32 1,863 1,153 1,073 884 815 447 292 227 199 165 5,788 7,118

Additional investments and reforms:

Department of Agriculture:

End subsidy recapture for Single Family Housing

Direct Loans ......................................................... ......... 1,120 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,120 1,120

Extend crop insurance for Pandemic Cover Crop

Program ................................................................ ......... 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 350 825

Improve The Emergency Food Assistance Program

(TEFAP) infrastructure in underserved

communities ......................................................... ......... 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 125 250

Waive the Summer Electronic Beneﬁt Transfer

(EBT) administrative match requirement .......... ......... 101 131 94 69 56 43 22 26 ......... ......... 451 542

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 151

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Provide Summer EBT implementation grants ....... ......... 40 50 50 10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 150 150

Expand Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) for

school meals .......................................................... ......... 187 1,233 1,522 1,569 1,614 1,658 1,705 1,753 1,808 1,823 6,125 14,872

Improve utilization of USDA Foods ........................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of Agriculture .................. ......... 1,533 1,504 1,761 1,748 1,775 1,811 1,842 1,899 1,933 1,953 8,321 17,759

Department of Commerce:

Fund the Regional Technology and Innovation

Hub Program ........................................................ ......... 225 270 675 810 800 645 500 75 ......... ......... 2,780 4,000

Subtotal, Department of Commerce .................... ......... 225 270 675 810 800 645 500 75 ......... ......... 2,780 4,000

Department of Defense.........Military Programs:

Permanently increase Department of Defense

(DOD) Voluntary Separation Incentive Payment

ceiling .................................................................... ......... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 15 51

Fund Survivor Beneﬁt Plan ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Fund State Active Duty Reimbursement ................ ......... 44 46 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 231 486

Post–9/11 Educational Assistance for Dependent

Victims of Domestic Violence ............................... ......... 4 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 35 84

Subtotal, Department of Defense.........Military

Programs ........................................................... ......... 49 55 57 59 61 64 66 68 70 72 281 621

Department of Education:

Fund Academic Acceleration and Achievement

Grants ................................................................... ......... 480 2,160 2,160 2,800 400 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 8,000 8,000

Academic Acceleration and Achievement Grants

(Budget authority) (non-add) ............................ ......... 8,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 8,000 8,000

Fund Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants

without an inﬂationary increase ......................... ......... ......... –66 –126 –136 –140 –142 –146 –153 –161 –165 –468 –1,235

Subtotal, Department of Education .................... ......... 480 2,094 2,034 2,664 260 –142 –146 –153 –161 –165 7,532 6,765

Department of Health and Human Services:

Increase mandatory Health Care Fraud and Abuse

Control (HCFAC) funding .................................... ......... –260 –390 –510 –510 –530 –540 –560 –560 –580 –600 –2,200 –5,040

Provide cybersecurity support for hospitals ........... ......... ......... ......... 412 412 262 262 ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,086 1,348

Medicare Enhancements:

Add Medicare coverage of services furnished by

community health workers

............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enhance Medicaid managed care enforcement ...... ......... –120 –130 –140 –150 –160 –170 –180 –200 –210 –220 –700 –1,680

Require remittance of medical loss ratios in

Medicaid and CHIP managed care ..................... ......... ......... –900 –1,000 –1,000 –1,100 –1,100 –1,200 –1,200 –1,300 –1,300 –4,000 –10,100

Continuous Medicaid and CHIP coverage for

children:

Allow States to provide 36-month continuous

eligibility for all children in Medicaid and

CHIP ................................................................. ......... 109 243 525 539 579 607 643 675 719 760 1,995 5,399

Allow States to provide continuous eligibility up

to age 6 in Medicaid and CHIP

...................... ......... 30 89 282 380 490 519 546 588 616 657 1,271 4,197

152 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Prohibit CHIP enrollment fees and premiums

. ......... 112 125 133 144 143 154 –1 2 2 2 657 816

Good Governance and other technical proposals:

Implement targeted risk-adjustment pre-

payment review in Medicare Advantage

....... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Ensure providers that violate Medicare safety

requirements and have harmed patients

cannot quickly reenter the program ............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Standardize data collection to improve quality

and promote equitable care ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reﬁne the Quality Payment Program (QPP):

measure development funding for QPP .......... ......... 10 10 10 10 10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 50 50

Allow collection of demographic and social

determinants of health data through Center

for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS)

quality reporting and payment programs ....... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a consolidated Medicare hospital quality

payment program ............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Implement value-based purchasing and quality

programs for Medicare facilities

.................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a permanent Medicare Home Health

Value-Based Purchasing program ................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Create a permanent Medicare Diabetes

Prevention Program beneﬁt ............................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reauthorize Medicare Improvements for

Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) .............. ......... 50 50 50 50 50 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 250 250

Change the Medicare Appeal Council’s standard

of review to appellate-level to expedite

adjudication procedures and timelines ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide CMS Program Management

implementation funding .................................. ......... 50 150 100 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 300 300

Strengthen Medicare Advantage by establishing

new Medical Loss Ratio requirements for

supplemental beneﬁts

..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Prohibit unsolicited Medicare beneﬁciary

contacts

............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand tools to identify and investigate fraud

in the Medicare Advantage program .............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase transparency by disclosing

accreditation surveys ....................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Require Average Sales Price (ASP) reporting

fororal Methadone

.......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Remove restrictions on the certiﬁcation of new

entities as Organ Procurement Organizations

and increase enforcement ﬂexibility ............... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish meaningful measures for the End-

Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive

Program ............................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 153

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Extend Post–9/11 GI Bill educational beneﬁts

and Montgomery GI Bill Selected Reserve

Program to USPHS Commissioned Corps ...... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 12

Authorize Tribal health programs to pay

Medicare Part B premiums directly on behalf

of Tribal members ............................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Prohibit billing of beneﬁciaries after Medicare

bad debt payments ........................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Fully cover costs for all living organ donors for

Medicare ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve access and coverage for beneﬁciaries

dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid:

Align Qualiﬁed Medicare Beneﬁciary renewal

period with other Medicaid groups ................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Unify Medicare and Medicaid appeals

procedures

....................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Align Medicare Savings Program and Part D Low

Income Subsidy eligibility methodologies

......... ......... 320 340 360 380 410 440 470 500 540 580 1,810 4,340

Allow retroactive coverage of Medicare Part B

premiums for Qualiﬁed Medicare Beneﬁciary

applicants ............................................................. ......... 50 60 70 80 80 90 100 110 120 130 340 890

Administration for Children and Families:

Provide comprehensive tribal child welfare

funding .............................................................. ......... 42 49 55 62 69 75 82 88 95 102 277 719

Increase support for kinship foster care

placements and guardianships ........................ ......... 88 88 88 88 90 91 92 94 98 103 442 920

Reauthorize Personal Responsibility Education

Program (PREP) ............................................... ......... 3 17 35 11 6 3 ......... ......... ......... ......... 72 75

Reauthorize, increase funding for, and amend

Promoting Safe and Stable Families program ... ......... 84 240 294 297 300 300 300 300 300 300 1,215 2,715

Prevent and combat religious, sexual

orientation, gender identity, gender

expression, or sex discrimination in the child

welfare system .................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Treat certain populations as refugees for public

beneﬁt purposes ............................................... ......... 57 88 101 109 111 113 59 25 11 6 466 680

Authorize program integrity data collection for

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data

disclosure to tribal child support services and

child support services contractors ................... ......... –165 –185 –206 –83 –85 –87 –89 –91 –93 –95 –724 –1,179

Reduce reimbursement rates for foster care

congregate care placements ............................. ......... –27 –24 –21 –18 –17 –16 –15 –14 –14 –14 –107 –180

154 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Create new ﬂexibilities and support in the

Chafee program for youth who experienced

foster care, including a Post-Foster

Care Healthy Transition Assistance

Demonstration. .................................................. ......... 126 182 197 234 241 245 249 251 252 249 980 2,226

Allow Tribes that do not currently receive IV-E

funding to be eligible for IV-E Prevention

funding .............................................................. ......... 1 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 12 15 11 60

Expand and encourage participation in the

title IV-E Prevention Services and Kinship

Navigator programs ......................................... ......... 279 318 376 445 389 457 539 628 701 767 1,807 4,899

Increase the repatriation ceiling ......................... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

Private health insurance interactions .................... ......... ......... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 8

Medicare interactions .............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... –8 –3 ......... 8 12 3 ......... –11 12

Medicaid interactions .............................................. ......... –27 –59 –127 –132 –141 –149 –181 –189 –200 –211 –486 –1,416

CHIP interactions .................................................... ......... –3 –6 –11 –10 –12 –12 ......... ......... ......... ......... –42 –54

Subtotal, Department of Health and Human

Services ........................................................... ......... 811 358 1,078 1,336 1,189 1,291 872 1,031 1,076 1,235 4,772 10,277

Department of Homeland Security:

Extend expiring Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)

user fees ................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –5,628 –5,115 –5,276 ......... –16,019

Expand Expand CBP user fee facilities costs ......... ......... –7 –7 –7 –7 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –9 –36 –77

End deﬁcit reduction contributions from Passenger

Security Fee .......................................................... ......... 1,600 1,640 1,680 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 4,920 4,920

Establish an affordability program for the

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) ........ ......... 220 426 467 512 556 598 638 674 706 734 2,181 5,531

Reauthorize the NFIP ............................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish Electronic Visa Update System (EVUS)

user fee

................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of Homeland Security ..... ......... 1,813 2,059 2,140 505 548 590 630 –4,962 –4,417 –4,551 7,065 –5,645

Department of the Interior:

Reclassify Tribal lease payments ............................ ......... ......... 122 124 126 129 132 135 138 141 144 501 1,191

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................ –122 –124 –126 –129 –132 –135 –138 –141 –144 –501 –1,191

Reclassify Contract Support Costs (CSC) ............... ......... ......... 252 423 436 449 462 475 485 495 505 1,560 3,982

Discretionary effects (non-add) ............................ –252 –423 –436 –449 –462 –475 –485 –495 –505 –1,560 –3,982

Provide mandatory funding for previously enacted

Tribal Water Settlements Operations and

Maintenance ......................................................... ......... 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 170 340

Provide mandatory funding for current and future

Indian Water Rights Settlements ........................ ......... 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 1,250 2,500

Subtotal, Department of the Interior .................. ......... 284 658 831 846 862 878 894 907 920 933 3,481 8,013

Department of Labor:

Extend Trade Adjustment Assistance ..................... ......... 232 288 299 247 273 283 300 320 338 364 1,339 2,944

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 155

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Shift timing of Pension Beneﬁt Guaranty

Corporation (PBGC) Single Employer premiums ... ......... 3,020 –3,022 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1 –2 –3

Provide authority to keep and spend H–2A labor

certiﬁcation fees ................................................... ......... 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 25 62

Eliminate funding cliff for Federal Employees’

Compensation Act (FECA) beneﬁts ..................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 21 20 19 18 ......... 78

Improve Unemployment Insurance (UI) program

integrity

............................................................... ......... –139 –289 –322 –312 –328 –339 –351 –367 –375 –392 –1,390 –3,214

Subtotal, Department of Labor ........................... ......... 3,116 –3,019 –17 –59 –49 –49 –23 –20 –10 –3 –28 –133

Department of Transportation:

Increase business aviation kerosene jet fuel tax

rate

....................................................................... ......... –44 –106 –169 –235 –300 –322 –325 –329 –332 –336 –854 –2,498

Fund facility replacements and radar

modernizations ..................................................... ......... 136 226 551 900 1,246 1,348 1,289 961 572 362 3,059 7,591

Subtotal, Department of Transportation ............ ......... 92 120 382 665 946 1,026 964 632 240 26 2,205 5,093

Department of the Treasury:

Extend investments in Internal Revenue Service

(IRS)

1,6

................................................................... ......... ......... 2,673 2,822 2,177 648 –27,973 –42,108 –51,231 –60,198 –63,520 8,320 –236,710

Expand Treasury’s authority to require bank

account veriﬁcation .............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Simplify Debt Management Services (DMS) fees ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Retain Surety Bond Program Fees .......................... ......... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 20

Enhance Participation in the Small Dollar Loan

Program ................................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Ensure the Treasury Do Not Pay Business Center

(DNP) has full access to complete State death

data ....................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Allow DNP to use Fair Credit Reporting Act

(FCRA) data for improper payment purposes .... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand Treasury’s access to the National

Directory of New Hires (NDNH) for improper

payments .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reauthorize and reform the Community

Development Financial Institutions (CDFI)

Fund Bond Guarantee Program .......................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase access to the Capital Magnet Fund .......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enable alternative metal compositions for

circulating coins ................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Make technical corrections regarding calculation

of Current Value of Fund rate ............................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Department of the Treasury ................ ......... 2 2,675 2,824 2,179 650 –27,971 –42,106 –51,229 –60,196 –63,518 8,330 –236,690

Department of Veterans Affairs:

Expand eligibility for government-furnished

headstone, marker, or medallion for Medal of

Honor recipients ................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

156 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Expand plot allowance for certain individuals

eligible for internment in a national cemetery ... ......... 16 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 80 169

Amend the miscellaneous receipts statute

for retention of parking receipts from the

Department of Veterans Affairs Central Ofﬁce

(VACO) parking facilities ..................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Enhance veterans health care programs ................ ......... 4 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 20 55

Subtotal, Department of Veterans Affairs .......... ......... 20 18 20 20 22 22 23 25 26 28 100 224

General Services Administration:

Invest in Acquisition Workforce Training Fund ..... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish and capitalize the Federal Capital

Revolving Fund .................................................... ......... –128 25 493 1,238 1,622 1,395 832 343 –38 –260 3,250 5,522

Expand Disposal Fund authority ............................ ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 10

Subtotal, General Services Administration ........ ......... –127 26 494 1,239 1,623 1,396 833 344 –37 –259 3,255 5,532

International Assistance Programs:

Contribute to the Green Climate Fund ................... ......... 500 750 750 1,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,000 3,000

Subtotal, International Assistance Programs .... ......... 500 750 750 1,000 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 3,000 3,000

National Aeronautics and Space Administration:

Eliminate the Science, Space, and Technology

Education Trust Fund .......................................... ......... 14 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 10 5

Subtotal, National Aeronautics and Space

Administration ................................................. ......... 14 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 10 5

Ofﬁce of Personnel Management:

Improve ﬁnancial management of Tribal Federal

Employees Health Beneﬁts (FEHB) admin fee

by treating as mandatory authority .................... ......... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 20

Expand family member eligibility under Federal

Employee Dental and Vision Insurance Program

(FEDVIP) .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEDVIP to certain tribal employers ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand FEHB to tribal colleges and universities .. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Preempt State/local taxation of FEDVIP carriers

to align with FEHB carriers ................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Shorten FEDVIP contract terms to allow ﬂexibility

for new carriers .................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Establish OPM trust fund authority for Postal

Service Health Beneﬁts (PSHB) and FEHB

enrollment systems .............................................. ......... ......... 37 45 51 54 55 56 57 59 60 187 474

Provide permanent authority to collect

reimbursement for Voluntary Early Retirement

Authority (VERA) and Voluntary Separation

Incentive Payment (VSIP) processing costs ........ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1 2

Subtotal, Ofﬁce of Personnel Management ......... ......... 2 39 47 53 56 57 58 59 61 62 197 494

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 157

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Social Security Administration:

Authorize Social Security Administration (SSA)

to refer Social Security Disability Insurance

(SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

beneﬁciaries to State vocational rehabilitation

services ................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Social Security Administration ........... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Consumer Product Safety Commission:

Remove barriers to establishing mandatory

consumer safety rules

......................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Strengthen mandatory recall authorities

.............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Streamline the release of consumer safety

information to the public

.................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase civil penalties for violations of consumer

product safety laws

............................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Consumer Product Safety Commission ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Corporation for National and Community Service:

Authorize the expenditure of interest earnings in

the National Service Trust .................................. ......... 46 67 68 60 55 52 50 48 47 46 296 539

Subtotal, Corporation for National and

Community Service .......................................... ......... 46 67 68 60 55 52 50 48 47 46 296 539

Delta Regional Authority:

Outyear effects of Delta Regional Authority user

fee proposal ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 2 4

Subtotal, Delta Regional Authority ..................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Election Assistance Commission:

Fund election grants ................................................ ......... 1,625 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 3,125 5,000

Subtotal, Election Assistance Commission ......... ......... 1,625 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 3,125 5,000

Federal Communications Commission:

Extend radio frequency spectrum general auction

authority for 10 years .......................................... ......... ......... ......... –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –30,650 –54,400

Subtotal, Federal Communications Commission ... ......... ......... ......... –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –17,050 3,450 –30,650 –54,400

Japan-United States Friendship Commission:

Fund Japan-U.S. Trust Fund Endowment .............. ......... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 9

Subtotal, Japan-United States Friendship

Commission ...................................................... ......... ......... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 9

Postal Service:

Pay United States Postal Service (USPS) past

losses

.................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, Postal Service ....................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Crosscutting reforms:

158 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Increase Afghan Special Immigrant Visas (SIVs)

by 20,000 ............................................................... ......... 130 262 342 277 236 225 215 201 205 206 1,247 2,299

Extend Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deﬁcit Control Act (BBEDCA) Section 251A

sequestration ........................................................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –7,698 –39,427 –42,478 ......... –89,603

Provide for the safe, secure, and trustworthy

development and use of artiﬁcial intelligence

(AI) ........................................................................ ......... 63 138 63 21 15 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 300 300

Increase civil monetary penalties for labor law

violations

............................................................. ......... –150 –200 –250 –250 –250 –250 –250 –300 –300 –300 –1,100 –2,500

Support pandemic fraud prevention and

enforcement .......................................................... ......... 320 320 320 320 320 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1,600 1,600

Subtotal, crosscutting reforms ............................ ......... 363 520 475 368 321 –25 –35 –7,797 –39,522 –42,572 2,047 –87,904

Subtotal, additional investments and reforms ... ......... 10,848 8,569 –3,056 17,318 –7,556 –16,530 –52,253 –55,248 –116,645 –102,888 26,123 –317,441

Subtotal, mandatory initiatives and

savings .................................................... –115,726 –90,160 –219,914 –194,753 –168,530 –175,456 –155,109 –201,027 –202,951 –268,305 –271,925 –848,813 –1,948,130

Additional receipt proposals:

Reform business taxation:

Tax corporate distributions as dividends ................ ......... –110 –160 –170 –180 –190 –200 –210 –230 –240 –250 –810 –1,940

Limit tax avoidance through inappropriate

leveraging of parties to divisive reorganizations ......... –279 –826 –1,614 –2,550 –3,569 –4,645 –5,769 –6,937 –8,150 –9,408 –8,838 –43,747

Limit losses recognized in liquidation transactions ... ......... –30 –50 –52 –54 –56 –57 –59 –61 –63 –65 –242 –547

Prevent basis shifting by related parties through

partnerships ......................................................... ......... –3,851 –5,537 –3,999 –2,325 –563 177 215 275 341 402 –16,275 –14,865

Conform deﬁnition of “control” with corporate

afﬁliation test ....................................................... ......... –447 –651 –667 –681 –695 –709 –719 –727 –733 –736 –3,141 –6,765

Strengthen limitation on losses for noncorporate

taxpayers .............................................................. ......... –1,185 –2,241 –2,519 –2,666 –12,901 –14,735 –10,543 –9,789 –9,621 –9,526 –21,512 –75,726

Prevent prison facility rent payments from

contributing to qualiﬁcation as a REIT .............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, reform business taxation ........................ ......... –5,902 –9,465 –9,021 –8,456 –17,974 –20,169 –17,085 –17,469 –18,466 –19,583 –50,818 –143,590

Reform international taxation:

Repeal the deduction for foreign-derived

intangible income:

Repeal the deduction for foreign-derived

intangible income ............................................. ......... –13,938 –17,669 –14,213 –14,639 –15,078 –15,531 –15,997 –16,477 –16,971 –17,480 –75,537 –157,993

Provide additional support for research and

experimentation expenditures ........................ ......... 13,938 17,669 14,213 14,639 15,078 15,531 15,997 16,477 16,971 17,480 75,537 157,993

Subtotal, repeal the deduction for foreign-

derived intangible income ........................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Revise the rules that allocate Subpart F income

and GILTI between taxpayers to ensure that

Subpart F income and GILTI are fully taxed ..... ......... –106 –196 –225 –250 –272 –294 –313 –332 –349 –366 –1,049 –2,703

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 159

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Require a controlled foreign corporation’s

taxable year to match that of its majority U.S.

shareholder ........................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Limit foreign tax credits from sales of hybrid

entities .................................................................. ......... –343 –535 –484 –446 –418 –397 –381 –370 –362 –357 –2,226 –4,093

Restrict deductions of excessive interest of

members of ﬁnancial reporting groups ............... ......... –2,691 –4,281 –4,038 –3,918 –3,910 –4,002 –4,113 –4,219 –4,341 –4,481 –18,838 –39,994

Conform scope of portfolio interest exclusion for

10-percentshareholders to other tax rules ......... ......... –64 –54 –39 –22 –5 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –184 –184

Treat payments substituting for partnership

effectively connected income as U.S. source

dividends .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand access to retroactive qualiﬁed electing

fund elections ....................................................... ......... –1 –2 –4 –5 –6 –6 –7 –8 –8 –9 –18 –56

Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income: .........

Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income

and foreign oil related income rules ................ ......... –184 –310 –318 –329 –340 –352 –363 –377 –393 –409 –1,481 –3,375

Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers ....... ......... –3,908 –6,582 –6,735 –6,966 –7,214 –7,458 –7,703 –7,994 –8,332 –8,671 –31,405 –71,563

Subtotal, reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel

income ........................................................... ......... –4,092 –6,892 –7,053 –7,295 –7,554 –7,810 –8,066 –8,371 –8,725 –9,080 –32,886 –74,938

Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and

business activity in the United States and

remove tax deductions for shipping jobs

overseas:

Provide tax credit for inshoring jobs to the

United States ................................................... ......... 3 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 29 71

Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs

overseas ............................................................ ......... –3 –6 –6 –7 –7 –8 –8 –8 –9 –9 –29 –71

Subtotal, provide tax incentives for locating

jobs and business activity in the United

States and remove tax deductions for

shipping jobs overseas ................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, reform international taxation ............. ......... –7,297 –11,960 –11,843 –11,936 –12,165 –12,509 –12,880 –13,300 –13,785 –14,293 –55,201 –121,968

Support housing and urban development:

Make permanent the new markets tax credit and

formalize allocation incentives for investing in

areas of higher distress ........................................ ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 1,796 1,866 1,574 9,118

Subtotal, support housing and urban

development ..................................................... ......... ......... 97 278 483 716 990 1,290 1,602 1,796 1,866 1,574 9,118

Modify energy taxes:

Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences:

Repeal the enhanced oil recovery credit ............. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Repeal the credit for oil and natural gas

produced from marginal wells ......................... ......... –19 –34 –26 –14 –4 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –97 –97

Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs ..... ......... –1,790 –2,652 –1,971 –1,234 –478 –204 –265 –334 –406 –448 –8,125 –9,782

160 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Repeal the deduction for costs paid or incurred

for any qualiﬁed tertiary injectant used as

part of tertiary recovery method ..................... ......... –6 –8 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –41 –86

Repeal the exception to passive loss limitations

provided to working interests in oil and

natural gas properties ..................................... ......... –5 –9 –8 –8 –8 –8 –7 –7 –7 –7 –38 –74

Repeal the use of percentage depletion with

respect to oil and natural gas wells ................ ......... –880 –1,476 –1,493 –1,521 –1,562 –1,611 –1,671 –1,741 –1,820 –1,900 –6,932 –15,675

Increase geological and geophysical

amortization period for independent

producers .......................................................... ......... –65 –251 –414 –455 –448 –439 –432 –419 –395 –360 –1,633 –3,678

Repeal expensing of mine exploration and

development costs ........................................... ......... –148 –220 –164 –102 –39 –17 –22 –28 –34 –38 –673 –812

Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral

fossil fuels ......................................................... ......... –57 –103 –112 –122 –128 –136 –145 –148 –148 –153 –522 –1,252

Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties ...... ......... –26 –54 –56 –54 –53 –52 –53 –50 –49 –48 –243 –495

Repeal the exemption from the corporate

income tax for fossil fuel publicly traded

partnerships ..................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –75 –148 –186 –220 –251 ......... –880

Repeal the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and

Superfund excise tax exemption for crude oil

derived from bitumen and kerogen-rich rock

.... ......... –115 –160 –166 –172 –179 –183 –186 –192 –198 –200 –792 –1,751

Repeal accelerated amortization of air pollution

control equipment ............................................ ......... –12 –30 –47 –62 –77 –91 –103 –101 –90 –79 –228 –692

Subtotal, eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences .... ......... –3,123 –4,997 –4,466 –3,753 –2,985 –2,825 –3,041 –3,215 –3,376 –3,493 –19,324 –35,274

Eliminate drawbacks on petroleum taxes that

ﬁnance the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund and

Superfund

............................................................ ......... –149 –202 –206 –210 –213 –216 –218 –222 –224 –227 –980 –2,087

Impose digital asset mining energy excise tax

...... ......... –107 –302 –533 –670 –744 –832 –935 –1,052 –1,197 –1,361 –2,356 –7,733

Subtotal, modify energy taxes ............................. ......... –3,379 –5,501 –5,205 –4,633 –3,942 –3,873 –4,194 –4,489 –4,797 –5,081 –22,660 –45,094

Modify rules relating to retirement plans:

Prevent excessive accumulations by high-income

taxpayers in tax-favored retirement accounts and

make other reforms .................................................. ......... –6,926 –6,142 –3,402 –1,992 –1,278 –931 –776 –724 –726 –759 –19,740 –23,656

Subtotal, modify rules relating to retirement

plans ................................................................. ......... –6,926 –6,142 –3,402 –1,992 –1,278 –931 –776 –724 –726 –759 –19,740 –23,656

Support workers, families, and economic security:

Make the adoption tax credit refundable and allow

certain guardianship arrangements to qualify

.. ......... 2 2,642 1,420 1,186 1,183 1,180 1,186 1,187 1,173 1,182 6,433 12,341

Make permanent the income exclusion for forgiven

student debt

........................................................ ......... ......... 2 17 37 234 252 270 290 311 333 290 1,746

Extend tax-preferred treatment to certain Federal

and tribal scholarship and education loan

programs ............................................................... ......... 62 104 114 120 123 127 130 133 134 136 523 1,183

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 161

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Increase the employer-provided childcare tax

credit for businesses ............................................. ......... 19 37 38 40 41 43 43 44 44 44 175 393

Improve the design of the work opportunity tax

credit to promote longer-term employment ........ ......... –85 –93 –22 –12 –9 –7 –5 –4 –3 –2 –221 –242

Subtotal, support workers, families, and

economic security ............................................. ......... –2 2,692 1,567 1,371 1,572 1,595 1,624 1,650 1,659 1,693 7,200 15,421

Close loopholes:

Tax carried (proﬁts) interests as ordinary income ... ......... –397 –661 –659 –657 –664 –677 –691 –705 –719 –733 –3,038 –6,563

Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges ... ......... –680 –1,870 –1,926 –1,984 –2,044 –2,104 –2,169 –2,232 –2,300 –2,369 –8,504 –19,678

Require 100 percent recapture of depreciation

deductions as ordinary income for certain

depreciable real property ..................................... ......... –41 –128 –267 –417 –579 –755 –946 –1,151 –1,373 –1,611 –1,432 –7,268

Modify depreciation rules for purchases of general

aviation passenger aircraft .................................. ......... –46 –141 –206 –217 –207 –175 –142 –125 –117 –116 –817 –1,492

Limit use of donor advised funds to avoid a private

foundation payout requirement .......................... ......... –65 –61 –42 –27 –14 –11 –12 –12 –13 –13 –209 –270

Exclude payments to disqualiﬁed persons from

counting toward private foundation payout

requirement .......................................................... ......... –1 –2 –1 –1 –1 –1 ......... ......... ......... ......... –6 –7

Extend the period for assessment of tax for certain

Qualiﬁed Opportunity Fund investors ................ –11 –26 –19 –15 –11 –10 –9 –6 –2 ......... ......... –81 –98

Impose ownership diversiﬁcation requirement for

small insurance company election ...................... ......... –272 –908 –1,023 –1,097 –1,165 –1,235 –1,310 –1,395 –1,497 –1,587 –4,465 –11,489

Expand pro rata interest expense disallowance for

business-owned life insurance ............................. ......... –609 –618 –646 –668 –691 –717 –748 –780 –813 –850 –3,232 –7,140

Modify rules for insurance products that fail the

statutory deﬁnition of a life insurance contract . ......... –3 –10 –12 –14 –17 –19 –22 –26 –29 –33 –56 –185

Limit tax beneﬁts for private placement life

insurance and similar contracts .......................... ......... –140 –208 –288 –387 –505 –651 –825 –1,032 –1,276 –1,567 –1,528 –6,879

Correct drafting errors in the taxation of

insurance companies under the Tax Cuts and

Jobs Act of 2017 .................................................... ......... –77 –105 –111 –107 –73 –56 –47 –39 –35 –32 –473 –682

Deﬁne the term “ultimate purchaser” for purposes

of diesel fuel exportation

.................................... ......... –7 –9 –11 –13 –15 –19 –21 –23 –26 –28 –55 –172

Limit the deduction for the transfer of property

to the value of property actually included in

income ................................................................... ......... –85 –128 –130 –136 –141 –147 –154 –159 –167 –173 –620 –1,420

Subtotal, close loopholes ...................................... –11 –2,449 –4,868 –5,337 –5,736 –6,126 –6,576 –7,093 –7,681 –8,365 –9,112 –24,516 –63,343

Improve tax administration:

Enhance accuracy of tax information:

Expand the Secretary’s authority to require

electronic ﬁling for forms and returns ............ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Improve information reporting for reportable

payments subject to backup withholding ....... ......... –41 –95 –161 –221 –231 –241 –252 –263 –275 –301 –749 –2,081

Subtotal, enhance accuracy of tax information ... ......... –41 –95 –161 –221 –231 –241 –252 –263 –275 –301 –749 –2,081

162 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Amend the centralized partnership audit regime

to permit the carryover of a reduction in tax

that exceeds a partner’s tax liability ................... ......... 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 29 66

Incorporate chapters 2/2A in centralized

partnership audit regime proceedings ................ ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Allow partnerships to resolve audits earlier .......... ......... –127 –49 –8 –8 –9 –9 –10 –10 –10 –10 –201 –250

Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty

included in notice ................................................. ......... –148 –152 –154 –160 –162 –175 –171 –178 –185 –194 –776 –1,679

Modify the requirement that general counsel

review certain offers in compromise ................... ......... –6 –15 –10 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –35 –45

Simplify foreign exchange gain or loss rules and

exchange rate rules for individuals ..................... ......... 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 12 29

Modernize reporting with respect to foreign

tax credits to reduce burden and increase

compliance ............................................................ ......... 10 31 34 34 34 35 35 36 39 40 143 328

Authorize limited sharing of business tax return

information to measure the economy more

accurately ............................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand TIN matching and improve child support

enforcement .......................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify that information previously disclosed in

a judicial or administrative proceeding is not

return information ............................................... ......... –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –2 –10 –20

Require earlier electronic ﬁling deadlines for

certain information returns ................................. ......... –175 –153 –129 –118 –106 –75 –59 –41 –43 –45 –681 –944

Allow the Tax Court to review all evidence in

innocent spouse relief cases ................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Permit electronically provided notices .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Reform Federal grants to low-income taxpayer

clinics .................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve tax administration ................. ......... –483 –428 –421 –468 –468 –459 –451 –450 –466 –502 –2,268 –4,596

Improve tax compliance:

Address taxpayer noncompliance with listed

transactions:

Extend statute of limitations for listed

transactions ...................................................... ......... –23 –51 –64 –78 –76 –74 –73 –72 –70 –69 –292 –650

Impose liability on shareholders to collect

unpaid income taxes of applicable

corporations ...................................................... ......... –492 –513 –534 –556 –579 –604 –630 –658 –686 –716 –2,674 –5,968

Subtotal, address taxpayer noncompliance

with listed transactions ............................... ......... –515 –564 –598 –634 –655 –678 –703 –730 –756 –785 –2,966 –6,618

Impose an afﬁrmative requirement to disclose a

position contrary to a regulation ......................... ......... –9 –11 –11 –12 –14 –14 –15 –15 –16 –18 –57 –135

Require employers to withhold tax on failed

nonqualiﬁed deferred compensation plans ......... ......... –206 –215 –225 –235 –245 –256 –267 –279 –291 –304 –1,126 –2,523

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 163

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Extend to six years the statute of limitations for

certain tax assessments ....................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Increase the statute of limitations on assessment

of the COVID-related paid leave and employee

retention tax credits

........................................... –42 –557 –1,624 –1,327 –218 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –3,726 –3,726

Impose penalties for inaccurate or fraudulent

employment tax returns

..................................... ......... –1,704 –95 –45 –11 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,855 –1,855

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling and authorize

IRS oversight of paid preparers:

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling

...................... ......... –40 –53 –49 –50 –55 –60 –66 –72 –78 –85 –247 –608

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers

......................................................... ......... –28 –51 –70 –87 –98 –100 –100 –99 –98 –97 –334 –828

Subtotal, expand and increase penalties

and oversight for return preparation and

e-ﬁling ........................................................... ......... –68 –104 –119 –137 –153 –160 –166 –171 –176 –182 –581 –1,436

Make repeated willful failure to ﬁle a tax return a

felony for those with signiﬁcant tax liability ...... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Expand IRS summons authority for large

partnerships ......................................................... ......... –143 –244 –255 –265 –276 –288 –300 –313 –326 –340 –1,183 –2,750

Address compliance in connection with tax

responsibilities of expatriates ............................. ......... ......... –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –5 –4 –4 –4 –10 –32

Deﬁne control of the payment of wage .................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve tax compliance ....................... –42 –3,202 –2,858 –2,582 –1,515 –1,347 –1,401 –1,456 –1,512 –1,569 –1,633 –11,504 –19,075

Modernize rules, including those for digital assets:

Apply the wash sale rules to digital assets and

address related party transactions ..................... ......... –1,034 –1,774 –2,151 –2,313 –2,515 –2,776 –2,979 –3,201 –3,433 –3,650 –9,787 –25,826

Modernize rules treating loans of securities as tax-

free to include other asset classes and address

income inclusion ................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Provide for information reporting by certain

ﬁnancial institutions and digital asset brokers

for purposes of exchange of information ............. ......... –239 –279 –297 –316 –334 –357 –382 –403 –427 –451 –1,465 –3,485

Require reporting by certain taxpayers of foreign

digital asset accounts ........................................... ......... –375 –439 –466 –497 –526 –561 –600 –634 –671 –708 –2,303 –5,477

Amend the mark-to-market rules to include digital

assets .................................................................... ......... –8,047 58 64 70 77 85 94 103 113 125 –7,778 –7,258

Subtotal, modernize rules, including for digital

assets ................................................................ ......... –9,695 –2,434 –2,850 –3,056 –3,298 –3,609 –3,867 –4,135 –4,418 –4,684 –21,333 –42,046

Improve beneﬁts tax administration:

Rationalize funding for post-retirement medical

and life insurance beneﬁts ................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Clarify tax treatment of on-demand pay

arrangements ....................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

164 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Amend the excise tax on employment-based group

health plans .......................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, improve beneﬁts tax administration ... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, additional receipt proposals ................ –53 –39,335 –40,867 –38,816 –35,938 –44,310 –46,942 –44,888 –46,508 –49,137 –52,088 –199,266 –438,829

Grand total, mandatory and receipt proposals .. –115,779 –129,495 –260,781 –233,569 –204,468 –219,766 –202,051 –245,915 –249,459 –317,442 –324,013 –1,048,079 –2,386,959

Note: Detail in this table may not add to the totals due to rounding. For receipt effects, positive ﬁgures indicate lower receipts. For outlay effects, positive ﬁgures indicate higher

outlays. For net costs, positive ﬁgures indicate higher deﬁcits.

This proposal affects both outlays and receipts. The net effect is shown above. The receipt effects included in these estimates are as follows:

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Permanently extend enhanced premium tax credits . ......... ......... 5,551 7,977 8,581 9,128 9,839 10,068 10,700 11,616 12,587 31,237 86,047

Extend surprise billing protections to ground

ambulances ............................................................... ......... ......... –57 –78 –81 –86 –90 –94 –100 –104 –110 –302 –800

Reduce insulin cost-sharing in commercial plans ...... ......... 409 335 66 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 810 810

Provide Mortgage Relief Credit ................................... 710 17,230 7,820 2,062 –218 –69 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 26,825 26,825

Provide a neighborhood homes credit ........................ ......... 270 1,145 1,829 1,963 2,099 2,183 2,253 2,304 2,371 2,428 7,306 18,845

Expand and enhance the low-income housing credit ......... 84 354 980 1,918 2,961 4,010 5,054 6,090 7,118 8,077 6,297 36,646

Increase Federal Home Loan Banks’ contribution to

the Affordable Housing Program ........................... ......... –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –284 –1,420 –2,840

Impose a minimum income tax on the wealthiest

taxpayers .................................................................. ......... ......... –50,310 –56,387 –59,430 –60,451 –59,974 –59,331 –53,057 –50,215 –53,513 –226,578 –502,668

Increase the top marginal income tax rate for high-

income earners ......................................................... –9,871 –75,419 –31,189 –13,798 –14,939 –15,859 –16,818 –17,833 –18,885 –19,997 –21,187 –151,204 –245,924

Reform the taxation of capital income ........................ ......... –18,031 –23,713 –25,164 –26,417 –27,624 –29,050 –30,727 –32,158 –33,758 –41,941 –120,949 –288,583

Improve tax administration for trusts and decedents’

estates ....................................................................... ......... –9 –79 –83 –96 –112 –130 –150 –174 –199 –227 –379 –1,259

Limit duration of generation-skipping transfer tax

exemption ................................................................. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Modify income, estate, gift, and generation-skipping

transfer tax rules for certain trusts ........................ ......... –1,290 –2,625 –5,032 –6,855 –8,871 –10,566 –10,749 –11,608 –12,587 –13,567 –24,673 –83,750

Revise rules for valuation of certain property ............ ......... –331 –955 –1,025 –1,139 –1,225 –1,296 –1,390 –1,493 –1,613 –1,745 –4,675 –12,212

Expand limitation on deductibility of excessive

employee remuneration ........................................... ......... –37,169 –19,015 –30,421 –34,951 –31,354 –28,057 –22,148 –20,594 –22,385 –25,760 –152,910 –271,854

Restore and make permanent the American Rescue

Plan expansion of the earned income tax credit for

workers without qualifying children ...................... 386 1,551 1,702 2,043 2,029 2,022 2,012 1,999 1,977 1,973 1,968 9,347 19,276

Expand the child credit, and make permanent full

refundability and advanceability ............................ 5,329 23,570 –28,289 –854 3,189 3,398 3,627 3,896 4,196 4,522 4,262 1,014 21,517

Require Medicare to cover three behavioral health

visits without cost-sharing ...................................... ......... ......... ......... 3,740 3,483 1,346 834 877 925 977 1,035 8,569 13,217

Improve access to behavioral healthcare in the

private insurance market ........................................ ......... ......... ......... 1,836 2,555 2,669 2,804 2,945 3,101 3,272 3,442 7,060 22,624

Require 12 months of Medicaid postpartum coverage ... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 –7 –8 –3 –30

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 165

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Raise the corporate income tax rate to 28 percent ..... –74,646 –122,474 –125,105 –128,114 –128,624 –128,353 –129,396 –137,888 –144,919 –150,028 –155,040 –632,670 –1,349,941

Increase the corporate alternative minimum tax rate

to 21 percent ............................................................. –10,050 –13,543 –11,759 –12,264 –12,675 –13,119 –13,672 –14,238 –14,800 –15,379 –15,980 –63,360 –137,429

Revise the global minimum tax regime, limit

inversions, and make related reforms ..................... –8,875 –27,920 –35,889 –34,589 –34,819 –36,215 –37,719 –39,261 –40,846 –42,483 –44,178 –169,432 –373,919

Adopt the undertaxed proﬁts rule ............................... ......... –9,596 –14,541 –14,065 –14,389 –14,181 –14,088 –13,837 –13,752 –13,916 –13,948 –66,772 –136,313

Increase the excise tax rate on repurchase of

corporate stock and close loopholes ......................... –3,863 –15,344 –14,980 –14,936 –15,184 –15,792 –16,458 –17,167 –17,912 –18,691 –19,502 –76,236 –165,966

Apply the net investment income tax to pass-through

business income of high-income taxpayers ............. –8,496 –38,302 –29,950 –31,931 –34,819 –37,435 –39,950 –42,143 –43,986 –46,126 –48,579 –172,437 –393,221

Increase the net investment income tax rate and

additional Medicare tax rate for high-income

taxpayers .................................................................. –8,394 –42,920 –31,327 –32,285 –34,710 –37,224 –39,822 –42,450 –44,963 –47,602 –50,487 –178,466 –403,790

Allow States to provide continuous eligibility up to

age 6 in Medicaid and CHIP .................................... ......... ......... ......... 1 ......... 1 ......... 1 1 ......... 1 2 5

Prohibit CHIP enrollment fees and premiums ........... ......... ......... 1 ......... 1 ......... 1 ......... 1 1 1 2 6

Establish Electronic Visa Update System (EVUS)

user fee ..................................................................... ......... –7 –7 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –8 –38 –78

Improve Unemployment Insurance (UI) program

integrity .................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... 6 5 10 11 11 18 16 11 77

Increase business aviation kerosene jet fuel tax rate ... ......... –44 –106 –169 –235 –300 –322 –325 –329 –332 –336 –854 –2,498

Extend investments in Internal Revenue Service

(IRS) .......................................................................... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –3,046 –42,691 –60,911 –70,716 –80,001 –83,648 –3,046 –341,013

Increase civil monetary penalties for labor law

violations ................................................................. ......... –150 –200 –250 –250 –250 –250 –250 –300 –300 –300 –1,100 –2,500

Total, receipt effect of mandatory proposals ........... –117,770 –359,719 –403,472 –381,203 –396,399 –408,231 –455,324 –484,084 –501,583 –524,147 –556,531 –1,949,024 –4,470,693

Net of income offsets.

Estimates were not available at the time of Budget publication.

This proposal represents a $9 billion dollar investment; potential savings could not be estimated, so the net effect of the proposal on spending is not available.

5

The Cancer Moonshot authorization expires in 2023. The Budget prioritizes the reauthorization of the Cancer Moonshot by requesting $716 million in discretionary resources

within NIH in 2024 in discretionary resources and by proposing a mandatory reauthorization through 2026. The total Budget request for NIH Cancer Moonshot is $3.6 billion

through 2026.

The current approach to revenue estimation does not consider many activities that are likely to inﬂuence revenue. A comprehensive approach would potentially yield an additional

$353 billion from the IRS’s investment and this proposal over the 10-year window. See the “Budget Process” chapter in the Analytical Perspectives volume for further discussion.

The Budget proposes to support the USPS through an intragovernmental transaction that increases the balances in the Postal Service Fund but results in no net deﬁcit effect in the

10-year budget window. The General Fund appropriation of $494 million in 2025 can be found in the transmit 4 for the Payment to the Postal Service account and is offset in the

receiving account, the Postal Service Fund.

