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Writing Resource Pack
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Writing Resource Pack
March • 2021
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How to Use this Guide
This resource pack is provided for both students preparing independently to take the ECCE
and for teachers designing lessons to help their students improve their writing skills for ECCE.
This document includes exercises and study questions to accompany a set of sample writing
responses and commentary as well as a set of additional ECCE writing prompts. Both of those
resources are included in the appendix at the end of the document.
Table of Contents
Tips and Suggestions for Students ............................................................ 2
Tips for Teachers ........................................................................................ 3
Description of ECCE Writing Task and Assessment Criteria ...................... 4
Writing Lesson Plan Template .................................................................5-6
Specic Exercises and Practice Activities .............................................7-13
Sample Lesson Plan for Use with New Prompts .................................14-15
Appendix 1: Writing Samples with Commentary .................................16-20
Appendix 2: New Practice Writing Prompts ........................................21-22
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Writing Resource Pack
March • 2021
For STUDENTS
Here are some specic suggestions about how you can use this guide to help you
improve your writing skills as you prepare for the ECCE.
• See general tips for independent practice (below).
• Become familiar with the task description and rating criteria on p. 4.
• Read the sample essays, pp.18-21, and work through accompanying exercises
on pp. 7-16.
• Work through the lesson/study plan to accompany practice prompts, pp. 7-13.
• Find a classmate or a friend to study with and share your writing samples. Giving
and receiving feedback will help you improve your writing skills.
General Tips for Independent Practice
• The most important way to learn to write is by writing! It takes time and practice
to become a good writer; there are no easy shortcuts.
• Use this resource pack to break down your writing practice into manageable
steps.
• Clear and effective writing implies clear and logical thinking about your topic.
Make sure you do not skip over the essential steps of pre-writing, including
brainstorming, studying vocabulary, outlining, and organizing your thoughts.
• The editing and revision process is the key to improving your writing. Once you
have a rst draft, leave it for a day or more, and then come back to it with fresh
eyes. Look for errors, repetition, grammar and vocabulary mistakes, and a clear,
logical ow of ideas with each paragraph.
• Pay special attention to memorized phrases or idioms. Correct use of idioms
can make your writing stronger, but avoid using ‘clichés’ (idioms that are over-
used) or the wrong idiom.
• In order to improve your writing, it is most helpful if you have someone who
can read your essays and provide feedback. This could be a teacher, tutor,
classmate, or other peer. The more detailed feedback you receive, the better,
but any feedback is helpful. Go back to the essay with fresh eyes after any
feedback, and remember that your reader’s reaction is important. If something is
not clear to a reader, it can usually be re-written for clarity.
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Writing Resource Pack
March • 2021
For TEACHERS
• See general tips for teaching online (below).
• Review task description and rating criteria on p. 4.
• Review lesson plan template (pp. 5-6) and adapt as needed.
• Refer to specic example exercises for use with sample responses (pp. 7-16).
• Refer to suggested lesson plan for use with new prompts (pp.14-15); adapt as
needed for your time and available resources.
General Tips for Teaching Writing Online
Engage with the learners: give all students a chance to participate in some way (chat,
audio, etc.), and invite students who haven’t spoken to participate.
Create a supportive atmosphere. Be patient with the use of technology.
Use screen-sharing to share documents with the entire class. For example, use screen-
sharing to analyze sample responses or workshop student draft paragraphs.
Use low-tech equipment (e.g., whiteboards) for variety.
Provide feedback—both in real time, and after students submit work—via email or other
messaging platform.
Match students in small groups/pairs and encourage peer editing via email or video chat
outside of designated class time.
Establish clear deadlines and communicate the agenda and expectations for each session
ahead of time.
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Writing Resource Pack
March • 2021
ECCE Writing Section
The ECCE Writing Section offers a choice of two options—an email/letter or an essay—for
test takers to write a response presenting and supporting their opinion. For the email/
letter, a situation and a formal purpose for writing are briey described, followed by
instructions on what to write. For the essay, a proposal or statement is provided, followed
by instructions on what to write. The test taker has 30 minutes to write the email/letter
or essay. There is no word limit, but test takers are advised to write a page. In the 2021
revision of this task, there is no longer an article included with the prompt, and the writing
section of the test now comes rst. The ECCE Writing Scale is available on our website.
According to the CEFR (Council of Europe, 2001), B2 level writers are able to:
• produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects;
• explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages
of various options;
• express themselves clearly and without much sign of having to restrict what they
want to say;
• employ a sufcient range of language to be able to give clear descriptions,
express viewpoints and develop arguments, using some complex sentence
forms to do so.
Writing Assessment Criteria
Content and Development
• Length and development
• Relevance
• Supporting details
• Reliance on prompt content
Organization and Connection of Ideas
• Smooth ow of ideas
• Cohesion and coherence
• Connection of ideas across paragraphs
• Paragraphing conventions
Linguistic Range and Control
• Accuracy
• Severity of errors
• Use of prompt-specic vocabulary
• Repetition of vocabulary
Communicative Effect
• Address the prompt
• Establish context
• Genre requirements
• Appropriate register
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Writing Lesson Plan
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Writing Lesson Plan Template
This template is provided to help teachers structure a set of lessons to teach writing for
the ECCE.
The timing of each step in the lesson sequence will depend on many factors, but it is
suggested to spread these steps out across at least 3 to 4 separate lessons.
Stage 1: Read and Analyze
Students need to read examples of appropriate model essays and analyze them to help
familiarize themselves with good writing. In addition to reading examples of good or
model responses, students can also benet from reading sample responses that still need
improvement.
Specific Elements to Analyze:
• Structure and characteristics of the relevant genre
• Vocabulary, idioms, and effective phraseology
• Sentence structure and paragraph structure
• Details of the argument or claims, and why it is (or isn’t) convincing
• Effective use of examples, rhetorical devices, and descriptive language
Stage 2: Pre-Writing
In the pre-writing stage, students consider a topic, organize their thoughts, activate their
background knowledge, and take notes on relevant vocabulary.
Specific Steps:
• Brainstorm all ideas, concepts, examples, and words related to the topic.
• Form an opinion or decide on a perspective.
• Consider relevant personal experience, background information, or specic
knowledge.
• Cluster ideas using a graphic representation (e.g., outline format, word web,
spider map, 2- or 3-column chart/table).
• Evaluate reasoning. Is it logical? Is it convincing? Do the details support the
claim? Are the examples memorable? Are the implications of the examples
clear? Do you anticipate counter arguments?
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Writing Lesson Plan
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Stage 3: Composing the First Draft
Specific Steps:
• Write an introduction.
• Use the outline, word web, etc., to order paragraphs.
• Draft each paragraph, making sure the examples and details support the main
idea of each paragraph and making sure each paragraph has only one main
idea. Refer to vocabulary notes.
• Write a concluding sentence or paragraph.
Stage 4: Editing and Revising
• Re-read at the time of drafting and after a break, coming back with fresh eyes.
• Edit for grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, and paragraph structure.
• Ask: is the point clear? Could the argument be stronger? Are there additional
details that could be added?
• Encourage peer editing in early drafting stages.
• Formal feedback should be focused and always followed by opportunities to
rewrite.
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ECCE
Writing Exercises and Practice Activities
March 2021
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SPECIFIC EXERCISES and PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
STAGE 1 Practice: Read and Analyze Model Essays
A. General Questions to Accompany Sample Essays (see Appendix 1)
1. Find the thesis statement or re-state the main argument.
2. Write the supporting details/arguments.
3. Write down 3-4 transition phrases or signposting devices the writer uses.
(Signposting devices: words and phrases that guide the reader through the
essay, structure it, and help make transitions.)
4. List adjectives and other descriptive language the author uses to support their
argument and convince the reader.
5. Write down the specic details or examples used.
6. Vocabulary and phraseology:
a. List any vocabulary words that are new to you.
b. List any words that you could think of a synonym for.
c. What key phrases do you notice? Are these effective, or do they sound
memorized?
d. Is there any repetition that could be avoided?
7. Find any errors, inconsistencies, or examples of sentences that could be
improved.
8. Finally, study the commentary provided and refer back to the essays.
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B: Specific Study Questions and Template for Each Essay
Writing Sample 1
Complete the missing information or answer the questions in the chart. Use the provided
prompts.
Examples/Notes
Main argument The author disagrees with ______________________________
Supporting
arguments
Every student will be _____________________________
We can learn from _______________________________
Transition phrases
or signposting
devices
Did the writer use any transition words or phrases? ____________
Descriptive
language
Find 4 adjectives or adverbs:
____________, ___________, _____________, _____________
Specific details,
examples
Did the writer use any specic examples? ____________
Vocabulary,
phrases
in the other ____________ (Correct/explain)
Errors
Find and correct 5 spelling mistakes (write the correct words here)
__________, ________, __________, __________, _________
Correct: that am disagree with _____________________________
with cheating nowone learn’s nothing _______________________
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Additional Questions for Writing Sample #1
1. There is almost no punctuation in this response. Add periods and commas to
help separate the ideas.
2. The writer uses ‘because’ several times. Fill in the following table with either the
argument or idea on the left or the reason given on the right.
Argument Reason
________________________________________
________________________________________
because every student will be watching
the themes or the answer
That’s not good because ____________________________
____________________________________
We can learn from that because ____________________________
____________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
because we will know what should be
answered
[re-stated: because we will know the
correct answers.]
1. Do you think the author makes a reasonable connection between cheating and
textbooks on the internet? Is there a way to make the connection stronger? If
not, present a counter-argument to explain why you think the writer is wrong.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Writing Sample 2
Complete the missing information or answer the questions in the chart. Use the provided
prompts.
Examples/Notes
Main argument The author believes _____________________________________
Supporting
arguments
List the reasons given:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Transition phrases
or signposting
devices
List the transition words or phrases:
______________, ________________, ______________
Descriptive
language
What descriptive phrase is used in the 2nd paragraph and repeated
in the last sentence? __________________________
Specific details,
examples
Did the writer use any specic examples?
____________________
Vocabulary,
phrases
Does the writer use a range of appropriate vocabulary? ______
Errors
Can you nd any grammar or vocabulary errors?
_______________
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Additional Questions for Writing Sample #2
1. Rewrite the rst sentence to make it clearer and more formal. Who is the
audience you could be addressing for this type of essay?
2. This writer gives three reasons to support the main idea. What specic details
could you add to make these reasons stronger or more memorable? Can you
think of any examples from your own experience?
3. Revise or rewrite the second sentence in the second paragraph. Is this best
expressed as one idea, or two separate ideas?
This will also help _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Revise or rewrite the third sentence in the third paragraph to correct errors
(beginning with Also).
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Writing Sample 3.
Complete the missing information or answer the questions in the chart. Use the provided
prompts.
Examples/Notes
Main idea __________________________________________________________
Supporting
arguments
Write a short phrase for each of the ideas proposed.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Transition phrases
or signposting
devices
List the transition words or phrases.
__________, __________,__________,__________,__________
Descriptive
language
List each adjective and how many times each one is used.
__________________________________________________________
Specific details,
examples
Did the writer use any specic examples? ____________________
Vocabulary,
phrases
Does the writer use a range of appropriate vocabulary? ________
Errors Can you nd any grammar or vocabulary errors? ______________
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Additional Questions for Writing Sample #3
1. Can you think of any additional suggestions to strengthen the proposal? Or, can
you think of specic examples to illustrate the three different ideas the writer
proposes?
2. A wider range of vocabulary would strengthen the response. Find each of
the following phrases used in the response and rewrite the sentence using a
stronger, more descriptive or more accurate word or phrase.
…from their program __________________________________________________
…will change their ideas and knowledge… _______________________________
…it will be a very good result___________________________________________
Writing Sample 4
Complete the missing information or answer the questions in the chart using the prompts
provided.
Examples/Notes
Main idea _____________________________________________________
Supporting ideas
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Transition phrases
or signposting
devices
List the transition words or phrases.
__________, __________,__________,__________,__________
Descriptive
language
List each adjective and how many times each one is used. ________
_______________________________________________
Specific details,
examples
Did the writer use any specic examples? ____________________
Vocabulary,
phrases
Does the writer use a range of appropriate vocabulary? _________
Errors
Can you nd any grammar or vocabulary errors? _______________
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Additional Questions for Writing Sample #4
1. Do you agree with the writer’s suggestion? Explain why or why not.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. The writer uses a variety of descriptive words to paint a picture of the proposal,
including verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Write as many of these here as you can.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What additional, related vocabulary words or phrases can you add to this list?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
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Stages 2 and 3: Pre-Writing and Drafting
Lesson Plan and Exercises for Use with New Prompts (see Appendix 2)
General Suggestions:
1. Decide how many essay prompts you/your students will have time to practice.
We suggest aiming for four: two emails and two essays.
2. Half of the prompts (rst two) should be used without a timer. Give yourself/
students as much time as you/they need, and allow use of dictionaries. Focus
on producing clear, organized, and grammatically correct writing.
3. Get feedback from a teacher, tutor, or peer editor, and revise accordingly.
4. Focus on the feedback when writing the next essay, so you/the students
remember to pay attention to specic weaknesses or areas to improve.
5. When you have done the untimed essays, switch to timed essays without
the use of dictionaries or other reference aids, so you can practice under test
conditions. After each essay, get someone (teacher/ tutor/peer editor) to read
and comment if possible. Even practice test essays can be edited or revised
afterward for additional practice.
6. Teachers: You may want to separate each of the new prompts onto separate
pages and choose the topics/prompts for the students, especially after they
have completed the untimed writing and are ready for timed practice.
Specific Steps: Summary
1. Pre-writing/brainstorming
2. Organizing main ideas
3. Adding details
4. Drafting/putting paragraphs together
5. Editing
Details:
1. Brainstorming/Pre-Writing
• What is your true opinion about the topic? It will be easier to write about a
topic if you are writing about what you believe. Alternatively, you can practice
writing two essays for each topic, taking both sides of the issue.
• What vocabulary will you use for this topic? Brainstorm your active
vocabulary (avoid using a dictionary or other resource when you are
practicing under test conditions), and create a graphically organized list of
key content words you think you will need: verbs, nouns, and adjectives/
adverbs. Your vocabulary may be represented in an outline format, word
web, 2- or 3-column chart (e.g., showing word, denition, example,
synonyms), or any other format you nd useful.
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2. Organize your main ideas
• Start from the big picture: state your opinion.
• Identify the main reason you hold this opinion.
• Other reasons—rst, list them in any order. Then when all main ideas are
listed, put them in a logical order.
3. Add details
• Add some specic examples or details that make your point.
4. Compose paragraphs
• Group your ideas into coherent paragraphs with clear topics, and draft the
paragraphs of your essay, with a clear beginning, middle, and end.
Stage 4: Edit and Revise
• Check for organization and logical ow of your ideas.
• Eliminate repetition and clichés (overused and unoriginal phrases).
• Make sure you have not forgotten any of your main ideas or details from
steps 1 and 2.
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Appendix 1
ECCE Writing Samples with Commentary
Four sample ECCE responses are presented here based on dierent prompts, along with detailed com-
ments and an approximate score range for each. The following prompts are represented in these samples:
Prompt 1: Essay
Textbooks required for classes should be available to students for free through libraries
or the Internet.
• Write an essay on whether you agree or disagree with the statement above.
• Include specic reasons and details to support your opinion.
Prompt 2: Essay
Teenagers should be required to have an after-school job to get real working
experience before they graduate.
• Write an essay on whether you agree or disagree with the statement above.
• Include specic reasons and details to support your opinion.
Prompt 3: Email
A group of teachers at your school has noticed that students seem bored in class, so
they want to try to make their classes more fun and interesting. They want to know
what ideas students have about how to do this.
• Write an email to the teachers to explain your opinion. Give reasons to support
your ideas.
• Start your email, “Dear Teachers.”
Prompt 4: Email
A local high school is planning an end of the year trip. The school is trying to decide
on the best location for the students to visit. The principal of the school would like
members of the community to give their opinion.
• Write an email to the principal to explain your opinion. Give reasons to support
your ideas.
• Start your email, “Dear Ms. Johnson.”
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Prompt 1—Essay
I want to say that am disagree withe the testbooks on internet because every
student will be watching the themes or the anwsers and thats not good because
they will can’t learn english or other tounge basicly thats called cheating, with
cheating nowone learn’s nothing anyone cheets for a good end but the only thing
that they pick is bad for us and we didn’t understand this in the other hand we
can learn from that because we can learn from our mistakes and we can see the
questions and then we can learn becase we will know what should be awnsered
and we will be better
Thats all to tell you the truth cheating is a bad way to a test if u don’t know how
to use it, Thats all
Commentary
• Much of the content in this response is not directly related to the idea of students having
access to textbooks for free online. The writer begins by stating an argument that he
disagrees with “the testbooks on internet,” but he spends the rest of the response arguing
that cheating is bad, and people won’t learn if they cheat.
• The ideas are minimally organized within this response. An argument is stated in the rst
part of the essay, and it ends with “Thats all,” which signals the conclusion. However, the
connection of ideas within the response is not apparent.
• The writer attempts to use a range of grammatical structures, but the response contains
many errors (e.g., “they will can’t learn”). Vocabulary errors are also present. Grammar and
word choice errors combined lead to confusion for the reader (e.g., “cheating is a bad way to
a test if u don’t know how to use it”).
• The writer has misunderstood the prompt, and this misunderstanding contributes to the
reader having trouble understanding the text. It’s unclear whether the writer understands
who the audience is supposed to be and what his purpose for writing is.
• This test taker is not prepared and should work on developing his writing skills before
taking the ECCE Writing Section.
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Prompt 2—Essay
Hi, I’m a junior high school student and now I’m going to say my opinion about
after-school job for teenagers before they graduate and if it’s worth it to do
something like that.
I believe that after-school job is a very nice idea, especially for students
that are going to graduate, because they’ll have to choose what job they will
concentrate on. This will also help them on how to behave in a real work and
won’t have problems in the future.
Secondly, it can help them on how it is to work with people you don’t know and
you get to know them. By that you will be able to make new friends and groups
of friends and you can be more sociable in your life. Also, by doing after-school
working you will learn how to work as a team with the people that you are with,
in that job and share things together.
In conclusion, I think that after-school job is a very nice idea because it can help
teenagers to get to know how real working is and also help them with the job
that they will choose to do in the future.
Commentary
• The writer presents her argument in the second paragraph, stating that she believes “that
after-school job is a very nice idea” and providing three reasons to support her opinion: it will
help students choose a job, get to work with and know new people, and learn how to work
as a team. She provides a few supporting details for those points.
• Ideas are organized into a typical essay format: an introduction, body, and conclusion. The
writer uses standard connectors, such as “Secondly,” “Also,” and “In conclusion.”
• The writer demonstrates an appropriate range of grammar and vocabulary. While some
vocabulary mistakes are present (e.g., “what job they will concentrate on”), the reader is able
to understand the point the writer is trying to convey.
• The rst paragraph indicates that the writer has misinterpreted her audience. She starts out
by writing “Hi” and introducing herself, which is a style that is more typical of the email or
letter task and not the essay task.
• This test taker is on track but should continue to prepare for the ECCE Writing Section.
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Prompt 3—Email
Dear Teachers,
I’ve heard that you want to make your classes more fun and interesting, so I
would like to tell you my opinion about this.
I think, a good idea is to have music during the breaks, as it will make children
relax from their program. Also, a good change is to have more than one teacher
in each class, so that children can ask them further more questions and explain
them things that they haven’t understand. Furthermore, one other idea is to have
lesson all the grades together for once a week, so that children will change their
ideas and knowledge with each other. This will help them to communicate with
other people and learn new things from kids that they are almost in the same
age
So, I think that if you will change some things about the way you are having a
lesson, it will be a very good result and both children and teachers will have a
great time at school.
Sincerely,
Jane
Commentary
• The writer presents three ideas on how to make classes more fun and interesting: “music
during the breaks,” “more than one teacher in each class,” and to bring all the grades
together for one lesson per week. Additional supporting details are provided (e.g., “This will
help them to communicate with other people and learn new things”).
• The ideas within this email are organized adequately. The writer uses a variety of connectors
to illustrate the relationship between ideas within the response (e.g., “Also,” “Furthermore,”
“This will help”).
• The writer’s use of language is sufcient in this response. She uses compound and complex
sentences. Some sentences contain grammatical errors (e.g., “explain them things”).
