World War I - Study Guide

World War I

Study Guide

Edward Wadsworth's 1919 painting Dazzle Ships

In Drydock At Liverpool

Core Standards

DC:

10.5. Students analyze the long-term military, economic, and political effects of the World War I.

1. Describe advances in tank and aerial warfare, the belief that the “Great War” would end war, and disarmament movements.

(M, P)

2. Describe the effects of the war and resulting peace treaties on population movement, the international economy, and shifts

in the geographic and political borders of Europe and the Middle East. (G, P, E)

3.Analyze the aims and negotiating roles of world leaders, including Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, and the causes and

effects of the United States’ rejection of the League of Nations on world politics. (P)

4.Describe the conﬂicting aims and aspirations of the conferees at Versailles and the Versailles treaty’s economic and moral

effects on Germany.

10.Explain the widespread disillusionment with prewar institutions, authorities, and values that resulted in a void that was later

ﬁlled by totalitarians. (P)

11. Analyze the objectives and achievements of women’s political movements in the context of World War I and its aftermath.

(P, S)

12. Explain the inﬂuence of World War I on literature, art, and intellectual life (e.g., Pablo Picasso, the Jazz Era music of the

Harlem Hellﬁghters 369th Regiment Band and James Reese Europe; the “lost generation” of Gertrude Stein and Ernest

Hemingway). (I)

Table of Contents

Intro p.3

Causes p.4-5

Technology p.6-9

The U.S. Entered WWI p. 10

U.S. Navy during WWI p.11

Treaty of Versailles and causes of WWII p.12

Activities p. 13-16

Version 2: April 24, 2018

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Introduction

World War I (1914-1918) was a conﬂict that involved more countries and caused greater

destruction than any other war up to its time. In total, 9 million soldiers and 6 million civilians lost

their lives.

The conditions that led to World War I took shape over several decades. The uniﬁcation of

Germany in 1871 had created a powerful and fast-growing new state in Central Europe. In the

early 1900’s, Germany’s quest for power caused a series of crises. Armed forces expanded, and

Europe’s great powers formed alliances and prepared for war.

A single assassination on June 28, 1914, sparked

the outbreak of World War I. That day, a gunman shot

down Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The

shooting took place in Sarajevo, the capital of Austria-

Hungary's province of Bosnia. Serbia had long sought

freedom from their colonizer Austria-Hungary, and

Austrian investigators believed Serbia had a hand in the

assassination. With the assistance of Germany, Austria

later declared war on Serbia, sparking an alliance-based

chain declaring war.

When the ﬁghting began, each nation’s allies

became involved in the conﬂict. France, Russia, and the

United Kingdom, collectively known as the Entente,

backed Serbia. They opposed the Central Powers, made

up of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Other countries later

joined each alliance. The Entente and its allies came to be

known as the Allies.

The United States remained neutral at ﬁrst.

However, many Americans turned against the Central

Powers after German submarines began sinking unarmed

American ships. In 1917, the United States joined the

Entente. The support of the United States gave the

Entente the resources they needed to win the war. In the

fall of 1918, the Central Powers surrendered.

A number of developments contributed to the

historic bloodshed of World War I. Military drafts raised

larger armies than ever before. Industries equipped those armies with new and dangerous

weapons. Barbed wire slowed the movement of troops across the battleﬁeld, and machine guns

ﬁred hundreds of rounds in less than a minute. Armies fought from vast systems of trenches

(fortiﬁed ditches). Also, government propaganda drove support by making opposing nations seem

villainous. This particular war changed the laws of warfare and society’s mindset of the “glory of

war”.

Resource: World Book Student

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Causes

Numerous complicated events led to what we know as World War I. It is hard to give a direct cause and effect, like

the invasion or attack on a country. Many point to the assassination of the Archduke, and heir, of the Austro-

Hungarian Empire Franz Ferdinand. Historians agree that the “Great War” became a global event when Russia

mobilized its forces or when Germany declared war on Russia, however, this may not mean Germany and Russia

are to blame for the war. Let’s look at the complicated timeline that made this a global war.

June 28, 1914- Gavrilo Princip assassinates the Archduke and Heir of

the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Austrian

agents learn that Princip was a member of the Black Hand, a group of

Bosnian Serbs who believed in the liberation of Serbs who lived

outside of Serbia, mainly in Austria-Hungary. Agents learned the Black

Hand was armed by Serbia.

July 23- Nearly one month after the assassination, Austria-

Hungary issued an ultimatum to the kingdom of Serbia basically

saying to back down or we will invade. The Serbs almost

immediately reject the ultimatum, but in their reply, make the

language appear to be a surrender. This stalled the Austro-

Hungarian response for a few days.

Why did Austria-Hungary wait a month to issue the ultimatum?

Austria-Hungary wanted to ensure that their ally Germany would help militarily should they need to invade Serbia. They spent

the month in talks with Germany, which ended in what is known as the “Blank Check”. Germany would back Austria-Hungary in

whatever it decided to do. Germany and Austria-Hungary knew that Russia was allies with Serbia, but Germany thought Russia

would not defend Serbia after the assassination. Keeping this in mind, they knew the alliance with Austria-Hungary would help

should Russia mobilize.

July 25- Russia, an ally to Serbia, declares they are in a

“Period of Preparatory to War”. Had they declared they

were mobilizing, this would have alerted Germany and

Austria-Hungary to mobilize themselves, but their

preparatory declaration translated as a mostly diplomatic

strategy.

July 28- Austria declares war on Serbia, as they rejected

the ultimatum.

July 30- Since Serbia and Russia were allies, Russia

mobilizes its troops. Germany demands that Russia stays

out of the conﬂict and back down. Russia ignores the

demand.

August 1- Germany declares war on Russia. France

begins to mobilize because they are allies with Russia.

August 3- Germany declares war on France and moves to

march through Belgium, the quickest route to France from

Germany. Belgium was allies with the Great Britain.

August 4- Germany marches through Belgium to quickly defeat

France. Great Britain issues warning to retreat. Germany

ignores warning, and Great Britain declares war on Germany.

Gavrilo Princip

EUROPE 1914

Allied Powers

Central Powers

Neutral Powers

Later entries into WWI

•

Japan-August 23, 1914

•

Turkey- October 30, 1914

•

Italy- May 22, 1915

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Austria/

Germany’s

Ultimatum to

Serbia

Russia’s

Period

Preparatory to

War

Austria

declares war

on Serbia

Russia

mobilizes

troops

Germany

declares war

on Russia

Germany

declares war

on France

Germany

marches

through

Belgium to

France

Great Britain

declares war

on Germany

July/August 1914

Alliances

Alliances, both secret and otherwise, led to the onset of World War I. As you can see from the last

page, this started as a regional issue and exploded within two weeks. Using the information given

above and on page 3, list the countries within the two major alliances of the War.

Central Powers

Triple Entente/Allies

Russia

Causes

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WWI Technology

World War I is considered to be the ﬁrst “modern war”. Dozens of new inventions and technologies led to

completely new approaches to warfare and strategy. Prior to “The Great War”, warfare was considered a glorious

and romanticized event that spread national pride. These new technologies, however, were created for

destruction, and killing opponents became much easier. Using old-war strategies and new technologies created

even more casualties than necessary. Read below to learn why:

Trench Warfare

Digging trenches was originally used in

warfare by the French as far back as the

17th century. Most all soldiers were

issued entrenching told like a shovel, but

nether side of the war anticipated that

warfare would be so static for years at a

time. The ﬁrst trenches, dug in

September, 1914, measured only a couple

feet deep, enough to crouch and avoid

gunﬁre. Soldiers inevitably dug trenches

meters deep and hundreds of miles long,

creating sleeping and eating quarters.

Due to heavy rainfall and humidity,

soldiers often waded in mud throughout

every day, and infection, or gangrene, ran

rampant among these men.

German Trenches- 1914 (Courtesy: Library of Congress)

Machine Guns

Prior to World War I, weaponry and ﬁring weapons was a much

more intimate experience with your target. You would have to aim

directly at your target and carefully shoot, as not to waste the

limited ammunition loaded in your gun. With the invention of the

machine gun in the late 19th century, soldiers could ﬁre up to 600

bullets per minute. This being said, consider the former battle

strategy line formation, like the images of the British during the

American Revolutionary War. Now, read the ﬁrst hand account of

using the machine gun by a British soldier during the Battle of the

Somme:

“When we started ﬁring we just had to load and reload. They went down in

their hundreds. You didn’t have to aim, we just ﬁred at them.”

Machine Gun commonly used in

World War I. Notice that both men

don gas masks while ﬁghting.

Guiding Questions:

How might the popularity of trenches and machines guns have led to long, stalemate battles?

Considering the living conditions of trenches, what diseases and health concerns would have

spread? What would you have done to prevent these risks?

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Barbed Wire

While barbed wire had originally been invented in the

mid 19th century for the purpose of farming, both the

Central Powers and Triple Entente found it to be

useful in trench warfare. Barbed wire could be used

as a defensive and offensive strategy in warfare.

More simply as a defense strategy, troops would line

the border of their trenches as a last line of defense

from the enemy. Offensively, barbed wire was used

strategically by creating paths leading to “kill zones”.

Troops would run to attack their opponents’ trenches

only to be surrounded by barbed wire. Once they

were all in a designated area, the opponent would

shoot them down using machine guns.

German Sniper behind barbed wire defense. Year unknown.

Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Poison Gas

This weapon was ﬁrst successfully used by

Germany on April 22, 1915. Because both sides

were largely using trench warfare, neither would

raid the opposing side. The area between the

trenches, often fairly close, became known as

“no man’s land”. So, in 1915, Germany used a

chemical agent known as mustard gas to force

the Allies into surrender. On that day alone, the

gas killed 5,000 soldiers, clearing the area for a

German battle victory. Mustard gas is a type of

chlorine. Chlorine gases burn the lining of the

throat causing victims to choke to death. These

gases can also burn out the eyes and other soft

tissue exposed to it. Gas masks and other

preventative measures came into effect after

chemical warfare became more popular on both sides of the war. After the War ended,

chlorine gas killed over 100,000 solders and wounded over 1 million.

US Marines in gas masks,

1918.

We gathered by the rail [of the ship] and gazed for the ﬁrst time at the brilliantly lighted harbor and

realized that we were in France…While we were waiting on deck with our equipment on, a

trainload of 500 wounded came on the wharf beside us. They were brought on board at once.

About half of them were suffering from gas poisoning. Their skin was yellow and their eyes were

protected from the sun by paper shades. Many had both legs amputated.”

WWI Technology

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Aviation

In the beginning of the War, planes were rarely

used. Most countries used hot air balloons and

zeppelins in order to photograph enemy grounds

and gain intelligence. Most of the actual planes

owned by governments were not for warfare and

didn't see the line of battle until the end of the

War. Pilots started carrying bricks on board to

drop on opposing planes, and some even started

carrying guns with them. The French became

well known for their Aces, or infamously talented

pilots, like Manfred von Richthofen (Red Baron).

Pilots like Richthofen learned to do spins, half-

rolls, and climbing turns, among other ﬂying

techniques.

Tanks

Tanks were introduced late in World War I as a response

to the stalemate of trench warfare. A British invention,

they ﬁst saw action in 1916, two years after the beginning

of the War. It was ﬁrst successfully used in 1917 in the

Battle of Cambrai. German forces had reinforced their

trenches with strong barbed wire, and their machine

weapons kept the Allies from victory. Fleets of tanks

assembled and charged the front, passing easily through

no man’s land, the barbed wire, and crossing the

trenches. In response to this success, the Allies continued

to manufacture thousands of tanks. Germany, in

response, were only able to develop and build 20 tanks.

Tank forging through a trench

Guiding Questions:

Which of the weapons listed are considered defensive strategies? Offensive?

Which of these weapons would you consider to the the deadliest?

Could a soldier utilize or face more than one of these in a similar setting? Which ones would work together?

WWI Technology

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Instructions: Draw a line from the quotation to the correlating

technology introduced during World War I.

“…I couldn’t see, my eyes were running water

and burning, so was my nose and I could hardly

breathe. I gasped, choked and felt the extreme

terror of the man who goes under in the water

and will clutch at a straw.”

Colonel Pope, the commanding ofﬁcer of the

Borderers, becomes a casualty. Tripping over

some rusty wire he falls and punctures his face.

Two years later a military funeral…of Pope. The

dirty wire killed him.

"...lumbering slowly towards U.S.came three

huge mechanical monsters such as we had never

seen before."

"Artillery was the killer; artillery was the terriﬁer;

artillery followed the soldier to the rear; sought

him out in his billet; found him on the march"

“Whilst asleep during the night, we were

frequently awakened by rats running over us.

When this happened too often for my liking, I

would lie on my back and wait for a rat to linger

on my legs; then violently heave my legs

upwards, throwing the rat into the air.