This proposal affects both receipts and outlays. The net effect is shown above. The outlay effects included in these estimates are as follows:

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Make the adoption tax credit refundable and allow

certain guardianship arrangements to qualify ...... ......... ......... 2,653 1,481 1,252 1,253 1,254 1,265 1,273 1,268 1,282 6,639 12,981

Make permanent the income exclusion for forgiven

student debt .............................................................. ......... ......... ......... 2 2 23 27 29 30 32 35 27 180

166 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–6. Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued

(In millions of dollars)

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Totals

2025–2029 2025–2034

Increase the statute of limitations on assessment

of the COVID-related paid leave and employee

retention tax credits ................................................. –10 –144 –434 –372 –72 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –1,022 –1,022

Impose penalties for inaccurate or fraudulent

employment tax returns .......................................... ......... –596 –10 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... –606 –606

Expand and increase penalties for noncompliant

return preparation and e-ﬁling ............................... ......... –24 –29 –21 –19 –20 –22 –24 –26 –28 –30 –113 –243

Grant authority to IRS for oversight of all paid

preparers .................................................................. ......... –10 –17 –18 –21 –24 –24 –24 –23 –21 –21 –90 –203

Total, outlay effect of receipt proposals ................... –10 –774 2,163 1,072 1,142 1,232 1,235 1,246 1,254 1,251 1,266 4,835 11,087

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 167

Actual

2023

CR/

Likely

2024

Request

2025

Outyears

Totals

2025–

2029

2025–

20342026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Base Discretionary Funding

................... 1,618 1,603 1,629 1,691 1,728 1,766 1,805 1,830 1,856 1,883 1,911 1,938 8,619 18,038

Non-Defense Shifts to Mandatory

......... ......... ......... ......... –9 –9 –10 –10 –10 –10 –10 –11 –11 –38 –90

Bureau of Indian Affairs ............................. ......... ......... ......... –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –2 –5

Indian Health Service ................................. ......... ......... ......... –8 –8 –9 –9 –9 –9 –9 –10 –10 –34 –80

CMS Survey and Certiﬁcation ................... ......... ......... ......... –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –2 –4

Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above):

Enacted and Proposed Emergency

Funding ................................................... 88 148 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 24 45

Program Integrity ....................................... 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 15 32

Disaster Relief ............................................. 20 20 23 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 78 146

Wildﬁre Suppression ................................... 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 14 28

FRA Appropriations .................................... 14 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Exempted from Budget Enforcement ......... 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 22 45

Total, Non-Base Funding ........................... 132 178 42 28 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 29 152 295

Grand Total, Discretionary Budget

Authority ................................................... 1,750 1,780 1,671 1,710 1,746 1,784 1,823 1,848 1,875 1,901 1,929 1,957 8,733 18,243

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by defense and non-defense

Defense Allocation

..................................... 858 886 895 924 944 963 983 990 997 1,004 1,011 1,018 4,709 9,730

Non-Defense Allocation ............................... 641 581 621 636 650 665 680 696 712 729 745 762 3,253 6,897

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ........ 119 136 113 131 134 138 141 144 147 151 154 158 657 1,410

Memorandum: Presentation of base discretionary by security and nonsecurity

Security Allocation ...................................... 980 1,007 1,017 1,050 1,072 1,097 1,120 1,131 1,141 1,152 1,163 1,173 5,357 11,117

Nonsecurity Allocation ................................ 519 460 499 510 521 531 543 556 568 581 594 607 2,605 5,510

Veterans Affairs Medical Care Program ......... 119 136 113 131 134 138 141 144 147 151 154 158 657 1,410

Memorandum: Discretionary appropriations provided in the

Infrastructure, Investment, and Jobs Act

... 70 67 66 64 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 130 130

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

168 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–7. Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

* Less than $500 million.

The 2023 actual level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory

any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2023 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2023 appropriations

acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2025 request.

At the time the 2025 Budget was prepared, 2024 appropriations remained incomplete and the 2024 column reﬂects at the account level enacted full-year and annualized continuing

appropriations provided under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 (Division A of Public Law 118–15, as amended) (“the 2024 CR”). The 2024 levels are further adjusted

through allowances to illustratively reﬂect a “likely enacted” level to account for the appropriations topline deal reached by Congressional Leadership in January 2024.

Base funding includes certain amounts designated as emergency requirements that are for base activities. These amounts are described as “shifted base” in numerous budget

materials.

The 2025 Budget proposes to shift the Indian Health Service (IHS) and the CMS Survey and Certiﬁcation Program in HHS, as well as contract support costs and 105(l) leases

within the Bureau of Indian Programs (BIA) in the Department of the Interior to the mandatory side of the Budget starting in 2026. See the “Budget Process” chapter of the

Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals.

The 2025 Budget presents enacted and proposed cap adjustments such as emergency requirements, program integrity, disaster relief, wildﬁre suppression, and other appropriations

exempted from budget enforcement outside of base allocations.

The section presents base discretionary funding by both defense and non-defense and by security and nonsecurity allocations. The deﬁnition of security and nonsecurity is the

same as the deﬁnition speciﬁed in the Budget Control Act of 2011 with security including the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, Veterans Affairs, the National Nuclear

Security Administration, the International Budget Function (150), and the Intelligence Community Management Account and with all other discretionary programs in the

nonsecurity category. This presentation of discretionary excludes the proposed shifts to mandatory. After 2025, the Administration proposes that the Veterans Affairs Medical Care

Program be budgeted for separately from the rest of non-defense programs given its anomalous growth pattern. See the “Budget Process” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives

volume of the Budget for more information on this proposal.

The amounts in the 2025 Budget are based on the National Security and National Defense strategies and the Department of Defense Future Years Defense Program, which

includes a ﬁve-year appropriations plan and estimated expenditures necessary to support the programs, projects, and activities of the Department of Defense. After 2029, the

Budget reﬂects outyear growth rates consistent with prior Budgets.

Section 905(c) of division J of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117–58; IIJA) speciﬁed that amounts provided in division J should be considered as

emergency discretionary appropriations. The amounts provided as discretionary appropriations in IIJA are summarized here, however, these amounts are kept separate from

other discretionary amounts included above that are considered during the regular appropriations process.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 169

2023

Actual

2024

CR/Likely

2025

Request

2025 Request Less

2023 Actual

Dollar Percent

Base Discretionary Funding:

Cabinet Departments:

Agriculture

............................................................................................................................................. 27.2 27.2 29.2 +2.0 +7.4%

Commerce ................................................................................................................................................. 11.2 11.2 11.4 +0.3 +2.4%

Defense ..................................................................................................................................................... 815.9 817.3 849.8 +33.8 +4.1%

Education .................................................................................................................................................. 79.2 79.2 82.4 +3.1 +3.9%

Energy (DOE) ........................................................................................................................................... 47.8 47.9 51.4 +3.6 +7.5%

Health and Human Services (HHS)

...................................................................................................... 129.1 135.6 133.8 +4.8 +3.7%

Homeland Security (DHS):

DHS program level ............................................................................................................................... 60.9 61.0 62.2 +1.2 +2.0%

Transportation Security Administration passenger fee proposal ....................................................... ......... ......... –1.6 –1.6 N/A

Housing and Urban Development (HUD):

HUD program level .............................................................................................................................. 72.1 72.1 72.6 +0.5 +0.7%

HUD receipts ........................................................................................................................................ –6.5 –5.0 –6.7 –0.2 N/A

Interior (DOI) ........................................................................................................................................... 17.0 17.3 17.8 +0.8 +4.8%

Justice ....................................................................................................................................................... 37.6 38.1 37.8 +0.2 +0.5%

Labor ......................................................................................................................................................... 13.6 13.6 13.9 +0.3 +2.3%

State and International Programs

4,6

...................................................................................................... 64.2 63.4 64.4 +0.1 +0.2%

Transportation (DOT) .............................................................................................................................. 28.7 28.7 25.4 –3.2 –11.2%

Treasury

.................................................................................................................................................. 14.2 14.2 14.4 +0.2 +1.2%

Veterans Affairs ........................................................................................................................................ 134.9 151.7 129.3 –5.6 –4.2%

Major Agencies:

Corps of Engineers (Corps) ...................................................................................................................... 6.3 6.3 5.5 –0.8 –12.6%

Environmental Protection Agency .......................................................................................................... 10.1 10.1 11.0 +0.9 +8.4%

General Services Administration ............................................................................................................ 0.1 –0.4 0.7 +1.0 N/A

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ................................................................................... 25.4 25.4 25.4 ......... .........

National Science Foundation ................................................................................................................... 9.5 9.5 10.2 +0.6 +6.8%

Small Business Administration ............................................................................................................... 1.1 1.1 1.0 –0.1 –7.5%

Social Security Administration

............................................................................................................. 9.6 9.2 9.9 +0.3 +3.4%

Other Agencies ......................................................................................................................................... 27.4 27.3 29.2 +1.8 +6.6%

Offsets including changes in mandatory programs

............................................................................. –18.6 –15.9 –51.1 –32.6 +175.5%

Adjustments for 2024 Likely Enacted

................................................................................................... ......... –43.8 ......... ......... N/A

Subtotal, Base Discretionary Budget Authority (BA) ...................................................................... 1,618.1 1,602.5 1,629.1 +11.0 +0.7%

Non-Base Discretionary Funding:

Emergency Requirements:

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... 6.0 ......... * –5.9 N/A

Commerce ............................................................................................................................................. 1.9 ......... ......... –1.9 N/A

Defense ................................................................................................................................................. 35.8 ......... ......... –35.8 N/A

Table S–8. 2025 Discretionary Request by Major Agency

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

170 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2025 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2023

Actual

2024

CR/Likely

2025

Request

2025 Request Less

2023 Actual

Dollar Percent

Energy .................................................................................................................................................. 1.7 ......... ......... –1.7 N/A

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... 6.6 ......... 3.6 –3.0 N/A

Homeland Security .............................................................................................................................. 6.6 16.0 4.7 –1.9 N/A

Housing and Urban Development ....................................................................................................... 5.0 ......... ......... –5.0 N/A

Interior .................................................................................................................................................. 2.0 ......... ......... –2.0 N/A

State and International Programs ...................................................................................................... 19.0 ......... ......... –19.0 N/A

Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 1.0 ......... ......... –1.0 N/A

Corps of Engineers (Corps) .................................................................................................................. 1.2 ......... ......... –1.2 N/A

Environmental Protection Agency ...................................................................................................... 1.7 ......... ......... –1.7 N/A

Small Business Administration ........................................................................................................... –0.6 ......... ......... +0.6 N/A

Other Agencies ..................................................................................................................................... 0.7 ......... ......... –0.7 N/A

Subtotal, Emergency Requirements ....................................................................................................... 88.4 16.0 8.3 –80.1 N/A

Pending 2024 Supplemental Emergency Requests:

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... ......... 1.2 ......... ......... N/A

Defense ................................................................................................................................................. ......... 58.3 ......... ......... N/A

Energy .................................................................................................................................................. ......... 3.0 ......... ......... N/A

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... ......... 5.5 ......... ......... N/A

Homeland Security .............................................................................................................................. ......... 17.9 ......... ......... N/A

Justice ................................................................................................................................................... ......... 1.7 ......... ......... N/A

State and International Programs ...................................................................................................... ......... 34.8 ......... ......... N/A

Federal Communications Commission ............................................................................................... ......... 9.1 ......... ......... N/A

Other Agencies ..................................................................................................................................... ......... 0.2 ......... ......... N/A

Subtotal, Pending 2024 Supplemental Emergency Requests ................................................................ ......... 131.5 ......... ......... N/A

Program Integrity:

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.6 +0.1 +9.4%

Labor ..................................................................................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 +* +5.0%

Social Security Administration .......................................................................................................... 1.5 1.5 1.6 +0.1 +7.8%

Adjustments for 2024 Likely Enacted

.............................................................................................. ......... 0.1 ......... ......... N/A

Subtotal, Program Integrity .................................................................................................................... 2.3 2.4 2.5 +0.2 +7.9%

Disaster Relief:

Homeland Security .............................................................................................................................. 19.9 19.9 22.7 +2.8 +13.9%

Small Business Administration ........................................................................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.5 +0.3 +244.1%

Adjustments for 2024 Likely Enacted

............................................................................................... ......... 0.3 ......... ......... N/A

Subtotal, Disaster Relief .......................................................................................................................... 20.1 20.4 23.2 +3.1 +15.5%

Wildﬁre Suppression:

Agriculture ........................................................................................................................................... 2.2 2.2 2.4 +0.2 +8.1%

Interior .................................................................................................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.4 +* +5.9%

Adjustments for 2024 Likely Enacted

.............................................................................................. ......... 0.1 ......... ......... N/A

Subtotal, Wildﬁre Suppression ................................................................................................................ 2.6 2.7 2.8 +0.2 +7.8%

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 171

Table S–8. 2025 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2023

Actual

2024

CR/Likely

2025

Request

2025 Request Less

2023 Actual

Dollar Percent

Appropriations Enacted in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023:

Commerce ............................................................................................................................................. 22.0 ......... ......... –22.0 N/A

