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I
n World War II the highest casualty rate was in Bomber Command. In World War I it was
unsurprisingly among the Infantry, and in the infantry the highest casualty rate was among the
officers who went over the top with their men.
They were easily picked out by virtue of their
different uniforms and the fact that they carried
pistols rather than rifles. Officers were almost
exclusively the educated sons of the middle
classes so that although the 'Top Brass' were
usually commanding from cosy headquarters miles
from the front, there was considerable mixing of
the social classes lower down. The officer class
came to have the utmost admiration for the
endurance, stamina and good humour of the
average British 'Tommy' in the face of such
terrible conditions, deprivation and daily
encounters with death. How did men survive such
hardship? The truth was that life in the trenches
was, for many, not much worse than life at home
in squalid slums, dead end jobs, with low pay, poor
diets and few educational opportunities! And yet they were fighting and dying 'for King and
Country' by the hundreds of thousands!
Such was the terrible cost of this war that afterwards there was a frantic search for some good
reasons to explain why it had been fought. One idea that emerged in Britain was that life for ordinary
people had to be made a lot better. It is interesting to note that throughout the 1920's and 30's income
tax never fell below 5/- in the £ (25p.) and few complained. In those times most ordinary people
earned less than £150 per annum which was below the lowest tax level that the tax was levied at, so
income tax was just something for the middle and upper classes to settle twice a year between the
tax office and their accountants! (PAYE for the masses only really got going during World War II
when inflation and vast amounts of overtime for the War effort brought many more in to the tax net.)
So there was a general feeling among the better off in Britain that taxation at 4 or 5 times the level of
the pre-war, Edwardian period had to be accepted to improve the lives of ordinary people who had
sacrificed so much. (The contrast with today's thinking is surely most marked!)
Sadly, of course, the effects of successive governments attempts to raise living standards in the
1920's and 30's were largely masked by the massive world-wide Economic Depression that set in in
1924 as World Trade completely failed to recover from the massive disruption caused by 4 years of
global war. There was massive unemployment (twice as high in Germany as in the UK.)
Unemployment levels varied from area to area. In Merthyr Tydfil at the height of the Depression in
the early 1930's the level was 70%! The birth rate plummeted to it's lowest level ever in this country
in 1932. However, the school leaving age was raised to 14, National Insurance was extended to
cover many more jobs and some Health improvements were made. But perhaps the biggest strides
were in Housing, following on from Lloyd George's 1918 slogan about ' building homes fit for
Heroes'. All Local Authorities were required to purchase land and commence a programme of
building houses to rent which ordinary people could afford. The age of the ‘Council House’ had
arrived to house a third of the population.
The second part of this article by Ivan Jones will appear in the next Newsletter
The terrible conditions on the Somme battlefield,
1916. The junior officer is second in the file.
THE YEARS BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS