Mirad.pdf - UNILINGUA

NILINGUA

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Contents

Introduction.........................................................................................................4

Basics...................................................................................................................5

Word-building....................................................................................................11

Word Families....................................................................................................58

Grammar..........................................................................................................144

Conversation Lessons......................................................................................183

ABOUT THE BOOK.....................................................................................188

History & Document Notes.............................................................................188

GNU Free Documentation License..................................................................189

Chapter

1 INTRODUCTION

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nilingua (aka Mirad) is an artificially-constructed auxiliary language

(conlang) developed and published by Paris-based author Noubar Agopoff as

a serious medium for easy and logical international communication. Mirad is

categorized by constructed language afficionados as philosophical because its

vocabulary is mapped letter-by-letter to a semantic ontology or thesaurus. Also,

the wordstock of Unilingua is considered a priori, that is, there is no deliberate

association with words or roots in existing natural languages. The vocabulary is

"from scratch", yet based on internal lexical and semantic rules that help the

learner to construct and deconstruct derivations logically, mnemonically, and

consistently.

For some odd reason, the author of this language called it the Latinesque

name "Unilingua." In this revision of the language, the name will be the more

internally consistent Mirad (pronounced mee-RAHD), which means world

language (mira = world's + d = speech.) The proximity to the Russian word for

'world' (мир) is pure coincidence; the vocabulary of Mirad, as stated above, is

not based on or related to any existing human language.

4 | Unilingua

Basics

2 BASICS

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Principles

he author claims in his book Unilingua -- Langue universelle auxiliaire that

this language is well-suited for universal, logical communication because it is

based on principles already exploited globally by sciences like mathematics and

chemistry where symbolic formulas are constructed in accordance with strict

rules and a limited sequence of symbols understood by all practitioners.

Unilingua, according to Agopoff, is based on the following principles: ]

• Every vowel has numeric, vectorial, scalar, or semantic value.

• Every consonant is semantically taxonomic.

• Word derivation is systematic, consistent, analogical, and

mnemonic.

• Words are as ontologically unambiguous as possible.

• Words are as short and as easy to pronounce as possible.

• Inflection and derivation of words is regular and predictable.

Conlang afficianados, note: Unilingua is not strictly a logical language in the

Sapir-Whorf sense. It is meant to be more practical, natural, and humanly-

usable. Unilingua is logical in the more usual sense that it is systematic, regular,

and predictable.

Alphabet

The Mirad alphabet has both lower-case and upper-case letters. The alphabet

has the same base letters as Latin or English, except that the letters Qq, Xx, and

Yy are considered non-native and are used only in foreign names and

borrowings. Also, the letters Hh and Ww are additional to Agapoff's original

Unilingua alphabet and are unique in that they have no inherent semantic

values; they are used for various grammatical-only purposes. A unique feature of

Mirad is that every native letter is a semantically-significant atom in the

language and can be thought of as bricks in lexical construction. See #Word-

building

The order of the native alphabet is as follows:

a á à â b c d e é è ê f g h i í ì î j k l m n o ó ò ô p r s t u ú ù û v w z

The above lower-case letters can also be represented as upper-case letters. In

Unicode representations and indexing, the uppercase graphemes precede the

lowercase values. Uppercase letters are used much as in American English, that

is, for the first letter in sentences, proper nouns, etc. See #Orthography for more

details. As mentioned above, the Mirad grapheme Ww is additional to the letters

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Chapter

in the original Unilingua and is used to form the passive voice of verbs. Foreign

names and borrowings sometimes also incorporate Hh, Qq, Xx, and Yy.

Consonants

The following are classified as consonants:

b c d f g h j k l m n p r s t v w z

*Note: The author of Unilingua did not include the letters Hh or Ww as native

graphemes. They have been added in Mirad in order to encompass word

structures not included by Agapoff, in addition to interjections and foreign

names. See more on this under #Vowels.

Vowels

Vowels, or more accurately, vowel nuclei consist of plain vowels and yodified

vowels, that is, vowels that have a y-glide sound before, after, or around them. A

synonym of yodified is palatalized.

The plain vowels are (only miniscules listed here):

a e i o u

The yodified vowel nuclei are:

á é í ó ú (pre-yodified)

à è ì ò ù (post-yodified)

â ê î ô û (circum-yodified)

Note: The author of Unilingua used non-Roman letters to represent some of the

pre-yodified vowels (я = ´, е = é, ø = ó, and ю = ú. The author employed a

hacek (called ille in French) over the vowel to represent post-yodification (ă = à,

ě = è, etc.). This revised Mirad textbook, however, uses the acute accent (as in

French été) for the pre-yodified vowels, the grave accent (as in French père) for

the post-yodified vowels, and the circumflex accent (as in French fête) for the

circum-yodified vowels. It must be remembered, however, that á, ô, and other

yodified vowels are considered single vowels or vowel nuclei in any analysis of

the language, not dipthongs or tripthongs). In other words, the accents are

merely graphemic devices to distinguish vowels qualitatively, and thereby

semantically.

Orthography

Punctuation

Despite Agapoff's idiosyncratic system of punctuation, the punctuation symbols

and usage in Mirad are just like those of American English.

6 | Unilingua

Basics

Capitalization

Capitalization in Mirad follows the same rules as in English. European learners

need to be especially careful to capitalize the first letter of the names of

languages, nationalities, and inhabitants, which in most European languages are

left in lowercase.

Note the following examples. The words are all capitalized because the root word

is the name of the country China:

Mirad English

Kin

China

Kina

Chinese (people or nation) [adj.]

Kinad

Chinese (language) [n.]

Kinada

Chinese (language) [adj.]

Kinadè

in Chinese [adv.]

Kinut

Chinese person

Kinadaer

to speak Chinese (pronounced: kee-nah-dah-

EHR)

Kinader

to utter in Chinese

Kinadrer

to write Chinese

Kinadrun

Chinese writing

Kina vidrun

Chinese calligraphy

Kinadéder

to read Chinese

Kinéna

Chinese-like [adj.]

Kinénà

in the Chinese way [adv.]

Kin-Amerika véani

Sino-American relations

Kinconi

things Chinese (pronounced: keen-SOH-nee)

Kinaser

to sinofy (pronounced: kee-nah-SHEHR)

Kintun

Sinology (pronounced: keen-TOON)

Kintuna

Sinological

Kintut

Sinologist

Pronunciation

Consonant sounds

This chart shows the closest phonetic approximations of the Mirad consonant

graphemes in English and some other familiar languages, along with the exact

value in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet):

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Chapter

grapheme IPA English

American

Spanish

French Comment

b bee bien bon

c s see hace garçon

Watch out! Sounds like

"s".

d dog dos de

f foo fiesta fou

g goo goma gant Always hard.

h h how jota --

Closer to the English

value.

ʒ mirage -- jour As in "Dr. Zhivago.

k skate casa comment

l law la les

m moo mi mon

n no no non

p spoon poco peu

r -- toro -- Dental flap or trill

ʃ shed -- chaise A fricative "sh" sound!

t steak tú ton

v vie -- va

w woo Juan oui

z zoo -- zone

Note! Be very careful that the c and the s are not pronounced as their English or

European equivalents. Think of the c as being the French c cedilla (ç).

Simple vowel sounds

a as in Spanish la

e as in French thé

i as in Spanish sí!

o as in Spanish no

u as in Spanish tú

Pre-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced the same as the simple vowel above, but with a y-

glide at the beginning.

á is like ya as in English yacht

é is like ye as in German jeder or English yes

í is like yi as in French yippie or English ye (without the final y-glide)

ó is like yo as in German Joga or English yo-yo (without the final w-glide)

8 | Unilingua

Basics

ú is like yu as in German Juli or English unit

Post-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced like the simple vowels, but with a y-glide at the

end.

à is like ay as in English Thai

è is like ey as in English fey

ì is like iy as in English see

ò is like oy as in English boy

ù is like uy as in English fooey

Circum-yodified vowel sounds

These vowels are pronounced with a y-glide at both the beginning and end.

â is like yay as in English yikes!

ê is like yey as in English yea!

î is like yiy

ô is like yoy

û is like yuy

Note the difference in pronunciation between aá, which is pronounced like A-ya

as in Spanish "playa", and àa, which sounds like AY-a as in English diagram.)

Syllabification and Stress

A closed syllable is one that ends in a consonant or a y-glide (i.e., a post- or

circum-yodified vowel). A syllable consists of [C]V[C], where V, the vowel

nucleus, can begin or end with a y-glide, but contain only one of the set of vowels

[aeiou], and where C consists of one or two homorganic consonants, i.e.

[bcdfgjknpstvz]+[lrwy].

The rule for stress is: If a word ends in a closed syllable, then the last syllable

receives the stress, otherwise, the penultimate (next-to-last) syllable receives the

stress.

spelling pronunciation meaning

gafif ga-FIF preference

ifla I-fla agreeable

ánsea yan-SHE-a collective

manà ma-NAY with light

Kinadae ki-na-DA-e speaks Chinese

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Chapter

Kinad ki-NAD

Chinese (language)

Hàfa HAY-fa

(Israeli town of) Haifa

gracer gra-SER

to be extreme

Every vowel in Mirad is given its full syllabic pronunciation, even when

juxtaposed in what English or European speakers might consider dipthongs:

spelling pronunciation meaning syllable count

daea da-E-a

speaking 3

oif o-If

displeasure 2

daò da-OY

without saying 2

10 | Unilingua

Word-building

3 WORD-BUILDING

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Taxonomic codification of letters

he consonants of root words are taken from a conceptual ontology matrix.

For example, all root words beginning with the consonant t have something

to do with human beings. Root words containing the consonant j relate somehow

to time.