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... –6.6 ......... ......... +6.6 N/A

Small Business Administration ........................................................................................................... –0.8 ......... ......... +0.8 N/A

Other Agencies ..................................................................................................................................... –0.2 ......... ......... +0.2 N/A

Subtotal, FRA Appropriations ................................................................................................................. 14.4 ......... ......... –14.4 –100.0%

Exempted Funding:

Education .............................................................................................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 ......... N/A

Health and Human Services ............................................................................................................... 1.3 0.7 0.4 –1.0 N/A

Justice ................................................................................................................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 ......... N/A

Corps of Engineers (Corps) .................................................................................................................. 2.4 2.4 1.7 –0.6 N/A

Environmental Protection Agency ...................................................................................................... 0.2 1.2 2.2 +2.0 N/A

Subtotal, Exempted Funding ................................................................................................................... 4.4 4.7 4.8 +0.4 +9.5%

Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding ....................................................................................... 132.2 177.8 41.6 –90.6 –68.6%

Total, Discretionary BA ........................................................................................................................... 1,750.3 1,780.3 1,670.7 –79.6 –4.5%

2023

Actual

2024

CR/Likely

2025

Request

2025 Request Less

2023 Actual

Dollar Percent

Memorandum - Comparison by Category:

Total, Base Discretionary Funding .......................................................................................................... 1,618.1 1,602.5 1,629.1 +11.0 +0.7%

Base Discretionary by Defense and Non-Defense:

Defense

............................................................................................................................................... 858.2 886.3 895.2 +37.0 +4.3%

Non-Defense .......................................................................................................................................... 759.9 716.2 733.9 –26.0 –3.4%

Base Non-Defense, excluding shifted base funding

..................................................................... 747.4 703.7 710.7 +7.0 +0.9%

Non-Defense shifted base funding ................................................................................................... 12.5 12.5 23.2 +10.7 +85.6%

Non-Defense Program Level

............................................................................................................. 759.9 754.9 770.0 +10.1 +1.3%

172 SUMMARY TABLES

Table S–8. 2025 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued

(Budget authority in billions of dollars)

2023

Actual

2024

CR/Likely

2025

Request

2025 Request Less

2023 Actual

Dollar Percent

* Less than $50 million.

The 2023 actual level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory

any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2023 levels are adjusted to add back OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2023 appropriations

acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2025 request.

At the time the 2025 Budget was prepared, 2024 appropriations remained incomplete and the 2024 column reﬂects at the account level enacted full-year and annualized continuing

appropriations provided under the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2024 (Division A of Public Law 118–15, as amended) (“the 2024 CR”). The 2024 levels are further adjusted

through allowances to illustratively reﬂect a “likely enacted” level to account for the appropriations topline deal reached by Congressional Leadership in January 2024.

Base funding includes certain amounts designated as emergency requirements that are considered to be for base activities. These amounts are described as “shifted base” in

numerous budget materials.

Funding for Food for Peace Title II Grants is included in the State and International Programs total. Although the funds are appropriated to the Department of Agriculture, the

funds are administered by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by the Social Security Administration that support

the Medicare program are included in the Health and Human Services total and not in the Social Security Administration total.

The State and International Programs total includes funding for the Department of State, USAID, Treasury International, and 11 international agencies while the Treasury total

excludes Treasury’s International Programs.

The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice Department’s Crime Victims Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Health Insurance Program in HHS and the

Nonrecurring Expenses Fund in Commerce make up the bulk of these offsets.

The 2024 column includes several emergency supplemental funding requests that the Administration has submitted to the Congress including all amounts requested in its

National Security Supplemental Request for Ukraine, Israel, humanitarian aid, and border and other national security funding that was transmitted on October 20, 2023, as well

as additional amounts for domestic needs, including disaster-related funding, that was informally submitted on October 25, 2023.

This columns reﬂects appropriations enacted in the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (Public Law 118–5; FRA); these appropriations are considered to be outside of base totals.

The Exempted funds column reﬂects amounts that are not counted for purposes of budget enforcement which includes 21st Century Cures appropriations in HHS, the Bipartisan

Safer Communities Act advance appropriations, certain revenues provided for the EPA Superfund, and the Corps’ Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund appropriations. These amounts

are not counted as part of base totals.

The defense and non-defense base totals, excluding shifted base funding for 2024 and 2025, tie to the statutory discretionary caps enacted in the FRA.

The non-defense base program level includes shifted base funding and adjusts for certain offsets included in the Budget that are part of the FRA agreement to provide non-defense

resources above the FRA caps.

Note: Section 905(c) of division J of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (Public Law 117–58; IIJA) speciﬁed that amounts provided in division J should be considered as

emergency discretionary appropriations. The amounts provided as discretionary appropriations in IIJA are not summarized on this table, however, as these amounts are kept

separate from other discretionary amounts included above that are considered during the regular appropriations process.

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 173

Actual

2022

Projections

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Nominal level, billions of dollars .................................................... 25,744 27,348 28,507 29,640 30,863 32,139 33,466 34,870 36,368 37,947 39,594 41,313 43,110

Percent change, nominal GDP, year/year ....................................... 9.1 6.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3

Real GDP, percent change, year/year ............................................. 1.9 2.4 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

Real GDP, percent change, Q4/Q4 .................................................. 0.7 2.6 1.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

GDP chained price index, percent change, year/year .................... 7.1 3.7 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Consumer Price Index,

percent change, year/year ................ 8.0 4.2 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Interest rates, percent:

91-day Treasury bills ...................................................................... 2.0 5.1 5.1 4.0 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

10-year Treasury notes ................................................................... 3.0 4.1 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7

Unemployment rate, civilian, percent

...................................... 3.6 3.6 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

Note: A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in the “Economic Assumptions and Overview” chapter of the Analytical Perspectives volume of the Budget.

Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers.

Annual average.

Average rate, secondary market (bank discount basis).

Table S–9. Economic Assumptions

(Calendar years)

174 SUMMARY TABLES

Actual

2023

Estimate

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Financing:

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit:

Primary deﬁcit ................................................................ 1,035 971 816 533 438 437 293 400 313 304 373 192

Net interest ..................................................................... 658 889 965 1,013 1,072 1,136 1,190 1,241 1,301 1,367 1,428 1,485

Uniﬁed budget deﬁcit .................................................. 1,694 1,859 1,781 1,547 1,510 1,573 1,483 1,640 1,614 1,671 1,801 1,677

As a percent of GDP ................................................ 6.3% 6.6% 6.1% 5.1% 4.7% 4.7% 4.3% 4.6% 4.3% 4.3% 4.4% 3.9%

Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public:

Changes in ﬁnancial assets and liabilities:

Change in Treasury operating cash balance ............. 21 143 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Net disbursements of credit ﬁnancing accounts:

Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program

(TARP) equity purchase accounts ...................... 259 –102 43 104 97 66 63 54 37 33 32 36

Guaranteed loan accounts ...................................... 37 22 3 6 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5

Net purchases of non-Federal securities by the

National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust

(NRRIT) ................................................................... 1 –1 –* –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –*

Net change in other ﬁnancial assets and liabilities

.... –30 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... .........

Subtotal, changes in ﬁnancial assets and

liabilities .............................................................. 288 61 47 109 100 70 66 58 41 36 36 40

Seigniorage on coins ........................................................ ......... –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –* –*

Total, other transactions affecting

borrowing from the public ...................................... 288 61 47 109 100 70 66 58 41 36 36 40

Total, requirement to borrow from the public

(equals change in debt held by the public) .... 1,982 1,921 1,828 1,656 1,610 1,643 1,549 1,698 1,655 1,707 1,837 1,716

Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation:

Change in debt held by the public ...................................... 1,982 1,921 1,828 1,656 1,610 1,643 1,549 1,698 1,655 1,707 1,837 1,716

Change in debt held by Government accounts .................. 168 198 161 288 138 31 155 49 33 –16 –135 –35

Change in other factors ...................................................... 51 –1 –2 –2 –1 * 1 * 1 1 2 2

Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation .... 2,201 2,118 1,986 1,941 1,747 1,674 1,705 1,748 1,689 1,692 1,703 1,683

Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year:

Debt issued by Treasury ..................................................... 32,968 35,086 37,071 39,012 40,758 42,431 44,135 45,883 47,572 49,264 50,967 52,649

Adjustment for discount, premium, and coverage

........... 102 103 103 104 105 106 106 106 107 107 107 108

Total, debt subject to statutory limitation

................ 33,070 35,189 37,175 39,116 40,863 42,537 44,241 45,989 47,679 49,371 51,074 52,756

Debt Outstanding, End of Year:

Gross Federal debt:

Debt issued by Treasury ................................................. 32,968 35,086 37,071 39,012 40,758 42,431 44,135 45,883 47,572 49,264 50,967 52,649

Debt issued by other agencies ........................................ 21 22 25 27 29 30 30 30 29 28 27 26

Total, gross Federal debt ............................................. 32,989 35,108 37,096 39,040 40,788 42,461 44,165 45,912 47,601 49,292 50,993 52,674

As a percent of GDP ................................................ 122.3% 124.3% 126.4% 127.8% 128.2% 128.2% 128.0% 127.6% 126.8% 125.8% 124.7% 123.5%

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt

(Dollar amounts in billions)

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 175

Table S–10. Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued

(Dollar amounts in billions)

Actual

2023

Estimate

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034

Held by:

Debt held by Government accounts ............................... 6,753 6,952 7,113 7,400 7,538 7,569 7,724 7,773 7,806 7,790 7,654 7,619

Debt held by the public

................................................. 26,236 28,156 29,984 31,639 33,250 34,892 36,441 38,139 39,795 41,502 43,339 45,056

As a percent of GDP .................................................... 97.3% 99.6% 102.2% 103.6% 104.5% 105.3% 105.6% 106.0% 106.0% 105.9% 106.0% 105.6%

Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets:

Debt held by the public ....................................................... 26,236 28,156 29,984 31,639 33,250 34,892 36,441 38,139 39,795 41,502 43,339 45,056

Less ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities:

Treasury operating cash balance ................................... 657 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

Credit ﬁnancing account balances:

Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts ...... 1,598 1,496 1,539 1,643 1,740 1,806 1,869 1,923 1,960 1,993 2,025 2,061

Guaranteed loan accounts .......................................... 83 104 108 114 118 122 127 131 136 141 145 150

Government-sponsored enterprise stock

...................... 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240 240

Air carrier worker support warrants and notes

.......... 12 12 11 10 10 9 9 5 * * ......... .........

Emergency capital investment fund securities ............. 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

Non-Federal securities held by NRRIT .......................... 24 23 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 17 16 16

Other assets net of liabilities .......................................... –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109 –109

Total, ﬁnancial assets net of liabilities ...................... 2,508 2,569 2,614 2,722 2,822 2,891 2,956 3,010 3,047 3,083 3,119 3,159

Debt held by the public net of ﬁnancial assets ...... 23,728 25,587 27,370 28,917 30,428 32,001 33,485 35,129 36,748 38,419 40,220 41,897

As a percent of GDP ............................................ 88.0% 90.6% 93.3% 94.6% 95.6% 96.6% 97.0% 97.6% 97.9% 98.1% 98.4% 98.2%

* $500 million or less.

A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which is

a liability) is also a means of ﬁnancing a deﬁcit and therefore also has a negative sign.

Includes checks outstanding, accrued interest payable on Treasury debt, uninvested deposit fund balances, allocations of special drawing rights, and other liability accounts; and, as

an offset, cash and monetary assets (other than the Treasury operating cash balance), other asset accounts, and proﬁt on sale of gold.

Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal Financing Bank (which is not subject to limit), the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of Treasury notes and bonds

(other than zero-coupon bonds), and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities.

Legislation enacted June 3, 2023 (Public Law 118–5), temporarily suspends the debt limit through January 1, 2025.

Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds held by Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less amortized

premium. Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less

unrealized discount (if any).

At the end of 2023, the Federal Reserve Banks held $4,952.9 billion of Federal securities and the rest of the public held $21,282.7 billion. Debt held by the Federal Reserve Banks is

not estimated for future years.

Treasury’s warrants to purchase 79.9 percent of the common stock of the enterprises expire after September 7, 2028. The warrants were valued at $4 billion at the end of 2023.

Portions of the notes and warrants issued under the Air carrier worker support program (Payroll support program) are scheduled to expire in 2025, 2026, 2030, and 2031.

177

Allison Abbott

Andrew Abrams

Chandana L. Achanta

Laurie Adams

Jeffrey Adarkwa

Olukayode Adeyemo

Abby Admete

Shagufta Ahmed

Benjamin Aidoo

Lina Al Sudani

Erin Cheese Alejandre

Jason Alleman

Emma S. Almon

Katherine S. Aloisi

Raymond Y. AlQaisi

Aaron Alton

Marc Alvidrez

Samantha Ammons

Starlisha Anderson

James L. Anthony

Lisa Anuszewski

Alejandra Apecechea

Kristine Arboleda

Fiama P. Arce

Rachel Arguello

Alison Arnold

Anna R. Arroyo

Emily Schultz Askew

Lisa L. August

Jeffrey Auser

Viraj Ayar

Eileen Baca

Drew Bailey

Jessie W. Bailey

Paul W. Baker

Melinda J. Baldwin

Carol A. Bales

Pratik S. Banjade

Carl Barrick

Avital Bar-Shalom

Amy Batchelor

Sarah Belford

Alexandra Bell

Jennifer Wagner Bell

Joseph J. Berger

Samuel Berger

Danielle Berman

Elizabeth A. Bernhard

Katherine Berrey

Jalen K. Berrian

William Bestani

Karuna Bhimagouni

Samuel J. Black

Kathleen M. Blackwell

William M. Blais

Mathew C. Blum

Brandon Bodnar

Amira C. Boland

Melissa B. Bomberger

James R. Boohaker

Charles J. Borges

Alexandra S.

Bornkessel

Matthew Bowen

Michael E. Boyce

Michael D. Branson

Alex M. Brant

Jon Paul Brazill

Victoria Bredow

Joseph F. Breighner

Nicholas Brethauer

Candice M. Bronack

Ashley A. Brooks

Katherine W. Broomell

Dustin S. Brown

Michael T. Brunetto

Brandon Bryan

Tom D. Bullers

Coulton Bunney

Jinee Burdg

Scott Burgess

Elisha M. Burke

Samantha M.

Burkhart

Michael D. Burstein

John C. Burton

Cinnamon L. Butler

Sean Butler

Steven Cahill

Edward A. Calimag

Samuel F. Callahan

Gregory J. Callanan

Amy Marie Canﬁeld

Eric D. Cardoza

Joseph Carlile

Laura Carollo

Kevin Carpenter

Christina S. Carrere

Scott D. Carson

Mariah L. Casimir

Mary I. Cassell

David Cassidy

Trisha Castaneda

Sam P. Cathcart

Dan Chandler

David Chang

Laura K. Chang

Suzanne Chapman

William W. Chapman

Anthony Chase

James Chase

Nida Chaudhary

Anita Chellaraj

Fonda Chen

Amy Chenault

Douglas G. Cheung

Zachary A. Child

Dana Chisnell

Sophia Choudhry

Colin D. Christensen

Lisa Chung

Michael J. Ciccarone

Alex Ciepley

Ashley N. Clark

Jaimie N. Clark

Louise A. Clark

Michael Clark

Rachel Claude

Christopher Clavin

Christopher L.

Clayton

Alyssa Cogen

Jesse A. Cohen

Kristy L. Colbert

Nani A. Coloretti

Kelly T. Colyar

Kathleen B. Comando

Jose A. Conde

Christine M. Connolly

David C. Connolly

Kyle Connors

LaTiesha B. Cooper

Nicole Cordan

Drew W. Cramer

Ayana Crawford

Tiffany N. Crawford

William E. Creedon

Jefferson Crowder

Albert Crowley

Juliana Crump

Lily Cuk

Pennee Cumberlander

C. Tyler Curtis

Patricia Cusack

Nadir Dalal

Shaibya L. Dalal

D. Michael Daly

Rody Damis

Neil B. Danberg

Kristy L. Daphnis

Joanne C. Davenport

Kelly Jo Davis

Kenneth L. Davis

Margaret B. Davis-

Christian

Karen De Los Santos

OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2025 BUDGET

The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps

thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contribu-

tions.

178 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2025 BUDGET

David A. del Cuadro-

Zimmerman

Emily L. DeLancey

Tasha M. Demps

Paul J. Denaro

Catherine A. Derbes

Christopher DeRusha

Maggie A. DeSisto

Selene Diaz

John H. Dick

Rachel M. Diedrick

Rachael E. Dietkus

Cle Diggins

Jean Diomi Kazadi

Katie Webb Doerge

Angela Donatelli

Paul S. Donohue

Tobias A. Dorsey

Clara Marian Downey

Celeste Drake

Megan Dreher

Angela Driscoll

Lisa Cash Driskill

Adrian Drummond

Vanessa Duguay

Daphney Dupervil

Nathaniel Durden

Ryan R. Durga

Javier R. Dutan

Dominique M. Duval

Maureen E. Earley

Jeanette Edwards

Peter S. Eggerding

Melissa Eggleston

Matthew Eliseo

Jeffrey M. Elkin

Michelle Enger

Diana F. Epstein

Paul R. Eriksen

Celeste Espinoza

Jose A. Estrada

Ramirez

Erica Evans

Gillian Evans

Patrick Evans

Farnoosh Faezi-Marian

Edna Falk Curtin

Hunter Fang

Kara Farley-Cahill

Luke M. Farrell

Louis E. Feagans

Kelsi Feltz

Agatha Fenech

Matias C. Fernandez

Saverio V. Feudo

Lesley A. Field

Tess E. Fields

Jonathan R. Finch

Mary S. Fischietto

John J. Fitzpatrick

Ashlie B. Flegel

Cleones Fleurima

Maria Christina J.

Foreman

Mary Frances Foster

Daniel G. Fowlkes

Steven D. Frankel

Nicholas A. Fraser

Katherine L. Friedman

Carlos A. Fuentes Cruz

Laurel D. Fuller

Steven Furnagiev

Noha Gaber

Kelley J. Gallagher

Christopher D.

Gamache

Joseph R. Ganahl

Jacob A. Garcia

Kyle Gardiner

Mathias A. Gardner

Marc Garuﬁ

Alex Gaynor

Jeremy J. Gelb

Marc Geller

Anna M. Gendron

Laura Gerhardt

Mariam Ghavalyan

Daniel M. Giamo

Carolyn Gibson

Laura Gillam

Brian Gillis

Janelle R. Gingold

Jacob Glass

Porter O. Glock

Christopher Glodosky

Tyler Glotfelty

Andrea L. Goel

Jeffrey D. Goldstein

Christopher Gomba

Anthony A. Gonzalez

Oscar Gonzalez

Alex Goodenough

Colleen M. Gravens

Kathryn Green

Aron Greenberg

Elyse F. Greenwald

Robin J. Grifﬁn

Justin Grimes

Hester C. Grippando

Adam A. Grogg

Benjamin Guhin

Michael B. Hagan

James R. Hagen

William F. Hamele

Christine E. Hammer

Rachel Han

Anastasia K. Hanan

Brian J. Hanson

Jennifer L. Hanson

Christine J. Harada

Dionne Hardy

Ashley Harris

Noah Harris

Deidre A. Harrison

Paul Harvey

Homa Hassan

Julian Hasse

Joseph

Hatzipanagiotis

Glinda R. Hawkins

Mark Hazelgren

Kelly A. Healton

Noreen Hecmanczuk

Margaret Z. Heimann

Gary Hellman

Sherita J. Henderson

Natalie D.

Hengstebeck

Tonya R. Henley

Catherine M. Hensly

John David Henson

Mitchel Herckis

Nathalie S. Herman

Jacobo Hernandez

Rachel Hernández

Michael J. Hickey

Michael Hildner

Amanda M. Hill

Jennifer E. Hoef

Stuart Hoffman

Anthony Hokayem

Jayla R. Hollie

Shavonne U. Holman

Michele Holt

Michael Holtje

Nicholas Holtz

Camille T.D. Hopkins

Christopher Hoppel

Benjamin Hosmer

Clinton T. Hourigan

Danielle S. House

Devany M. Howard

Peter Hoy

Mina Hsiang

Grace Hu

Julia Bickett Hubbell

Samantha Hubner

Kathy M. Hudgins

Zachary M.

Huebschman

Thomas Huelskoetter

Shristi Humagai

Ashley Hungerford

Sally J. Hunnicutt

Alexander T. Hunt

Ginny Hunt

Lorraine D. Hunt

James C. Hurban

Tae H. Im

Shelley Irving

Matthew Ishimaru

Maya Israni

Alfred Jackson

Sharease M. Jackson

Theodore R. Jackson

Aryeh Jacobsohn

Daniel Jacobson

Manish Jain

Natasha A. Jamal

Yejin Jang

Joseph C. Jankiewicz

Ames R. Jenkins

Carol Jenkins

Juan G. Jimenez

Michael J. Joannes

Carol Johnson

Gregory Johnson

Michael D. Johnson

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 179

Suraju O. Jolaoso

Andre A. Jolivette

Denise Bray Jones

Joshua Jones

Karianne M. Jones

Lauren H. Jones

Lisa M. Jones

Shannon Maire Joyce

Hursandbek

Jumanyazov

Hee Jun

Jason Kahn

Riyad Kalla

Benjamin J. Kallos

Jennifer Kam

Daniel T. Kane

Jacob H. Kaplan

Steven Kappel

Jenifer Liechty

Karwoski

Florence Kasule

Natalie Kates

Jason Kattman

Regina L. Kearney

Ariel L. Keller

Mary W. Keller

Natonne E. Kemp

Nancy B. Kenly

Kameron Kerger

Arianna Khan

Alexander J. Kharbush

Meen Khatri

Amy J. Kim

Maria Kim

Nathaniel Kim

Rachael Y. Kim

Kelly C. King

Kelly A. Kinneen

Jessica Elizabeth

Kirby

Cheryl A. Klein

Robert T. Klein

Hank Knaack

Sreeja Kondeti

Clair A. Koroma

Andrea G. Korovesis

Megan Kosai

Anneli Faride Kraft

Charles Kraiger

Jennifer O. Kramer

Lori A. Krauss

Alyssa Kropp

Megan K. Kruse

Steven B. Kuennen

Jennifer J. Kuk

Anshul Kumar

Tara Kumar

Sara Kuncaitis-Wall

Christine J. Kymn

Christopher D. LaBaw

Leonard L. Lainhart

Chad A. Lallemand

Kristine Lam

Lawrence L. Lambert

Michael Landry

Katrina M. Langer

Rachel S. Lanman

Daniel LaPlaca

Eric P. Lauer

Shelby K. Lauter

Jessie L. LaVine

Daniel Lawver

Jessica K. Lee

Susan E. Leetmaa

Jacob Leibenluft

Stephen Leibman

Bryan P. León

Annie M. Leonetti

Kerrie Leslie

John C. Levock-

Spindle

Andrew Lewandowski

Kali M. Lewis

Benjamin Lidofsky

Andrew Lieberman

Jennifer Liebschutz

Jane C. Lien

Ming Ligh

Kristina E. Lilac

Erika Liliedahl

John E. Lindner

Jennifer M. Lipiew

Adam Lipton

Luanne Lohr

Tanner L. Long

Sara R. Lopez

Zuzana Love

Adrienne E. Lucas

Alisa Luu

Kelvin T. Luu

Steven Mackey

Sarah Mackintosh

Ryan MacMaster

Joshua H. MacNeill

Brett Maden

Sophie Maher

Claire A. Mahoney

Dominic Maione

Bianca Majumder

Nancy Makale

Kathryn E. Maloney

Dominic J. Mancini

Emily J. Mann

Noah S. Mann

Iulia Z. Manolache

Christopher Steven

Marcum

Madeline R. Marquez

Nicole Martinez Moore

Clare Martorana

Stephen Massoni

Monica Mata

Ankit Mathur

Kimie Matsuo

Maya Mau

Joshua May

Jenna J. Mayer

Mitzi Mayer

Maxwell R. Mazzocchi

Jessica Rae McBean

Alexander J.

