КЛЮЧИ И РЕШЕНИЯ
PART 1: LISTENING
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Текст аудирования (Listening script):
As you would expect, different languages have different words for colors. But what interests
researchers isn’t those simple translations, it’s the question of which colors get names at all.
Because as much as we think of colors in categories, the truth is that color is a spectrum. It’s not
obvious why we should have a basic color term for this color, but not this one. And until the 1960s
it was widely believed by anthropologists that cultures would just choose from the spectrum
randomly.
But In 1969, two Berkeley researchers, Paul Kay and Brent Berlin, published a book challenging
that assumption. They had asked 20 people who spoke different languages to look at these 330
color chips and categorize each of them by their basic color term. And they found hints of a
universal pattern: If a language had six basic color words, they were always for black (or dark),
white (or light), red, green, yellow, and blue. If it had four terms, they were for black, white, red,
and then either green or yellow. If it had only three, they were always for black, white, and red. It
suggested that as languages develop, they create color names in a certain order. First black and
white, then red, then green and yellow, then blue, then others like brown, purple, pink, orange, and
gray. The theory was revolutionary.
...But their color hierarchy attracted a lot of criticism. For one thing, critics pointed out that the
study used a small sample size — 20 people, all of whom were bilingual English speakers, not
monolingual native speakers. And almost all the languages were from industrialized societies —
hardly the best portrait of the entire world. But it also had to do with defining what a “basic color
term” is. In the Yele language in Papua New Guinea, for example, there are only basic color terms
for black, white, and red. But there’s a broad vocabulary of everyday objects — like the sky, ashes,
and tree sap — that are used as color comparisons that cover almost all English color words. There
are also languages like Hanunó’o from the Philippines, where a word can communicate both color
and physical feeling. They have four basic terms to describe color — but they’re on a spectrum of
light vs. dark, strength vs. weakness, and wetness vs. dryness. Those kinds of languages don’t fit
neatly into a color chip identification test.