For example, the following words all contain the consonant p, which indicates

motion:

zíp travel

jap precedence

tóáp step

zòp regression

pán jump

teap visit

mamp flight

Similarly, the following words all end in the consonant l, which indicates liquid:

mil water

vafil wine

mal gas

meil mud

vozil paint

teabil tear

Again, the following words all end in the consonant m, which indicates place,

space, location, or position.:

tom residence

cem table

dénam library

tilam bar

epem parking lot

mem country

Semantic codification of vowels

The vowels in root words have various qualitative and quantitative values based

on the following scales:

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Chapter

• Numeric (o 0, a 1, e 2, i 3, etc.)

• Ordinal/hierarchical (o zeroth/toplevel, a first, e second, etc.)

• Qualititive (a/o positive/negative, i/u positive/negative, e neutral)

• Vectorial (a/o up/down, i/u right/left, e middle)

• Natural (a sky, e land, i water, o underground)

The opposite of a word can often be produced by simply changing a vowel to the

"opposing vowel from the above list. For example:

• án together ⇒ ón apart

• ab on ⇒ ob off

• man light ⇒ mon shade

• aga big ⇒ oga little

• iga fast ⇒ uga slow

Throughout the Mirad word construction scheme, the vowel e always has a

neutral or medial value:

• éb between

• éz inside

• eza moderate

• ge equal

• zem middle

• gé rather

• ev if

• je during

• eb at

• ve maybe

In hierarchical codification, the vowel o indicates the zeroth or toplevel element

of an organization. In a qualitative codification, it has a negative slant. As a

prefix, this vowel can also "nullify" a concept as in the following examples:

• tel food ⇒ otel hunger

• gela same ⇒ ogela different

• tadca married ⇒ otadca unmarried

• es function ⇒ oes malfunction

Hierarchical codification with ordinal vowels

Root words related hierarchically or organizationally differ only in their ordinal

vowels. By ordinal vowels is meant that the vowels have inherent numerical

values (o 0, a 1, e 2, etc.). The zeroth element of any hierarchy always contains

the ordinal vowel o. For example, the words for "duke", "prince", "marquis", and

"king" differ only by an enumerative vowel which determines the rank:

edeb emperor

ideb king

12 | Unilingua

Word-building

udeb baron

ádeb marquis

édeb count

údeb lord

For further illustration, we can look at how the concept human being is

hierarchically codified using ordinal vowels, where the larger the numeric value

of the ordinal vowel, the lower the element is in the semantic hierarchy:

tob human being

tab body

teb head

tib trunk

tub arm

Scalability With Contrasting Vowels

Words can be semantically constructed along the qualitative scale of "postive",

'"neutral", and "negative" through the used of vowels imbued with these values.

In Mirad, there are two qualitative vowel series:

number positive neutral negative

a e o

i e u

As implied in the above table, root words with a contrast semantically with those

with o and roots words with i contrast with those with u. Words with e are in the

middle between the two extremes. The second series does sometimes lacks a

middle value. For example:

series positive neutral negative

1 va yes ve maybe vo no

vay

certainly

vey possibly voy not

1 aza strong eza moderate oza weak

2 zi right ze middle zu left

2 fia good

fea neither good nor

bad

fua bad

2 iga fast ega moderate uga slow

Vectorial codification

On the vectorial (or: directional, geo-spatial) scale, the vowels have the following

general values (see later for a more detailed explanation):

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Chapter

positive neutral negative

up/north/ahead down/south/back

in/middl

right/east/straigh

left/west/crooke

Some examples:

positive neutral negative

íb up éb between ób down

ab on eb at úb off

zi right

ze in the

middle

zu left

áber to

raise

éber to contain óber to lower

In the following examples, the vowels i/u and e take on directional values with

respect to the doer of the action:

bier to

take

nier to

consume

dier to ask

pier to

leave

iper to go

away

iber to

receive

beer to

keep

neer to

conserve

der to say

peer to

stay

eper to stop eber to stop

buer to

give

nuer to

supply

duer to

suggest

puer to

arrive

uper to

come

uber to

send

Natural (geological) codification

On the natural scale, the vowels have the following values:

vowel value examples

a sky/air

mampar aircraft, map wind

(current)

e land/soil mempar car, mep road

i sea/water mimpar ship, mip river

undergroun

mompar subway, mop tunnel

Semantic nuancing

Semantic nuances and gradations of quality of words are reflected through the

14 | Unilingua

Word-building

"lengthening", that is, addition of a harmonic subordinal vowel to the ordinal

vowel, yodification (adding y) of the ordinal vowel, or the addition of one in a

series of intensifying (l, r) or distinguishing (c, s, v, f, etc.) consonants, or any of

the above techniques in combination. In this scheme, pre-yodification signals a

semantic intensification, while post-yodification indicates a weakening or

mitigation of sense. A doubling of the vowel usually indicates another kind of

lessened strength of the corresponding single-vowel word. Here are some

examples:

Post-yodification deintensifies the semantic value of the base word in much the

same way as the suffix -ish sometimes mitigates the value of an English

adjective.

normal word deintensified word

ama hot àma warm

oma cold òma cool

ima wet ìma humid

at vage I want at vàge I'd like

at ége I must at yège I should

moza black mòza blackish

e two è half

gla very glà somewhat

mar sun m&agreave;r star

ifer to love ìfer to like

bók pain bôk ache

tom residence tòm home

dom city dòm town

din story dìn tale

pener to seize pèner to catch

pon rest pòn respite

Pre-yodification is sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base

word:

normal word intensified word

om cold óm ice

am heat ´m fire

ga more g´ most

pener to seize péner to strike

pot animal pót wild animal

vaa affirmative váa true

ab on yab above

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Chapter

ze in the middle

zé through

uba away úba far

bok illness bók pain

paner to move páner to jump

The consonant extenders "l" and "r" are sometimes used to intensify the semantic

value of the base word.

normal word strong stronger

bók pain blók agony brók torture

vag desire valg yearning varg craving

éga necessary élga urgent érga critical

péner to hit pénler to beat to pénrer smash

fúder to

offend

flúder to

insult

frúder to

outrage

dier to request diler to beg direr to demand

The ordinal vowel can be extended with a homorganic subordinal vowel in order

to add an element of "lengthening" or some other nuance to the meaning of the

base word:

normal word intensified word

bok illness book fatigue

vager to want vaager to desire

dob state doob nation

dab

government

daab

administration

tob body toob gender

din story diin recitation

béler to retain béeler to conserve

mil water miil dew

Here are some examples where all these techniques are employed:

derived word method of derivation

bok illness

normal

bòk ailment

post-yodification (mitigation)

book fatigue

lengthening

boòk lassitude

post-yodification (mitigation)

bók pain

pre-yodification (intensification)

bôk ache

post-yodification (mitigation)

16 | Unilingua

Word-building

bóok

suffering

lengthening

blók agony

L-intensification (1st order)

brók torture

R-intensification (2nd order)

derived word method of derivation

vager to want

normal

valger to yearn for

L-intensification (1st order)

varger to crave

R-intensification (2nd order)

vaager to desire

lengthening

vàger to wish for

post-yodification (mitigation)

vaàger to aspire

lengthening

The consonants l, r, and c are used to differentiate nuances of words, usually in a

positive degree of strength. Other consonants can also be used for derivation.

derived word

va yes

vaa positive

vala sure

vàla certain

vaala safe

vara evident

vàra manifest

valda

certified

vàca secure

váa true

váya genuine

váca correct

vâca right

vába regular

vâba statutory

váva exact

válva perfect

váfa precise

váta fair

váma real

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Chapter

váama virtual

vâma actual

váda frank

vála authentic

Mnemonic and analogic association

Mnemonics is used to the fullest to associate root words and concepts. For

example, the words "neigh", "hehaw", "bark", and "meow" in Unilingua all

contain a hint of the animal name with which these are associated. For example:

animal sound

épet dog épeder to bark

apet horse apeder to neigh

ápet pig ápeder to squeal

Two or more words are often joined into a single compound, producing a new

concept, where the separate elements are suggestive of the meaning of the

resulting compound. In some cases, words overlap much like portmanteau words

in English (breakfast + lunch = brunch). (Note, for euphony, if the final

consonant of the first root word is the same as the initial consonant of the second

root word, one of the consonants is dropped.)

first concept second concept compound

il liquid pan motion ilpan wave

teac- to see per to go teaper to visit

dom city mep way domep street (not dommep)

kum side mep way kumep sidewalk

zè across mep way zèmep bridge

zé through mep way zémep thoroughfare

elám iron mep way elámep railroad

mag fire meb mountain magmeb volcano

tóáb foot per to go tóáper to walk

mic window nof cloth micof curtain

mac floor nof cloth macof carpet

bik care nof cloth bikof bandage

teb head nof cloth tef hat

&uacutej- to close nof cloth újof fold

tom home nof cloth tomof tent

nun merchandise par vehicle nunpar truck

pat bird ij beginning patij egg

án together iv joy ániv festival

18 | Unilingua

Word-building

oj future nac money ojnac credit

ej present nac money ejnac cash

vé relative naz value vénaz coefficient

ke- to seek bier to take kebier to choose

job time bier to take jobier to borrow

dop military bier to take dopbier to conquer

nuc payment bier to take nucbier to purchase

ko- to hide bier to take kobier to steal

tel food tam house telam restaurant

mag fire il liquid magil oil

mam sky mil water mamil rain

mir planet nod point mirnod pole

mam sky nid line mamnid horizon

mar light nid line marnid ray

nof cloth yazser to flatten nofyazser to iron

taob flesh tel food taol meat

taob flesh fab tree faob wood

faob wood cyeb container faocyeb barrel

ápet pig tel meat ápel pork

The following example of compounding with the root word mep (way, route,

road) shows the efficiency of Unilingua compounding:

first concept combined concept

kum side kumep sidewalk

tóáb walk tóámep walkway

dom city domep boulevard

dom city domèp avenue

dom city domeap street

éb between ébdomeap alley

zè across zèmep bridge

zé through zémep thoroughfare

óg- short ógmep shortcut

oiz indirect oizmep byway

yoz out yozmep exit

éz in ézmep entrance

íz beyond ízmep detour

úz around úzmep beltway

ig- fast igmep expressway

ouj- no-end oujmep cul-de-sac

Wikibooks | 19

Chapter

nùc fee

nùcmep toll road,

turnpike

agal- main agalmep main road

anog- primary anogmep highway

ogal- minor ogalmep back road

vó- wrong vómep blind alley

áb high ábmep raised highway

mom

underground

momep subway

elám iron elámep railroad

tóáp- to walk tóámep walkway

par vehicle parmep driveway

-et little mepet path, lane

iz- direct izmep straightaway

-án collective mepán network

Root words

Root words are divided into two groups:

• 1st group: nouns.

• 2nd group: prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and verbs, that

is, all other words.

Root words of the 1st group (nouns)

All noun root words are composed of three letters:

• The first, a consonant, called the classifier

• The second, a vowel, called the ordinal

• The third, a consonant, called the generic

Examples:

classifier ordinal generic meaning

t o b man

t a b body

d o t society

d o m city

t a m house

20 | Unilingua

Word-building

Table of consonant semantic values

consonant

classifier (1st

group)

generic (1st group)

classifier (2nd

group)

organ, illness, body organism gesture, manner

animal, vehicle travel movement

thing, furniture form making, c hundred

action action doing, action, thing

society person saying, writing

human being person knowing

vegetation textiles, materials quality

plant, color cloth, linen quality, truth

quantity, size, speed

weight, volume

time time time

jewels, precious, art,

color

direction

element, liquid, food l ten

cosmos, nature place, building, metal ml million

merchandise,

containers

abstraction counting

machine, instrument mr billion

Table of vowel numeric values

vowel numeric value

Table of vowel geo-positional values

Wikibooks | 21

Chapter

vowel value

above, superior, north

center, middle, equator

below, inferior, south

left, west

right, east

Table of vowel vectorial values

vowel

free

movement

contact

movement

position examples

on onto up/north

ab (on), aper (mount), aber

(apply)

up onto

áb (up), áper (climb), páer

(rise)

o under, off underneath down/south

ob (under), ober (remove),

boer (support)

down down to

óper (descend), póer (fall)

near to left/west

uper (come), puer (arrive)

ú toward until

úb (near), úper (approach),

púer (reach)

away from right/east

iper (go away), pier (leave)

í far off off

íb (away), íber (take away),

píer (originate)

between at

center/mid

dle

eb (at), eper (stop), peer

(remain)

é in into

éz (in), yeber (contain),

béer (detain)

Table of vowel geo-specific values

vowel value examples

air, gas, sky

map wind, mam sky, mal air

earth, solid, land

mep road, mem earth, mel

soil

water, liquid, juice

mip, river, mim sea, mil water

Table of vowel temporal values (for verbs)

vowel value example

a past pa went, paa had gone, pao will have gone, pae has gone

22 | Unilingua

Word-building

e present

pe goes, pee is going, pea has been going, peo will be

going

o future po will go, poa would go, poe is about to go

u neutral tense pu to go, go!

Root words of the 2nd group (non-nouns)

All words of the 2nd group, which are word roots other than noun roots, are

composed of two letters, either a consonant-vowel combination like za or a

vowel-consonant combination like az, not counting grammatical endings like the

adjectival suffix -a or the verbal infinitive suffix -er.

Vowel oppositions in 2nd group root words

Root words with i ⇒ u opposition :

positive negative

fia good fua bad

via

beautiful

vua ugly

fía brave fúa afraid

vía clean vúa dirty

ifa lovable ufa hateful

iva happy uva sad

ífa modest úfa proud

íva free

úva

dependent

iga fast uga slow

íga hard úga soft

gia sharp gua dull

gía difficult gúa easy

ika full uka empty

kia oblique kua lateral

kíaheavy kúa light

íka solid úka fragile

íba far úba near

bí since bú up to

iza straight uza crooked

ía right zua left

íz beyond úz around

Wikibooks | 23

Chapter

zí all over zúa round

Root words with ternary vowel opposition a ⇒ e ⇒ o and i ⇒ e ⇒ u:

positive neutral negative

aza strong eza medium oza weak

áza flat éza concave óza convex

áz along éz in óz out

za front ze middle za behind

zà ahead zè across zò back

záa wide zé through zóa narrow

aga big eg- repeat oga small

ága long ég- must óga short

va yes ve maybe vo no

và and, both vè or, either vò nor, neither

vager to want veger may, can voger to renounce

av for ev if ov against

váa true véa relative vóa false

áva innocent év- to judge óva guilty

ga more ge equal go less

gà also gè as gò but, except

gáa fat géa moderate góa thin

gla very gle rather glo slightly

gra too gre just gro insufficiently

gá most gé average gó least

kaer find keer seek koer hide

kyaer change kéer fluctuate kóer stay fixed

aker win eker play oker lose

áker to expect éker to try

óker to be

surprised

ja before je during jo after

aj past ej present oj future

já early jé on time jó late

-a past tense

-e present

tense

-o future tense

ab on eb at ob off

áb above éb between ób below

ijer to begin ejer to last ujer to end

tijer to be

born

tejer to live tujer to die

24 | Unilingua

Word-building

2nd Group Root Word Matrix

Two-way i/u opposition

In 2nd group root words, the vowel i signals a positive value, while the

contrasting vowel u indicates the negative or opposite value:

positive negative positive negative

fia good fua bad via beautiful vua ugly

ifa dear ufa hateful iva happy uva sad

fía brave fúa afraid vía clean vúa dirty

ífa modest úfa proud íva free úva bound

gia sharp gua dull kia oblique kua lateral

gía difficult gúa easy kía heavy kúa light

iga fast uga slow ika full uka empty

zia right zua left iza straight uza curved

zí- all around zú- round íz- beyond úz- around

ij- begin uj- end íj- open új- close

ib from ub to íb far úb near

ib- receive ub- send

íb- take

away

úb- bring

bi- take bu- give bí away bú toward

bin- pull bun- push bín- ... bún- touch

ip- go (away) up- come íp- escape úp- approach

pi- depart pu- arrive pí- originate pú- reach

pin- grab pun- throw pín- ... pún- assault

Three-way a/e/o opposition

Some 2nd group root words exhibit a three-way contrast where a is the base or

positive value, e the middle or in-between value, and o the negative or opposite

value:

positive intermediate negative

va yes ve maybe vo no

váa true véa relative vóa false

av for ev if ov against

áva innocent év- judge óva guilty

ga more ge equal go less

gla many gle several glo few

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Chapter

gra too many

gre just

enough

gro too few

gá most gé enough gó least

gáa fat géa moderate góa thin

aga big eg again oga small

ága long ég- must óga short

ka- find ke- search ko- hide

ká- change ké- waver kó- stay

ak- win ek- play ok- lose

ák- expect ék- try ók- be surprised

za front ze middle zo back

záa wide yzé through zóa narrow

aza strong eza average oza weak

áza flat éza concave óza convex

áz along éz in óz out

ja before je during jo after

já early jé on time jó late

aj past ej present oj future

ab on eb at ob off

ab- apply eb- keep ob remove

áb above éb between ób lower

áb- lift éb- contain ób- lower

ba- lean on be- carry bo- hold up

bar- press bel- keep bol- support

bá- erect bé- lay bó- hang

ban- shake ben- hold bon- calm

ap- get on ep- stay op- get off

áp- ascend ép- intervene óp- descend

pan- move pen- seize pon- rest

pá- jump pé- stand pó- fall

pán- surge pén- attack pón- dive

The following table shows how some of the 2nd group root words can be

expanded on through various word-building techniques:

positive negative positive negative

fia good

fi well

fian goodness

fila delicious

fua bad

fura cruel

fula malignant

fùra ferocious

via beautiful

viá pretty

vila

magnificent

vua ugly

vuá vile

26 | Unilingua

Word-building

fira excellent

fìla exquisite

fieca happy

firsa perfect

fiser to improve

fider to congratulate

fiader to praise

flider to eulogize

frider to brag

fiàsener to favor

fibéna polite

gafia better

gafi better (adv.)

gafif moreso

gafira famous

gafifer to prefer

ísfira useful

fiíser to utilize

fueca unhappy

flua wicked

fluica sinister

frueca furious

fuvára jeolous

fu ill

gafua worse

gafu worse (adv.)

fuser to spoil

fuscer to bother

fuder to curse

furser to pollute

fùser to debase

fuáser to

deteriorate

fulser to damage

fuecer to get

angry

fluecer to get

irritated

fruicer to grow

furious

fun fault

fùn vice

fuùn sin

dofùna immoral

vira marvelous

vria luxurious

viaga

somptuous

vifa elegant

vìfa chic

vifia charming

videréna

eloquent

vikaeá

admirable

viser to adorn

viber to

garnish

viaber to

decorate

viaser to

embellish

viraser to

dazzle

ifa lovable, beloved,

dear

ifbier to enjoy

ifbuer to please

ifiber to derive

pleasure from

ifca pleasant

ifcla charming

ìfa dear

ìfciona gracious

ifcra delightful

ifra adorable

ifla tender

ìfala cute

ifta nice

ifla nice

ifrana passionate

ìfsrea seductive

ifer to love

ìfer to like

ifcer to be pleased

ifcler to be charmed

ufa hateful

ufla disagreeable

ufcea unpleasant

ufta mean

ufer to hate

ùfer to dislike

ufuer to despise

ufcer to be

displeased

ovufer to avenge

iva gay

ìva joóus

ivla glad

ìvla content

ivra excited

ivalsa amused

ivca funny

ivcla comical

ivaser to

rejoice

ivraser to

excite

ìvler to satisfy

ivalser to

amuse

ivàlser to

entertain

ivader to joke

ivlaser to

content

uva sad

ùva melancholy

uvla lugubrious

uvca dramatic

uvcra tragic

uvder to complain

uvdlier to lament

uvceuzer to sigh

uvteucer to whine

vónùvuser to regret

ébuvader to pity

uvbaner to move

ébuvlacer to have

compassion

uvalser to bore

uvuser to chagrin

ùvuser to punish

uvluser to afflict

Wikibooks | 27

Chapter

ifcrer to be delighted

ifser to please

ifsler to charm

ifsrer to delight

iifper to stroll

ifi thanks

ifider to thank

ifcaler to enjoy

Ordinal vowel codification of hierarchical nouns

Nouns that are related to one another in a hierarchy or organization can be

codified using the ordinal feature of vowels. The o vowel (zero value) is used for

the topmost element.

job time

jab year

jeb season

jib month

jub day

jób hour

jáb minute

jéb second

tob human

tab body

teb head

tib trunk

tub arm

tób leg

mor universe

mar sun

mer planet

mir earth

mur moon

Individual elements can be further subdivided into a secondary classification by

the addition of an ordinal vowel to the right of the first vowel:

tub

arm

tuab

shoulder

tueb

upper arm

tuib

elbow

tuub

forearm

tuób

wrist

tuáb

hand

tuéb

fist

tuíb

palm

tuúb

finger

tuób

finger nail

tób

leg

tóab

hip

tóeb

thigh

tóib

knee

tóub

tibia

tóób

ankle

tóáb

foot

tóéb

talon

tóíb

heel

tóúb

toe

tóób

toe nail

A further, tertiary subdivision can be achieved by prefixing an ordinal vowel to

the base:

tuúb finger

28 | Unilingua

Word-building

atuúb

thumb

etuúb

index

ituúb

middle finger

utuúb

ring finger

ótuúb

little finger

A convenient classification is possible by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base

without any primary or secondary enumeration:

dob

state

adob

empire

edob

kingdom

idob

principality

udob

marquisate

ódob

earldom

ádob

barony

édob

duchy

ídob

dominion

údob

tribe

Forming concepts by compounding

("portmanteau")

New concepts can be formed by compounding simple words. If the generic (final)

consonant of the first word matches the classifier (initial) consonant of the

following word, the latter is suppressed for convenience and ease of

pronunciation:

dom (city) + mep (road) ⇒ domep (boulevard)

pat (bird) + tub (arm) ⇒ patub (wing)

teb (head) + bók (pain) ⇒ tebók (headache)

In cases where two ordinated nouns with the same classifier and generic

consonants are combined, the vowels are combined:

mil (water) + mal (gas) ⇒ mial (vapor)

When you wish to form a word composed of words of the same consonantal

classification, and the ordinal vowel is o, the o is replaced with the ordinal vowel

of the determinant:

edob (kingdom) + deb (leader) ⇒ edeb (king)

udob (principality) + deb (leader) ⇒ udeb (prince)

Wikibooks | 29

Chapter

Two singleton words often join by replacing the generic (final) consonant of the

first word with the generic consonant of the second word, producing a melded

concept somewhat like portmanteau words in English ("breakfast" + "lunch"

"brunch").

tob (man) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tof (clothes)

tóáb (foot) + nov (tissue) ⇒ tóáv (sock)

teb (head) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tef (hat)

tib (trunk) + nof cloth) ⇒ tif (vest)

tób (leg) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tóf (pants)

tuób (hand) + nof (cloth) ⇒ tuóf (glove)

teib (nose) + nov (tissue) ⇒ teiv (handkerchief)

Making nouns and pronouns "feminine"

The "feminine" counterpart of a noun or pronoun is obtained by post-yodifying

the ordinal vowel (i.e. adding a y glide):

masculine feminine

taf suit

tàf

dress/outfit

tóáv sock tóâv stocking

tef pants tèf skirt

néf carrying

case

nêf purse

it he ìt she

tob man tòb woman

apet horse apèt mare

tad husband tèd wife

Codifying nuances of words

There are several ways of deriving related words with slightly different nuances

from the original word:

The l extender is used for a comparatively stronger sense, while the r extender is

used for an even stronger (strongest) sense:

absolute comparative excessive

ga more gla very much gra too much

úzbaer

squeeze

úzbaler pinch úzbarer crush

buer give buler grant burer bestow

30 | Unilingua

Word-building

ika full ikla packed

ikra

superabundant

aker win

akler

vanquish

akrer triumph

dier ask diler beseech direr demand

The post-yodifying y extender is used for what usually amounts to a diminutive

connotation:

normal mitigated

vager

want

vàger wish

fuf pipe fùf tube

nas price nàs cost

tep mind tèp spirit

din story dìn tale

cin image cìn mark

ciun sign

ciùn

signal

sen action sèn act

Pre-yodification of a root vowel often imparts an intensified sense to the word. In

any even, the normal and pre-yodified forms are usually related semantically.

Compare:

normal intensified

bok malady bók pain

pan motion pán jump

beer to remain béer to detain

aper to get on áper to get up

pet animal pét reptile

otata unholy ótata diabolical

vua ugly vúa dirty

go less gó least

ga more gá most

ze in the

middle

zé though

ijer to begin íjer to open

Noun-forming derivational suffixes

Wikibooks | 31

Chapter

Summary

Here is a list of suffixes that are added to word bases to form derived nouns:

suffix meaning base derived noun

et subdordinative ted father tedet son

deadjectival nominalizer (-itude, -ity,

-hood, -ness)

iva happy ivan happiness

deverbal nominalizer (-ing, -tion,

-ance)

azvader to

confirm

azvaden

confirmation

on general abstract nominalizer c- to be con thing

un nominalizer of result nú- to produce núen product

at person (-er) óga young ógat youngster

ut agent (-ist) ces- to build cesut builder

tut expert (-ologist) mem earth memtut geologist

tun science (-ology) mil water miltun hydrology

in doctrine (-ism) tot god totin theism

ar instrument p- to go par vehicle

ir machine vís- to clean

vísir vacuum

cleaner

ur aparatus magc- to burn magcur stove

am building tel- to eat telam restaurant

em space vab grass vabem prairie

im room magél- to cook magélim kitchen

án collection nac money nacán fund

a genetive/ablative case (of/from) at I ata my

u dative/locative case (in/at/on/to) tam house tamu at home

i pluralizer dén book déni books

ag augmentative tam house tamag palace

àg augmentative affective tam house

tamàg nice big

house

ág augmentative pejorative tam house

tamág big ugly

house

og diminutive tam house tamog hut

òg diminutive affective tam house tamòg cottage

óg diminutive pejorative tam house tamóg shack

ob infantile

tob human

being

tobob child

32 | Unilingua

Word-building

Details

Following is a detailed description of the nominalizing derivations suffixes:

The -et suffix

The -et suffix is used to form nouns of the same nature, lineage, or composition

of a lesser importance:

ted father tedet son

fab tree fabet bush

nac money nacet change

fub branch fubet shoot

táb

grandfather

tábet grandson

The -an suffix

The -an suffix is used to form a noun of quality or state from an adjective or

noun:

ama hot aman heat

iva

beautiful

ivan beauty

fia good fian goodness

ted father tedan fatherhood

dat friend datan friendship

odat enemy odatan enmity

The -at suffix

The -at suffix is used to form the word for a person described by the adjective

base.

iktila drunk iktilat a drunkard

iva happy ivat a happy person

ofísa hypocritical ofísat hypocrite

tuja dead tujat dead person

The -ut suffix

The -ut suffix is used to form the agent for the action described by the verb base

"one who does x" or the fabricator of something described by the noun base "one

who makes x":

Wikibooks | 33

Chapter

kobier to steal kobiut thief

tóáfser to make

shoes

tóáfsut shoemaker

teaper to visit teaput visitor

deuzer sing deuzut singer

The -tut suffix

The -tut suffix is used to form the specialist -ologist or student of something:

tun science tut scientist

memtun

geology

memtut geography

dad language dadtut linguist

The -ob suffix

The -ob suffix is used to form the child or younger version of something:

tob man tobob child

apet horse apetob pony

rapat lion

rapatob lion

cub

tot god totob son of god

The -ar suffix

The -ar, ir, or -ur suffix on a verb base is used for an instrument/tool, machine,

or apparatus, respectively.

álber to lift álbur elevator

álber to lift álbar lever

álbir to lift álbir fork lift

víarer to sweep víarar sweeper

ilújer to plug ilújar faucet

kácanerto transform kácanur transformer

drecer to write drecar pencil

The -en suffix

The -en suffix is used on a verb base for the verbal noun -ing, -ence, -ment, -tion:

ecer to exist ecen existence

34 | Unilingua

Word-building

iber to receive iben reception

béer to detain béen detention

otamser to

demolish

otamsen demolition

The -un suffix

The suffix -un is used on a verb base for the concrete result of an action:

vyarer to sweep vyarun sweepings

gorfer to tear gorfun a tear, a rip

teacer to see teacun view

zéfser to make glass

jewelry

zéfsun glass jewelry

The -án suffix

The suffix -án is used on a noun base for collections or groupings:

fab tree fabán forest

cir machine cirán machinery

meb mountain mebán mountain range

tolar food

dish

tolarán dishes

mep road mepán network

aco hundred acoán century

dún word dúnán glossary

tam house

tamán block (of

houses)

màr star màrán constellation

The -ag suffix

The -ag suffix is used on a noun base for augmentatives "big ...":

tom

residence

tomag palace

mapil storm

mapilag

tempest

mep road mepag highway

The -àg suffix

The suffix -àg is used on a noun base for affectionate augmentatives "big old...":

Wikibooks | 35

Chapter

tam

house

tamàg big old

house

cim chair cimàg big old chair

The -ág suffix

The suffix -ág is used on a noun base for pejorative augmentatives "big ugly...":

apet horse apetág nag

pem car pemág jalopy

teb head

tebág

blockhead

tob man tobág brute

pot animal potág beast

tòb

woman

tòbág hag

The -og suffix

The suffix -og is used on a noun base for diminutives "little...":

tam

house

tamog

cottage

dén book dénog booklet

The -òg suffix

The suffix -òg is used on a noun base for affectionate diminutives "sweet little...":

épet dog

épetòg doggie,

pooch

tòb lady tòbòg little old lady

tèbos kiss tèbosòg peck

The -óg suffix

The suffix -óg on a noun base for pejorative diminutives "dirty little..."

tebzan

face

tebzanóg mug

tob man

tobóg wretched

fellow

36 | Unilingua

Word-building

The -in suffix

The suffix -in is used on a word base for a philosophy or doctrine -ism:

òtota godless òtotin atheism

adoba republican adobin republicanism

fob vegetable fobin vegetarianism

ísfrana utilitarian

ísfranin

utilitarianism

Adjective-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

suffix meaning base derivative

-a

relating to

moj night moja nocturnal

-aa

past participle

tuj- to die tujaa dead (also: tuja)

-ea

present participle

abdab- to

dominate

abdabea dominant

-èna

tobob child tobobèna childish

-èa

tending to

da- to talk daèa talkative

-oa

future participle

tuj- to die tujoa moribund

-wua

-able, -ible

tel- to eat telwua edible

-àa

-ous, -y, -ful, having

maf cloud mafàa cloudy

-òa

-less

maf cloud mafòa cloudless

-ika

-ful, full of

nac money nacika rich

-uka

-less, devoid of

nac money nacuka poor

Note: -àa/-òa is synonymous with -ika/-uka. The latter is a new addition to

Unilingua author Agapoff's original grammar.

Details

The -a suffix

The ending -a is used to mean having to do with, in the state of. This is the most

common way to form an adjective from a noun:

tej life teja vital

Wikibooks | 37

Chapter

tuj death

tuja mortal,

dead

moj

night

moja nocturnal

tob man toba human

yab up yaba upper

In Agapoff's original work on Unlingua, the termination a was also used to form

the past passive participle of verbs (ex: tuja = dead, ota = unknown). In this

work, the proposed termination for past passive participle is waa or more simply,

wa (ex: tujwa = dead, otwa = unknown). See #Verbs for more on this.

ter to know

twa known (Ca twa ad meir ce yaza. It was known that the

earth is flat.)

fiser to

improve

fiswa improved (Fiswa nyun improved product)

ifer to love ifwa loved, beloved, dear (Ifwa ted... Dear Father...)

The -éna suffix

The ending -éna on nouns is used to give the idea of like, having the nature of:

tobob child

tobobéna childish,

infantile

ted father tedéna paternal, fatherly

bilíg

cheese

bilígéna cheesy

The -éa suffix

The ending -éa is used on verb bases to mean tending to:

tuser persuade tuséa persuasive

oceser destroy oceséa destructive

abdaber

dominate

abdabéa dominating

daer talk daéa talkative

The -ea suffix

The ending -ea is used on verb bases to form the present participle '-ing, -ant':

tejer live tejea living, alive

tujer die tujea dying

abdaber abdabea dominant

38 | Unilingua

Word-building

dominate

The -wua suffix

The ending -wua is used on verb bases to mean able to be ...ed '-able':

teler eat telwua edible

teacer

see

teacwua

visible

tiler drink tilwua potable

The -àa suffix

The ending -àa is used on noun bases to mean full of, having, carrying... '-ous,

-y'. This comes from -à, meaning with. It is synonymous with -ika 'full',

presented further on.

meg rock megàa rocky

miek sand miekàa sandy

meb

mountain

mebàa mountainous

The -òa suffix

The ending -òa is used on noun bases to mean devoid of, without, un-...ed. This

comes from -ò, meaning without. It is synonymous with -uka 'empty', presented

further on.

taéb hair

taébòa hairless,

bald

tec

meaning

tecòa meaningless

toc feeling tocòa numb

The -ika suffix

The ending -ika full is used on noun bases to mean full of '-ful, -ous, -y'. This

suffix is synonymous with -àa.

ilpaan

wave

ilpaanika wavy

nas money nasika rich

mil water milika watery, aqueous

voz color vozika colorful

Wikibooks | 39

Chapter

The -uka suffix

The ending -uka empty is used on noun bases to mean the devoid of '-less'. This

suffix is synonymous with -òa and the opposite of -ika and -àa.

nas money nasuka poor

voz color vozuka colorless, bland

teuc taste teucuka tasteless, insipid

nánut population

nánutuka unpopulated,

deserted

Adverb-forming derivational suffixes

The -à suffix

Change the adjectival ending -a to -à to form an adverb:

yufa proud yufà proudly

teacèa

visible

teacèà visibly

uva sad uvà sadly

Use -à on noun bases to form an adverbial postpositional phrase mean with...:

ìfcion

grace

ìfcionà with

grace

at me atà with me

úf pride úfà with pride

The -ò suffix

Use -ò on a noun to mean without...:

nas cost nasò cost-free

seuc

noise

seucò

noiselessly

et you etò without you

The -è suffix

Use -è on a noun to mean by, by way of, through, via...:

pam plane pamè by plane

ìt her ìtè by her

40 | Unilingua

Word-building

ésag hard work ésagè through hard work

Paris Paris Parisè via Paris

Verb-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

ending meaning

infinitive

cer

intransitive stative verb infinitive ("to be/become")

ser

transitive dynamic verb infinitive ("to do/make")

per

intransitive verb of motion infinitive ("to go")

ber

transitive verb of gesture infinitive ("to put")

Details

The -er suffix

The suffix er is used on noun bases to form a verb infinitive.

noun verb

tej life tejer to live

tuj death tujer to die

túj sleep tújer to sleep

ij beginning ijer to begin

íj opening íjer to open

tíj wakening tíjer to waken

új closing újer to close

tém

residence

témer to

reside

drén print dréner to print

Wikibooks | 41

Chapter

The -cer and -ser suffixes

The ending -cer be/become is used to create intransitive verbs from nouns and

adjectives where the intransitive form contrasts significantly with the transitive

form. If the adjective is a base, the -a ending is dropped unless 1) the resulting

consonant combination would be difficult; or 2) the meaning is literal as opposed

to metaphorical, in which case the dropped -a version is taken as metaphorical.

For example, aga big becomes either agacer, meaning literally to become big, or

agcer, meaning metaphorically to grow, as in Vab agce ga igà adjobu mamile.

The grass grows faster when it rains.

The ending -ser do/make/act/cause is employed to form transitive verbs. In a few

cases like teacer/teaser, the opposition of -cer vs. -ser is semantic in nature. In

these cases, -ser imparts a more dynamic meaning. In a few other cases, -ser is

used to form the causative form of a verb, meaning to make/have/cause/let

someone do something.

adjective intransitive verb transitive verb

aga big agacer to get big agaser to magnify

aga big agcer to grow agser to grow

ígza sour ígzacer to grow sour ígzaser to make sour

íva free ívcer to go free ívser to liberate

teab eye teacer to see teaser to look

man light mancer to shine manser to illuminate

ábta vertical, upright ábtacer to stand up ábtaser to erect

ázta incumbant,

reclined

áztacer to lie down áztaser to lay down

óbta sitting, settled

óbtacer to sit down,

settle

óbtaser to set down

The -per and -per suffixes

• The ending -per is used for intransitive verbs of motion (going).

• The ending -ber is used for transitive verbs of gesture (putting):

base intransitive verb transitive verb

áb up áper to rise áber to raise

ón

apart

ónper to go apart

ónber to

separate

ob off oper to get off ober to take off

eb at eper to stop eber to stop

ika full ikper to fill up ikber to fill up

Forming numbers

42 | Unilingua

Word-building

Cardinal numeric adjectives

The cardinal numeric adjectives 0-9 are formed from the ordinal vowels. The tens

are formed with the extension consonant l, the hundreds with the consonant c,

the thousands with r, the millions with ml, and the billions with mr.

Numbers composed with aro (1,000), amlo (1,000,0000), and amro

(1,000,000,000) retain the o and are spelled separately from the rest of the

number with a space.

number numeral adjective

o zero

a one

e two

i three

u four

ó five

á six

é seven

í eight

ú nine

alo ten

ala eleven

ale twelve

ali thirteen

alu fourteen

aló fifteen

elo twenty

ela twenty-one

ele twenty-two

ilo thirty

ila thirty-one

100

aco one hundred

101

aca one hundred one

123

aceli one hundred twenty-

three

200

eco two hundred

1000

aro one thousand

1089

aro ílú

2348

ero iculí

Wikibooks | 43

Chapter

10000

aloro ten thousand

12487

aleru ílé

1000000

amlo one million

6000000

ámlo

6058720

ámlo ólíro écelo

Ordinal numeric adjectives

The ordinal numeric adjectives are formed by adding -a to the cardinal number:

cardinal ordinal

a 1 aa first

e 2 ea second

i 3 ia third

alo 10 aloa tenth

aci 103

acia one hundred third (pron: a-CI-

Ordinal numeric substantives

When ordinal numbers are used substantively, the letter t is appended for

persons and the letter c for things:

English Mirad

The first shall be last.