McClelland

John L. McClung

Elisabeth L. McClure

Daniela McCool

Jeremy P. McCrary

Anthony W. McDonald

Christine A. McDonald

Katrina A. McDonald

Renford McDonald

Benjamin L. McGuire

Lewis A. Mcilwain

Katherine E. McKenna

Kellie McManamon

Michael McManus

Frank McNally

Amy L. McNary-

Bontrager

William McNavage

Christopher McNeal

Maya Mechenbier

Edward Meier

Flavio Menasce

Gabriel A. Menchaca

Andrew G. Mendoza

Margaret Mergen

P. Thaddeus

Messenger

Daniel J. Michelson-

Horowitz

Jaden A. Mikoulinskii

Frank W. Milbourn V

Leah Milhander

Eric Mill

Jason Miller

Kimberly Miller

Leanna M. Miller

Soﬁe Miller

Morgan Mills

Susan M. Minson

Angela L. Mitchell

Chance Mitchell

Terrance D. Mitchell

Kira Mickie Mitre

Katherine Mlika

Elizabeth E. Molle-

Carr

Kirsten J. Moncada

Allyce Moncton

Claire E. Monteiro

Andrea J. Montoya

Julia C. Moore

Natalie Moore

Amy A. Morath

Mary J. Moreno

Anne M. Morgan

Karen M. Moronski-

Chapman

Peter D. Morrissey

Savannah M. Moss

Zoriana Moulton

Siddharth Muchhal

Robin McLaughry

Mullins

Tracey C. Mulrooney

Angela Lum Mundi

Ian Munoz

Daenuka

Muraleetharan

Susan R. Murphy

Paul-Donavon Murray

Christian G. Music

Hayley W. Myers

Heather Myers

Kimberley L Myers

Drew Myklegard

180 OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2025 BUDGET

Andrew Nacin

Jeptha E. Nafziger

Larry J. Nagl

Barry Napear

Robert Nassif

Beverly Nelson

Kimberly Nelson

Michael D. Nelson

Anthony Nerino

Melissa K. Neuman

Travis Newby

Joanie F. Newhart

Sheila Newman-

Rogers

Annie Nguyen

Hieu Nguyen

Ella M. Nicholson

Brieanna Nicker

Thomas Nielsen

Yu Ning

Julia Nonnenkamp

Sharanda D. Norman

Jennifer Nou

Greg Novick

Janice M. Nsor

Nagela Nukuna

Tim H. Nusraty

Joseph B. Nye

Erin O’Brien

Mary O’Brien

Kevin R. O’Connor

Wayne T. O’Donnell

Matthew O’Kane

Tyler Olsen

Cassandra Olson

Kathryn Olson

Alison O’Mara

Brendan J. O’Meara

Jessica L. Ondusko

Stephanie D. O’Neill

Matthew Oreska

Karin A. Orvis

Joe Osborne

Timothy F. O’Shea

Jared Ostermiller

James Owens

Leticia C. Oxley

Heather C. Pajak

Farrah N. Pappa

Amy Paris

Eric L. Parks

Breanna L. Parra

John C. Pasquantino

Matthew Pastore

Mira D. Patel

Swati A. Patel

Kareema N. Patton

Brian Paxton

Casey Pearce

Liuyi Pei

Zoe W. Pennington

Sean Pennino

Amanda Y. Perez

Patricia C. Perozo

Michael A. Perz

Sean E. Peters

William C. Petersen

Andrea M. Petro

Amy E. Petz

Stacey Que-Chi Pham

Brian Pickeral

Joseph Pipan

Megan Policicchio

Marc A. Poling

Nicholas Polk

Mark J. Pomponio

Ruxandra Pond

Imani Pope-Johns

Bev Pratt

Jamie M. Price

Grant Procopio

Alanna B. Pugliese

Robert B. Purdy

Hannah Pyper

Syeda A. Quadry

Kathleen J. Quinn

Angie B. Quirarte

Lucas R. Radzinschi

Mary Raglin

Makaila Ranges

Zahid Rashid

Johnnie Ray

Alex Reed

Maurice Reeves

Heather Regen

Thomas M. Reilly

Cody Reinold

Andrew R. Reisig

Bryant D. Renaud

Richard J. Renomeron

Richard L. Revesz

Marta A. Reyes

Kharl M. Reynado

Charles R. Rhodes

Cheredith Rhone

Keri A. Rice

Michael P. Richard

Robert B. Richardson

Kyle S. Riggs

Glorimar Ripoll Balet

Rahish Risal

Tina Roberts Ashby

Sean M. Robertson

Donovan Robinson

Lamar R. Robinson

Whitney R. Robinson

Marshall J. Rodgers

Jose Antonio

Rodriguez-Arroyo

Samantha Romero

Meredith B. Romley

Nichole M. Rosamilia

Andrea L. Ross

Katy Rother

Alicia Rouault

Rachael M. Roueche

David J. Rowe

Amanda Roy

Brian Rozental

Todd W. Rubin

Erika H. Ryan

Muhammed Saeed

Elana L. Safran

Jennifer Saindon

Faisal G. Salad

John Asa Saldivar

Zohaib Sameer

Aziz K. Sandhu

Mark S. Sandy

Mi-Hwa Saunders

Ruth Saunders

Joel J. Savary

Jason K. Sawyer

Tricia Schmitt

Eric A. Schroeder

Loren DeJonge

Schulman

Benjamin E. Schwartz

Vanessa G. Schwartz

Mariarosaria

Sciannameo

Kristi Scott

Jasmeet K. Seehra

Owen Seely

Andrew Self

Anna Setzer

Megan Shade

Vimal Shah

Andrea N.

Shahmohammadi

Shabnam

Sharbatoghlie

Ishan K. Sharma

Amy K. Sharp

Dionna Sharp

Pooja Shaw

Paul Shawcross

Parag A. Shende

Kartik Sheth

Livia Shmavonian

Gary F. Shortencarrier

Matthew Sidler

Julie Siegel

Leticia Sierra

Sara R. Sills

Alexa Simmons

Celeste Simon

Daniel Liam Singer

Sarah L. Sisaye

Robert Sivinski

Benjamin J. Skidmore

Vanessa R. Sloane

Curtina O. Smith

Jasmine R. Smith

Matthew Smith

Patrick C. Smith

Stannis M. Smith

Tatiana Y. Smith

Joshua Solomon

Roderic A. Solomon

Timothy Soltis

Ki Suk Song

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025 181

Suzanne Soroczak

Valerie Souffront

Amanda R.K. Sousane

Megan Sowder-Staley

Rebecca L. Spavins

Samara M. Spence

Valeria Spinner

Christopher Spiro

John H. Spittell

Sarah Whittle Spooner

Deneen Spruill

Travis C. Stalcup

Scott R. Stambaugh

Nathan A. Steele

Nora Stein

Benjamin M. Stern

Brittany M. Stewart

Meredith Stewart

Aaron M. Stienstra

Ryan Stoffers

Gary R. Stofko

Robert B. Stone III

Conrad D. Stosz

Nathan T. Stowes

Paul D. Strande

Terry W. Stratton

Vanessa Studer

Thomas J. Suarez

Elizabeth G. Sukut

Kevin J. Sullivan

Patrick Sullivan

Abe Sussan

Katherine M. Sydor

Jamie R. Taber

Diane Thanh Nhu

Talaber

Shelby Ann Talton

John T. Tambornino

Naomi S. Taransky

Patrick Tarasiewicz

Stephanie J. Tatham

Kelly Taylor

Myra L. Taylor

Whitney Teal

Jay F. Teitelbaum

Stephanie Teller-

Parikh

Emma K. Tessier

Lan H. Thai

Amanda L. Thomas

Barbara E. Thomas

Jennifer Thomas

Judith F. Thomas

Payton A. Thomas

Will Thomas

Serita K. Thornton

Matthew B. Tibbitts

Parth Tikiwala

Thomas Tobasko

Allison C. Toledo

Erika Tom

Gia Tonic

Susanna Troxler

Patrick Trulock

Ariana C. Tuckey

Austin Turner

Regina A.

Udomratanavasi

Shraddha A.

Upadhyaya

Darrell J. Upshaw

Matthew J. Vaeth

Saratkumar Varanasi

Areletha L. Venson

Alexandra Ventura

Jesus Vidaurri

Genna Kate Viggiano

Merici Vinton

Megha Vyas

James A. Wade

Shelby Wagenseller

Brett Waite

Nicole Waldeck

Joseph Waldow

Eric C. Waller

Heather V. Walsh

Gang Wang

Sonia Wang

Suzy Wang

Tim Wang

Ben A. Ward

Michelle Ward

Jhavoiya Washington

Gary Waxman

Bess M. Weaver

Emily M. Weaver

Daniel Week

David M. Weisshaar

Philip R. Wenger

Max West

Elizabeth Whitcomb

Arnette C. White

Ashley M. White

Curtis C. White

Kim S. White

Sherron R. White

Timothy White

Alison Whitty

William G. Wickett

Brian A. Widuch

Christina Wilkes

Avery D. Williams

Carl Christian

Williams

Jamie S. Wilson

Kevin Wilson

Kimberly C. Wilson

Kristen H. Wilson

Christine A

Winchester

Stephanie Winker

Catherine Winters

Jeffrey A. Wojton

Wintta M.

Woldemariam

Ephrem Woldetsadik

Brittany J. Wolford

Henry K. Wolgast

Minzy Won

Nicholas J. Woroszylo

Christopher Wren

Jazmine P. Wright

Sophia M. Wright

Bertram J. Wyman

Melany N. Yeung

David Y. Yi

Wesley Yin

Christian T. Yonkeu

Jinha Yoon

Xia You

Rita Young

Shalanda D. Young

Nadia K. Zahir

Elizabeth Zahorian

Erica Zamborsky

Corinna J. Zarek

Eliana M. Zavala

Bin Feng Zheng

Olivia D. Zhu

Erica H. Zielewski

Timothy Ziese

Morgan E. Zimmerman

Jeremy Zitomer

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