Occasionally, I would hear a grunt when the rat

landed on a fellow victim.”

You don't think much of the individual, because

you don't think you've hit him and you hope that

he will bail out or something; it's the aeroplane

you've hit … normally it was more of a game if

you like, you were outwitting and shooting down

another aircraft, you were simply hitting metal.

WWI Technology

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The U.S.Enters WWI

The United States did not enter World War I until 1917, three years

after its beginning. The United States President at the time, Woodrow

Wilson, believed that we should remain neutral but trade and deal with

both the Central Powers and Allies. The German Navy began attacking

merchant and civilian ships crossing the Atlantic, as they knew the

U.S.stored munitions for sale to the Allies. One of the most famous attacks

was that of the sinking of the cruise liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. This was

a civilian ship crossing the Atlantic from New York City to Liverpool.

Germany knew that U.S.weapons were on board the ship, and to prevent

the Allies from receiving them, sank the Lusitania, killing 1,198 of the 1,962

on board. At this point, the German Navy was preventing free trade of the

seas, in conﬂict with the mission of the U.S.Navy. This event did not

directly lead to U.S.involvement of World War I. The U.S.would not enter

the war for another 2 years. This event would, however, create anti-

German sentiments among the American public.

Two major event in 1917 did lead to the U.S.entering World War I.

In January of that year, the German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann

sent a telegram to the German Minister to Mexico. In this telegram,

famously known as a Zimmermann Telegram, Germany promised to

reclaim portions of the American Southwest if they would form allegiance

with Germany. This telegram was intercepted by British Intelligence who

notiﬁed President Wilson. Germany was now a more major threat to the

United States, and one month later, Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, breaking military

code. In unrestricted submarine warfare, German U-boats (submarines) would ﬁre on any ships without any

warning, whether they be military or merchant/civilian liners. With this action, along with the Zimmermann

Telegram, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany, joining the Allies, in April 1917.

The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning

wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas.

…since April of last year the Imperial Government had somewhat

restrained … with its promise then given to U.S.that passenger boats

should not be sunk and that due warning would be given to all other

vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy… The new policy

has swept every restriction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their

ﬂag, their character, their cargo, their destination, their errand, have

been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and without thought

of help or mercy for those on board, the vessels of friendly neutrals

along with those of belligerents.

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US Navy and WWI

Imperial Germany relied heavily on their 48 submarines at the beginning of World War I. With regard to the US,

they felt that their strong Navy would prevent American troops from entering the war by preventing troops from

crossing the Atlantic. Their initial plan was to suffocate the Allies of their supplies, shipped mainly from the US,

and force the Allies into an early surrender in the war. This plan worked quite well in the beginning of the war.

Germany had the most submarines ships and sank 5,554 Allied and merchant ships over the course of the War.

By 1917, Germany had built 372 U-boats. The Allies ended up sinking 178.

Once the United States entered World War I, our Navy, along with the British Royal Navy, had developed anti-

submarine technology which ultimately helped win the war. Initially, the U.S. Navy facilitated naval transport and

supply service for the Allied forces in Europe. These shipments required protection from German submarines.

Later, the U.S. Navy began a complicated campaign of anti-submarine warfare in order to weaken the German

stronghold on the Atlantic Ocean.

Mines

Mines were an effective way to damage or

destroy submarines. Using an anchor and a

ﬂoat tried to copper wire, the mine would be

suspended underwater at the depth of

submarines. Tripping the wire would

detonate the mine. The British Royal Navy

had been setting mines for years before the

U.S. Navy entered the War. Once the United

States Navy entered, we laid tens of

thousands of mines in the North Sea to avoid

an attack. Our Navy could lay as many as

5,000 mines in one expedition. Records

show that we destroyed at least six German

U-boats along the northern trade routes of

the Atlantic.

Dazzle Dazzle

The British Royal Navy initially invested in painting

wild and chaotic paint patters, Dazzle, on their ships

to confuse the German U-boat targets. The project

met great success, as the German Navy could not

calculate the trajectory of British ships. The United

States Navy followed the development of Dazzle in

Great Britain with great interest. In March 1918, it

established its own program, which built on and

expanded the British Dazzle system with new

patterns of “war paint” and experimented with vivid

colors and modern art designs. The American

version was dubbed “Razzle Dazzle”.