Aati co ujnati.

The second in the series.

Eec anána.

Collective numeric substantives

Collective (or: multiplicative) substantives of the cardinal numbers are formed by

adding on.

cardinal collective

a one aon single/whole/unit/solo

e two

eon

double/couple/pair/duo/twosome

i three ion triple/trio/threesome

u four uon quadruple/foursome/quartet

ó five óon quintuple

é seven éon sevenfold

é seven jubéon week

alo ten alon tenfold

44 | Unilingua

Word-building

alo ten jabalon decade

ale twelve aleon dozen

aco hundred acon hundredfold

aco hundred aconè percent

aco hundred jabacon century

aro thousand aron thousandfold

aro thousand aroni thousands

Collective numeric prefixes

Prefixes having a collective (or: multiplicative) numeric meaning are expressed

as:

cardinal collective example

a one an- single, mono-, uni anzúc unicycle

e two en- double, bi-, di-, duo- enzúc bicycle

i three in- triple, tri- inzúc tricycle

u four un- quadruple, quad-, tetra-

unkum

tetrahedron

ó five ón- quintuple, penta- óngun pentagon

alo ten alon- tenfold, deca- alonjab decade

aco hundred

acon- hundredfold, hecato-,

cent-

aconjab century

aro thousand aron- thousandfold, kilo- aronkín kiloliter

Fractional numeric substantives

Fractional numeric substantives are formed by adding on to the corresponding

fractional numeral. The on is dropped in prefixed forms of the fractions:

cardinal fraction prefix example

a one àon unit, whole à- holo- àcin hologram

e two èon half

è- semi-,

demi-

ètot demigod

i three ìon third ì- terci- ìgana terciform

u four ùon quarter ù- quatri- ùser to quarter

alo ten alòon tenth alò- deci- alòser to decimate

aco hundred acòon hundredth acò- centi-

acònog

centrigrade

aro thousand

aròon

thousandth

arò- milli- aròkík milligram

Wikibooks | 45

Chapter

Frequentative numeric adverbs

Adverbs of frequency are formed with the root jig, meaning frequency, rate:

cardinal frequency

o zero ojigu never

a one ajigu once

e two ejigu twice

i three ijigu thrice, three times

hundred

acojigu a hundred times

od what

odjigu? how often, at what

rate?

ge same

gejigu at the same rate, as

often

ga more gajigu more often

go less gojigu less often

ud this udjigu this often

id that idjigu that often

gla much glajigu very often

glo little glojigu infrequently

glà rather glàjigu rather often

Numeric adjectives of order or rank

nap order, rank

cardinal order

o zero onapa zeroth

a one anapa primary, first, original

e two enapa secondary, second-ranking

i three inapa tertiary, third-ranking

u four unapa quaternary, fourth-ranking'

za front zanapa front-ranking, ahead

zo back zonapa behind, trailing

ja before janapa former, foregoing

jo after jonapa next, following

beginning

ijnapa first, original

uj end ujnapa last, final

lo un- lonapa random, unordered

46 | Unilingua

Word-building

Numeric adjectives of degree

nog degree, grade, stage

cardinal degree

a one anoga primary

e two enoga secondary

i three inoga tertiary

u four unoga quaternary

Numeric adjectives of base or bit

Add -na:

cardinal base grouping

o zero ona zero-based onet zero, null

a one ana unary, only anet unit

e two ena binary enet bit

i three ina ternary

u four una quaternary

ú eight úna octal únet octet, byte

alo ten alona decimal

alé

sixteen

aléna hexadecimal

alénet 16-bit

byte

Numeric prefixes

If cardinal numeric morphemes are used as prefixes, -n is added, unless the base

to which it is being attached already begins with that letter:

root numeric adjective

kunid edge enkunida double-edged

nid line anida single-lined

nag

dimension

enaga two-

dimenesional

nég space enéga double-spaced

tep mind antepa single-minded

neg level enega split-level

mep way anmepa one-way

voz color anvoza monochrome

can form ancana uniform

Wikibooks | 47

Chapter

tooc sex entoocifa bisexual

tot god antotina monotheistic

izan direction enizana bidirectional

Numeric Expressions

Distance/size measurements (zák meter)=

(zág is width, ág is length, ag is size, íban is distance, ábag is height, óbag is

depth, gán is girth):

measurement example

zák meter It ca á záki íb. He was 5 meters away.

arozák kilometer

Ce eli arozáki bú dom. It is 23 km. to (until) the

city.

aroyzák

millimeter

Cizo alo aroyzáka nid. Draw a ten mm. line.

acozák centimeter Odgan acoyzáki ága ce? How many cm. long is it?

Weight measurements (kík gram)

(kín is weight, kíncer is to weigh):

measurement example

kík gram Odgan kíki id kínce? How many grams does that weigh?

arokík kilogram At vage u arokíki vâba. I want five kg. of grain.

aròkík

milligram

Mez kínce e aròkíki. The crystal weighs two milligrams.

Volume measurements (nék liter)

(néd is volume):

measurement example

nék liter Odganu néki it ébe? How many liters does it hold?

aronék kiloliter At vage u aronéki vâba. I want five kilos of grain.

arònék

milliliter

Ézbo e arònéki mila. Insert two ml. of water.

Math expressions

(gaber to add, gober to substract, garer to multiply, gorer to divide, gecer to

equal):

48 | Unilingua

Word-building

Mirad English

A gab a gece e.

One plus one equals two.

U gob a gece i.

Four minus 1 equals three.

E gar u gece ó.

Two times four equals eight.

Alo gor e gece á.

Ten divided by two equals five.

E veg e gece u.

Two to the second power equals

four.

E nod u.

Two point five (2.5)

U gab a èon or u a èonà

5 1/2

Clock time expressions ( jób = hour)

The international 24-hour clock is used.

Mirad English

Odjób ce?

What time is it? (lit: Which hour is [it]?)

Ce a jób.

It's one o'clock.

Ce ali jób alá.

It's 1:15 PM.

Ce i jób ilo.

It's 3:30 AM.

Ce ya jób gob alo.

It's ten 'til five. (lit: five hours minus

ten)

Calendar expressions

Unilingua English

Od ce uda jud? What's today's date?'

Udjub ce alá jiub aroúcúli. Today is 16 April 1993.

Ted puo jo i jubi. Father will arrive in two days.

Nunam íjwe yada juebu. The store opens on Mondays.

Nunam íjwo zoa juebu. The store opens on Monday (next).

Zajibu mamila gá ádjoba. Last month it rained the most ever.

Ju zajub! Until tomorrow!

Gla dropeki swa je jabi aroúco. There were many wars during the 1900s.

Zoyejubánu juebu at so ivsej.

On monday of next week I will give a

party.

Age expressions (jag = age)

Mirad English

Odjaga et ce?

How old are you?

At ce ele jaga.

I am 22 years old.

Wikibooks | 49

Chapter

At upta úlo jaga tob.

I met a 90-year-old

man.

Forming chemical element names

To form words for chemical elements, use the following method: The first letter

is the ordinal vowel for the number of electrons. The next letters are:

• m for metals

• mc for nonmetals

• al for gases

• il for liquids

electron count type Mirad English

47 metal ulém silver

13 metal alim aluminum

26 metal elám iron

15 nonmetal

elómc

phosphorus

6 nonmetal ámc carbon

1 nonmetal gas amc hydrogen

7 nonmetal gas émcal azote

8 nonmetal gas ímcal oxygen

80 metal liquid ílomil mercury

Codifyng new words based on mnemonics and

analogy

Sometimes a word or group of words can have a connection with the meaning of

a derived word. Such words are formed from this derived word by changing the

generic final root consonant or sometimes other consonants of this word:

teub mouth < teb head

teud utterance d say

teuz voice z precious/art,etc.

deuz song d speak/write

taéb hair tab human body

50 | Unilingua

Word-building

faéb leaf fab tree

vocaéb petal voc flower

potaéb mane pot animal

pataéb feather pat bird

petaéb fur pet land animal

upetaéb

fleece

upet sheep

pitaéb fin pit fish

taób skin tab human body

taóf leather nof cloth

faób bark fab tree

fáób rind fáb fruit

pitaób scales pit fish

petaób hide,

pelt

pet animal

cim chair bimer to sit

cum bed bumer to lie

cem

table

bemer to sit down at the

table

teacer to

see

ceacer to appear

beacer to keep watch

neacer to target

teaper to visit

izeacer to show

váleacer to check

óneater to discern

ágeacer to

contemplate

izeader to indicate

abeacer to survey

ijeacer to notice

teader to witness

Forming new words with prefixation

Prefixed elements (sometimes more than one) can be used to form new concepts

Wikibooks | 51

Chapter

related to the root word.