Vocabulary within the response is generally accurate, despite some mistakes (e.g., “change
their ideas” rather than exchange). Despite some mistakes, the reader does not have any
trouble understanding the writer’s response.
• The writer seems to have an adequate understanding of who the audience is. She sets
the context for the email in the rst paragraph, and in the nal paragraph, she restates
her opinion that changing a few things would be a good idea. Her tone is appropriate for
correspondence with teachers.
• This test taker is adequately prepared to take the ECCE Writing Section.
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Prompt 4—Email
Dear Ms Johnson,
As you know, the local high school is planning an end of the year trip and we are
looking for the best place to visit.
I believe that a good option would be a big place where we can feel free.
Because, you know, we pass all the year in a room and to stay around four walls
generates stress in the students. Furthermore is good idea to do extreme sports,
scientist suggest to do extreme sports to get out stress of your body. However,
doing extreme sports would be a little dangerous but we need to take the risk if
we want to enjoy the moment and if we want to have experiences to share in the
future.
It’s important to clarify that, it’s an end of the year trip and it is a trip as a
group where we can enforce our relations as a team and also like a family, so we
can go to a forest far from the city where we can enjoy a lunch together, maybe
a part of us, who wants to take the risk, can practice rock climbing. After that
we can prepare a dinner with wild ingredients and then eat that under the stars,
and nally sleep after all the hard but funny day.
To conclude that I believe, going to the forest would be a good idea to follow,
and I guess that there is a place like my description, near to here. Would be
great if you consider my idea.
Thank you,
Leonardo
Commentary
• The writer develops his response well, providing clear imagery to the reader (e.g., “prepare
a dinner with wild ingredients and then eat that under the stars”). He develops his argument
with original ideas, supporting them with details to elaborate further.
• The ideas within the email are adequately organized. The writer uses standard connectors
(e.g., “Furthermore,” “However,” “To conclude”).
• The email demonstrates an appropriate range of grammar and vocabulary. Vocabulary is
generally used well (e.g., “take the risk,” “enjoy the moment”). While some errors are present
(e.g., “hard but funny day,” “near to here”), the reader is able to easily understand the
response.
• The writer seems to understand his audience, and he uses an appropriate tone for
addressing a principal. He provides context for his email in the rst paragraph and a brief
recap of his ideas in the nal paragraph. Both of these work to help the reader follow the
text.
• This test taker is well prepared to take the ECCE Writing Section.
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Appendix 2
New Practice Prompts
Email
City officials and citizens are worried about the amount of garbage in city parks. A
group of citizens has proposed holding clean-up days 3 times a year, and the mayor
would like to hear what residents think of this idea.
• Write an email to the mayor to explain your opinion about this proposal. Give
reasons to support your ideas.
• Start your email, “Dear Mayor Taylor.”
Cell Phones Not Allowed in Schools
The principal of a local high school is considering a new rule that students may not
bring their cell phones to class. The principal would like to know how students feel
about the proposed rule.
• Write an email to the principal explaining what you think of this new rule banning
cell phones in class. Give reasons to support your ideas.
• Start your email, “Dear Principal Carter.”
Changes to the School Day
The principal of the local high school has decided to change school start time from
7:00 am to 10:00 am, with the school day ending at 5:00 pm. The principal would like to
know how students and parents feel about the proposed schedule change.
• Write an email to the principal explaining what you think of this new schedule.
Give reasons to support your ideas.
• Start your email, “Dear Principal Freeman.”
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New Practice Prompts, continued
Essay
City governments should provide free or low-cost exercise classes and activities to
encourage better exercise habits and improve the health of their citizens.
• Write an essay on whether you agree or disagree with the statement above.
• Include specic reasons and examples to support your opinion.
Requiring higher prices for unhealthy food like potato chips and soda is a good policy
to help people make healthier food choices and improve their health.
• Write an essay giving your opinion about the statement above.
• Include specic reasons and details to support your opinion.
Because not enough people are choosing careers in farming, governments should offer
benefits to young people who choose to live and work in the countryside.
• Write an essay giving your opinion about the statement above.
• Include specic reasons and details to support your opinion
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