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US Navy and WWI

Railway Gun-

One of the gun factory's most stellar accomplishments was the

production of railway carriages on which were mounted 14-inch

naval riﬂes. By 1918, the Imperial German Navy had effectively

developed the Paris-Geschütz (Paris Gun). This long range siege

gun targeted and destroyed Paris from 70 miles away, making it

the ﬁrst of its kind. #This one weapon brought France to its knees,

as no Allied weapon could defeat its size and range. #Seeing a

desperate need to counter this invention in 1917, Rear Admiral

Ralph Earle, chief of Bureau of Ordnance persuaded the Navy

Department that to develop rail-mounted guns that could

effectively counter German guns shelling the French capital of

Paris and other allied sites from greater distances.#The U.S.sent ﬁve guns to France, delivering a strong message to Imperial

Germany. The Paris Gun evacuated France within a week. #The U.S.Navy Railway Guns are most known for their immense size

and ﬁring range (over 75 miles). #While they were not widely used during World War I, they remain a legend in Naval History.

#One of the original ﬁve guns can be seen at the Washington Navy Yard.

Navy Corpsmen-

Enlisted Navy medical specialists serve as Navy Corpsmen and were the

ﬁrst in history to care for wounded Marines and Sailors. Major

advancements in medicine, along with the casualties seen during the

Spanish American War led high ranking ofﬁcials to expand and better

recognize the need for medical personnel and equipment on the ﬁeld. In

1914, two Hospital Corps Training Schools were opened in Rhode Island,

and California. To further strengthen the structure of the corpsmen, an act

of Congress on August 29, 1916 introduced medical apprenticeships and

pharmacists to the ranks. What spurred the growth of the corpsmen to an

undeniable asset was the American entry into World War I. In 1916, the

corpsmen had roughly 1,600 active troops. Just one year later, 17,000

enlisted corpsmen provided medical assistance to those serving overseas.

Depth Charger-

Depth Charges-A depth charge is a

bomb that is

designed to

explode

underwater at

a pre-

determined

depth. #Its

invention

allowed

surface ships,

for the ﬁrst

time, to attack submarines that had

submerged. #The Royal Navy ﬁrst

deployed the weapon in 1916 and the

U.S. Navy quickly adopted and placed

them aboard their ships.

Hydrophone-

A hydrophone is a listening device

that allowed Sailors aboard surface

ships to determine the location of a

submerged U-boat. #Trained to listen

for certain sounds made by the U-

boat's machinery, a Sailor could then

determine its location and relay the

data to the bridge. #

Convoys-

A convoy is a group of merchant ships

escorted by warships. #The concept

forced U-boats to attack a group of

ships, rather than a lone merchant

vessel. #

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Treaty of Versailles

World War I ofﬁcially ended with the Paris Peace Conference in January, 1919. The treaty of Versailles was then

completed for signatures on June 28, 1919. In 1918, the war appeared to be in favor of Germany. Russia had

pulled out of the War, weakening the Allies. The U.S.’s entry into the War turned the favor to the Allies, providing

them with the armed forces and resources necessary to ﬁght the German Empire. Since the Allies technically won

the war, they took the responsibility of drafting the Treaty of Versailles, all but excluding Germany from negotiations.

Let’s look at the various points and measures included in the

Treaty:

Provisions of the Treaty:

The main provisions of the treaty set up the League of Nations,

revised boundaries, disarmed Germany, and called for

reparations. In more detail, the Treaty consisted of seven

major points:

1. A League of Nations would be established, much like the

United Nations today, in order to bond countries and prevent

a war of this level again. Germany would not be permitted to

enter the League until 1926.

2. The Allies would break up the German Empire and redraw the

map of Western and Central Europe. See the images on this

page for changes.

3. Demilitarized zones would be established surrounding

Germany.

4. Germany would lose all of its colonies.

5. Germany’s armed forces would be minimized and would be

prevented from obtaining certain weapons, especially those

of higher technology.

6. Most importantly, as stated in Article 231, known as the War

Guilt Clause, placed the blame of the War on the German

Empire. This was included to serve as a humiliation to

Germany.

7. Germany must pay reparations for all civilian damage

caused during the war, regardless of the country in question.

Who attended the Conference?

Thirty-two countries in total participated in World

War I, 28 of them sided with the Allies, or Triple

Entente. Germany, the unspoken leader of the

Central Powers, was not invited to attend.