Here are examples where morphemes are joined to der to say:

prefixed morpheme derived concept

ja before jader to predict

já early jáder to warn

ja ve before maybe javeder to guess

jo after joder to reply

eg again egder to repeat

oz weak ozder to whisper/hint

az strong azder to insist

óz out ózder to express

zí all around zíder to broadcast

uj end ujder to conclude

ka- find kader to reveal

ko- hide koder to keep secret

fi well fider to eulogize

fu poorly fuder to curse/damn

fia good fiader to praise

fua bad fuader to malign

fri wonderful frider to flatter

fru terrible fruder to insult

evfia if good evfiader to critique

av for avder to favor

ov against ovder to object/oppose

ava favorable avader to side with

ova opposed vader to contradict

av od for what avoder to question

va veg yes can vavegder to permit

vo veg no can vovegder to prohibit

vo va no yes vovader to contest

az ov strong against azovder to protest

va yes vader to affirm/decide

ve maybe veder to speculate

vo no 'voder to deny'

fiva good yes fivader to approve

o fi va not good yes ofivader to disapprove

52 | Unilingua

Word-building

fu va bad yes fuvader to condemn

az va strong yes fivader to confirm

val certainty valder to certify

vac assurance vacder to assure

vag want

vagder to mean/express

desire

ván truth váder to swear

vón falsehood vóder to lie

áva innocent ávader to vindicate

óva guilty óvader to indict

áva innocent ávder to thank

óva guilty óvder to blame

íva free ívader to acquit

íva free ívder to forgive

év judgement évder to judge

éb between ébder to discuss

ók surprise ókder to improvisate

ág long ágder to ramble

óg short ógder to summarize

iva happy ivader to thank

iva happy ivder to congratulate

uva sad uvder to complain

uva sad uvader to apologize

jo uva after sad jouvder to regret/mourn

ivcan merriment' ivcder to joke

fu iva bad happy fuivader to mock

ók surprise ókder to improvisate

aj past ajder to evoke

oj future ojder to promise

naz value nazder to evaluate

ók surprise ókder to improvisate

dún name dúnder to nominate

kua lateral kuder to remark (aside)

kia sloped kider to hint

dún name dúnder to nominate

gra too much grader to exaggerate

gro too little groder to underplay

gan quantity gander to quantify

Wikibooks | 53

Chapter

óva guilty óvader to accuse

teab eye teader to testify

cin picture cinder to predict

kóa fixed kóder to insist

o not oder to keep silent

kebi choice kebider to vote

tata holy tatader to bless

fún fear fúnder to express fear

vates belief vatesder to express belief

vetes doubt vetesder to express doubt

vika admiration vikader to express admiration

fíl courage fílder to encourage

ofíl not courage ofílder to discourage

ga more gader to say more/go on

ge equal geder to agree

oge not same ogeder to disagree

ék risk ékder to dare say

ég obligation égder to be obliged to say

ek play ekder to pretend

iz straight izder to say frankly

Forming new adjectival concepts with

compounding

New adjectival concepts can be readily formed by compounding a noun or other

rootword with an existing root adjective:

tep intellect aza strong tepaza smart

tep intellect oza weak tepoza dumb

vag will aza strong vagaza strong-willed

vag will oza weak vagoza weak-willed

vag will ána together vagána consensual

vag will óna apart vagóna non-consensual

veg possibility aza strong vegaza likely

veg possibility oza weak vegoza unlikely

tep intellect kía heavy tepkía serious

tep intellect kúa light tepkúa light-hearted

tep intellect káa variable tepkáa scatter-brained

tep intellect kóa fixed tepkóa attentive

54 | Unilingua

Word-building

tep intellect záa wide tepzáa fair-minded

tep intellect zóa narrow tepzóa narrow-minded

tep intellect íja open tepíja open-minded

tep intellect úja closed tepúja close-minded

tep intellect iga fast tepiga quick-witted

tep intellect uga slow tepuga retarded

tep intellect ána together tepána like-minded

tep intellect óna apart tepóna dissenting

top spirit íga hard topíga cruel

top spirit úga soft topúga leninent

top spirit vaa positive topvaa optimistic

top spirit voa negative topvoa pessimistic

top spirit ába high topába up-beat

top spirit óba low topóba down-beat

top spirit iva happy topija jolly

top spirit uva sad topuja melancholy

nac money ika full nasika rich

nac money uka empty nasuka poor

áb up ága long ábága tall

ób down ága long óbága deep

áb up óga short ábóga short (vertically)

ób down óga short óbóga shallow

job time ága long jobága long (duration)

job time óga short jobóga short (duration)

mep way iza straight mepiza direct

mep way uza crooked mepuza convoluted

váb rule aza strong vábaza strict

váb rule oza weak váboza lax

dab

government

ava for dabava pro-government

dab

government

ova against

dabova anti-

government

Word Classifiers

The following are common combinatory morphemes used to distinguish or

classify entities. Many of them are abbreviated forms. If you were to produce a

list of word rhyming with any of these morphemes, you would have a list of

words that all fit within a similar taxonomic category. For example, all Unilingua

words ending in pyot refer to wild animals. All those ending in il are liquids.

Wikibooks | 55

Chapter

classifier meaning

building

place

room

ém

container

agent

time

jig

rate

nog

degree

bén

manner

caun

kind

can

shape

gan

quantity

pat

bird

pet

land animal

pót

wild animal

pét

reptile

pelt

insect

peit

amphibian

piit

crustacean

pit

fish

fab

tree

fáb

fruit

vob

plant

vab

grass

vol

vegetable

voc

flower

voz

color

instrument

par

vehicle

machine

motor

verb

gem

tun

science

tut

scientist

liquid

food

56 | Unilingua

Word-building

él

semi-solid

solid

material

cylinder

án

collective

ber

put

per

cer

ser

result

process

state

abstract thing

doctrine

apendage

head

euz

sound

dren

document

Wikibooks | 57

Chapter

4 WORD FAMILIES

live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Doing / making (ser)

ser to do/act

seud agent

seem agency

sen action

aasen initiative

seyn act

seun business

seunud businessman

seon fact

seoj case

sej event

sejet incident

seb boss

sem studio

casem factory

jeser continue

ánser to cooperate

gèser to copy

jaser to prepare

zòser to undo

igser to hurry up

ojser to plan

egser to redo

aanser to unify

seser to have (sth) done

sener to activate

senan activity

senen activation

aser to act

as action

asud actor

alser to operate

als operation

alsud operator

alsea operational

arser to effectuate

saer to execute saen execution

58 | Unilingua

Word Families

saud executor

saena executive

saler to accomplish

sal accomplishment

iser to have an

effect

is effect

ois zero effect

ujis purpose

user to cause

us cause

usa causal

ùser to motivate

ùs motive

ùsen motivation

ùsea motivating

ùsena motivational

ulser to influence

uls influence

ulseá influential

us và is cause and effect

eser to function

es function

esea functioning

esena functional

esud functionary

esem office

éser to work ésem worksite

éset job

éser to work

ésud worker

Wikibooks | 59

Chapter

éstut engineer

ésán handiwork

éscén process

ésnic salary

ésnicud salaried

emploée

ésep strike

ésepud striker

oyés unemployment

oyésud jobless person

oésea lazy

ésjub workday

oésjub holiday

ánés collaboration

ánésa collaborative

ánésud collaborator

sier to result

siun result

osiun lack of result

suer to occasion

suler to provoke

sul provocation

suleá provocative

sulud provocateur

seer to behave

seen behavior

seena behavioral

seler to conduct oneself

séer to busy onself

séler to practice

séner to profess

íser to use

ís use

ísud user

írser to exploit

írs exploitation

írseá exploitative

fiíser to put to good use

fuíser to misuse

úser to serve ús service

60 | Unilingua

Word Families

úsud server

fiúser to benefit

fuúser to serve poorly

úrser to be a slave to

úrs slavery

úrsud slave

Being/becoming (cer)

cer to be cat creature, cyd subject

acer to become

ocer to be

nonexistent

ocun nothing, ocuner to annihilate

icer come

about, happen

ic event, ijicer to originate, ujucer to end up, ujuc fate,

destiny, fuic misfortune

ucer to make,

create, cause

ucud creator, ucun a creation, ucunán (all of) creation, uceá

creative

ecer to exist

ece there is/are, ecea available, ecen existence, oecea

nonexistent

àcer to have,

own, possess

àcun possession, àcud (owner), àca own, utàc property, àser

to make available

òcer to lack,

need

òc gap, òcea lacking, òser to deprive, òcler to need, òcleá

necessary

can form,

shape

caner to form, canòa shapeless, fucana malformed, canen

formation, ózcan aspect, ficaner to reform, kácaner to

transform, canáner to compose, áncaner to constitute,

candrener to formulate

caun type,kind

aacaun prototype, vicaun model, vácaun original, utcaun

example, ajcaun precedent

caser to

fabricate

casem factory

ceser to build

cesen construction, cesud builder, cesem building site,

oceser to destrò, ocesen destruction, oceseá destructive

cun thing

(concrete)

cunán reality, ocuner to anihilate

acun element acana elemental, acunéna elementary

con matter

(abstract)

gícon problem, kocon secret, kacon revelation, kécon case,

égcon crisis

Wikibooks | 61

Chapter

cin picture

tecin figure, cìn mark, zocìn trace, utcìn character, pencìn

track, ciun sign, siunet signal, mancin photograph,

mancinar camera

cén fashion utcén genre, secén procedure

cún object cúnet article, cúfi effects

Putting (ber)

ber to put

bler to carry brer to haul

aber to put on eber to stop ober to take off

áber to raise éber to contain óber to lower

baer to lean on beer to hold boer to hold up

barer to press (down

on)

beler to keep

boler to support (from

below)

báer to lift béer to block bóer to hang

báler to rouse

béler to hold back,

retain/conserve'