Germany reluctantly agreed to the Treaty, causing disastrous deﬂation and the rise of extremism

in the country among civilians. Terrorists ultimately assassinated those involved in signing the

Treaty. Much of the provisions were withdrawn in 1932 with the onset of the Great Depression. At

that point, Germany began rebuilding their military, in violation of part 5 of the Treaty. An

energetic and passionate public speaker rose to power and was elected Chancellor of Germany

in 1933 by the name of Adolf Hitler, who reclaimed much of the land taken in the Treaty. Fearing

another war, the former Allies allowed these actions until the German invasion of Poland in 1939,

starting the Second World War.

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Activities

There is a lot of information in this packet, so let’s go back to the beginning and remember how this

War began. Look at the events listed below and order them chronologically as the events leading to

World War I.

________

Germany marches through Belgium to quickly defeat France. Great Britain

issues warning to retreat. Germany ignores warning.

________

The Serbs almost immediately reject the ultimatum, but in their reply, make

the language appear to be a surrender. This stalled the Austro-Hungarian

response for a few days.

________

Great Britain declares war on Germany.

________

Russia, an ally to Serbia, declares they are in a “Period of Preparatory to

War”. Had they declared they were mobilizing, this would have alerted

Germany and Austria-Hungary to mobilize themselves, but their

preparatory declaration translated as a mostly diplomatic strategy.

________

Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to the kingdom of Serbia basically

saying to back down or we will invade.

________

Since Serbia and Russia were allies, Russia mobilizes its troops.

Germany demands that Russia stays out of the conﬂict and back down.

Russia ignores the demand.

________

Gavrilo Princip assassinates the Archduke and Heir of the Austro-Hungarian

Empire, Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Austrian agents learn that Princip was

a member of the Black Hand, a group of Bosnian Serbs who believed in the

liberation of Serbs who lived outside of Serbia, mainly in Austria-Hungary.

Agents learned the Black Hand was armed by Serbia.

________

Germany declares war on France and moves to march through Belgium,

the quickest route to France from Germany. Belgium was allies with the

Great Britain.

________

Germany declares war on Russia. France begins to mobilize because they

are allies with Russia.

________

Austria declares war on Serbia, as they rejected the ultimatum.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________!

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“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. The

tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with

the blood of patriots and tyrants” Thomas Jefferson

“The 1930s, taught U.S.a clear lesson; aggressive

conduct, if allowed to go unchecked and unchallenged,

ultimately leads to war.” John F. Kennedy

“When we started ﬁring we just had to load and

reload. They went down in their hundreds. You

didn’t have to aim, we just ﬁred at them.”

“This is the War to end all wars.” Woodrow Wilson

“This is the end and the beginning of an age.

This is something far greater than the French

Revolution or the Reformation and we live in it.” -

H.G. Wells

Looks at the quotations below. Pick two of them, circle them, and write on how these two

quotes are connected with he ideas of World War I: the themes, causes, technology, death toll,

etc.

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Aces- Unofﬁcially term for those pilots who have shot down ﬁve enemy aircrafts.

Intelligence- The collection of information of military or political value.

Line Formation- a standard tactical formation which was used in early modern.

Mobilize- To prepare and organize (troops or military) for active service.

Reparations- The compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.

Static- Lacking movement, action, or change.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare- A type of naval warfare in which submarines sink

vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, against agreed upon standards of

war.

Zimmerman Telegram- an internal diplomatic communication issued from the German

Foreign Ofﬁce in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and

Mexico in the event of the United States' entering World War I against Germany.

Fill in the following sentences with the vocabulary words you just learned.

Use context clues to help:

___________d troops in WWI battleﬁelds endure long,

___________ front lines as opposed to the more famous __________

______________ tactic used in years past. Above these ﬁelds,

________ grew famous for their bravery and ingenuity in the sky. In

1918, the United States entered WWI for several reasons but mainly

the German Empire’s policy of __________ ____________

_________ and _____________ the U.S.received about the

____________ _____________ in Mexico. The U.S’ entrance into the

War led to an Allied victory, forcing Germany to pay ______________

for all civilian damage.

Vocabulary

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Create your own Razzle Dazzle!

The U.S.Navy used these patterns and colors to thwart Imperial German U-boats. Create your own

pattern and colorful scheme below. Explain how your pattern would have helped to trick the U-boats.