bóler to suspend

álber to elevate élber to hold steady ólber to lower

ézber to insert ózber to extract

ézbler to carry in ózbler to carry out

obaer to relieve obeer to release, let go oboer to drop

obaler to relax obeler to abandon oboler to shirk

obéer to yield

obóer to depend

úzbaer to squeeze úzbeer to embrace úzboer to smash

úzbaler to pinch

obéer to release

iber to receive

uber to send

bier to take

buer to give

íber to take away

úber to bring near

zíber to diffuse zeyber to transpose

zíbler to carry

around

zèbler to carry across,

transport

biner to pull bener to hold buner to push

62 | Unilingua

Word Families

ézbiner to draw in ézbener to hold in ézbuner to push in

úbiner to attract úbener to hold near íbuner to repel

ózbiner to extract ózbener to hold out ózbuner to expel

ábiner to pull up ábener to hold high ábuner to push up

ónbiner to yank

apart

ónbener to hold apart ónbuner to shove apart

ánbiner to attract ánbener to adhere ánbuner to combine C

vabier to accept

vabuer to volunteer;

zébirer to yank

through

zéburer to stab (shove

through)

kebier to choose

kebuer to disperse

vobier to refuse

vobuer to deny

embier to occupy

embuer to give way

gorcbier to take

part

gorcbuer to give out

pitbier to fish

jobier to borrow

jobuer to lend

émbier to replace

émbuer to resign

ánabier to collect

ónabuer to scatter

buér to remit

buler to accord

bùler to attribute

bùrer to concede

zòbier to take back

zòbuer to give back

ifbier to welcome

ifbuer to offer

vegbuer to delegate

ifbuler to consacrate

ifbùler to dedicate

ifburer to sacrifice

nucbier to bù

nicbuer to sell

nacbiler to expend

nacbuler to allocate

ifburer to sacrifice

bluér to confer

zíbuer to distribute

obier to relinquish

obuer to deprive

bin receipts

bun donation

Wikibooks | 63

Chapter

ivbun gift

baner to gesticulate

boner be calm

baaner to shake

booner to be still

banler to shake

bànler to shudder

baneter to rock baaneter to vibrate

abaner to caress

albaner to wipe

ovbaner to resist

bos quiet

obos trouble

bòs quiet

obòs worry

óbos care

óbós anxiety

bén manner

búer to reach (out to)

búner to touch

brúner to contact

bemer to maintain

Going (per)

per to go

aper to get on eper to stop oper to get off

paer to stand peer to stay poer to hang

áper to get up éper to intervene óper to get down

álper to rise/ascend élper to block ólper to sink'/descend'

âlper to climb up ôlper to bow

árper to soar órper to tumble

áprer to scamper up ... ... óprer to collapse

páer to jump péer to stand still póer to drop

páner to leap péner to seize póner to dive

párer to shoot up pénuer to attack pórer to plummit

iper go (away) uper to come

64 | Unilingua

Word Families

emiper to emigrate

emuper to immigrate

igiper to flee igeper to stop suddenly iguper to rush (toward)

jauper to come before,

precede

jouper to come after,

succeed

aíper to off with/take

along

aúper to come along

with/bring along

zoâuper to pick up (and

bring back)

zoíper to go back

zoúper to return (come

back)

íper to go away

úper to approach

ílper to escape

úlper to come home

íbemper to go in exile ... ... ... ...

pier to depart

puer to arrive

jopier to get a

headstart

jopuer to arrive ahead

of/beat

igpier to flee

piler to quit

cper to carry

ézcper to import zècper to transport ózcper to export

zòciper to take back zícper to propagate zòcuper to bring back

zàper to advance zàper to cross zòper to retreat

ánper to go together

ónper to separate

izper to head (straight)

uzper to veer, turn

zíper to tour

zúper to rotate

japer to precede jeper to go along joper to follow

zaper to go in front zeper to go in the middle zoper to go in back

ézper to enter zéper to go through ózper to exit

igper to run zoigper to chase after ugper to amble

ízper to pass up uzper to curve úzper to go around

kiper to limp képer to stagger

'kuper to avoid, sidestep

egézper to reinter azézper to invade egózper to reemerge

ifper to stroll ifpoper to tour ifpiper to cruise

zéper to penetrate

poper to travel

képoper to shuttle back

and forth

zípoper to travel around

papier to take off paper to fly papuer to land

Wikibooks | 65

Chapter

(flying)

pepier to ride off peper to ride pepuer to park

pipier to set sail piper to sail pipuer to dock

tôaper to walk, step tuáper to crawl tôuper to tiptoe

pan motion pen seizure pon rest

paz dance

paner to move pener to seize poner to rest

pazer to dance

opaner to freeze opener to release oponer to stir

paaner to shake peener to catch pooner to stay

apaner to massage paaneter to vibrate

alpaner to rub

ópaner to reverse

kipaner to stumble

kupaner to slide

ónpaner to break

papaner to soar pepaner to skate pipaner to swim

ovpaner to block

paneter to balance

puner to throw punrer to hurl pùner to launch

púner to bump into

prúner to crash into

apéner to hit apéneter to batter

apêner to tap

apénler to beat

ópéner to knock down

ónpéner to break

ónpêner to crack

ónpléner to smash'

ónpléner to burst

ónpréner to explode

pénuer to attack

ovpénuer to counter-

attack

opénuer to defend

páner to leap (up) péner to lunge póner to dive

ézpáner to jump in zépáner to jump through ózpáner to jump out

zàpáner to leap

forward

zèpáner to leap across zòpáner to leap backward

66 | Unilingua

Word Families

pénarer to whip páneter to skip peneter to step

pòn respite pos peace

Saying/talking (der, daer)

dier to ask der to say duer to propose

updier to invite ebdier to discuss

dider to question doder to be silent duder to answer

vader to affirm veder to quibble voder to deny

váder to swear

vóder to lie

ávder to excuse évder to judge óvder to accuse

fivader to approve

fuvader to condemn

fider to praise

fuder to curse

avder to advocate

ovder to oppose

frider to glorify

fruder to

blaspheme

fúder to offend

flúder to insult

frúder to outrage

ufúder to threaten

fuébder to dispute

azder to shout egder to repeat ozder to whisper

jader to predict jeder to narrate joder to recount

ivder to thank

uvder to complain

ijder to introduce

ujder to conclude

fiader to

recommend

fuader to criticize

ajder to evoke

ojder to foretell

tider to understand

tuder to explain

ágder to elaborate

ógder to summarize

diler to beseech deler to announce duler to submit

direr to require dèler to declare

daer to speak

ágdaer to ramble

ébdaer to

converse

fuébdaer to quarrel

Wikibooks | 67

Chapter

dad language daun speech dod silence

din history dìn story diin recitation

dún name zadún first name abdún last name

dun word dlun phrase drun sentence

Writing/reading (drer, déder)

drer to

write

védrer to correspond, dúndrer to sign, abdrer to inscribe,

gèdrer to copy, ézdrer to register, zèdrer to transcribe, tuúdrer

to type, tuúdra typewritten, tuúdrud typist, cindrer to draw,

drecìn letter (of the alphabet), dresìna literal, drecìnán

alphabet, drecìnána alphabetical drecìnánser to alphabetize,

dra written, odra unwritten

droer to

erase

droun erasure, droar eraser

dren script

, dreud writer, drenet article, drenetán series of articles,

ébdren letter, ébdrenán mail, tuádren manuscript, jadren

preface, jodren postscript, dedren prose, candren formula,

vádren spelling, védren correspondence, vidrenán literature

(belles lettres), drenán scripture, dreden report, cunándren

program

drèn text

drèna textual, óbdrèn subtext, zúdrèn context, zúdrèna

contextual

déder to

read

dédud reader, dédudán readership, zídéder to scan, déd

lecture, dédim lecture hall, dédar scanner

dén book

dénám book collection, dénánam library, dénunam bookstore,

déngorc chapter, dénifud bookworm, dénabkum bookcover,

dénembelar bookmark, déndúnán bibliography, dénet booklet,

dindén storybook, novel, tiundén textbook

dreun

document,

file

dreunán dossier, documentation, dreuner to document, file

drec note drecer to note, dodrec bulletin

drecin

drawing,

design

dreciner to draw, drecinud designer, drecinam design studio

drez poem drezán poetry, drezet verse, drezut poet, drezéna poetic

dreván

grammar

drevána grammatical, drevánut grammarian

dréner to

drén print, drénar printer, drénam printshop, jubdrén

newspaper, jubdrénán the press, jubdrénud journalist, jobdrén

68 | Unilingua

Word Families

magazine, cindrén illustration, zídrén poster, zídrénet

prospectus, drénet ticket, ózdréner to publish, ózdrénam

publishing house, dréncìn type, character (of a font), dréncìnán

font, dréncìnánam foundry

drar pen drear pencil, dril ink

dof

cardboard

daf card

mircindaf map, ekdaf playing card, ébdrendaf postcard, dafán

stack of cards

def paper

defán stationary, defánam stationary shop, defet scrap of paper,

defcasam paper mill

dáf

notebook

dáfet book (of tickets, etc.), agdáf register

dúf sheet

(of paper)

dúfbuar sheetfeeder

dúv page

dúván ream of paper, mirmepán dúv web page, zàdúvper to

page forward

Society (dot)

dot society

dota societal, dotcer to socialize (intr.)

dotin socialism, dotinat socialist

odota savage, barbaric, odotan savagery, barbarism, odotat

savage, barbarian

dotús social welfare

dotvàcan social security

dotbén custom, more (n.)

dotbéna customary

ajdotbén tradition

ajdotbéna traditional

dotcén civilization, dotcéner to civilize

dat friend

data friendly, datcer to befriend, datan friendship

dàt girlfriend

daat buddy, daater to buddy around, daatan buddyship

ifdat sweetheart, ifdatan romance, ifdata romantic

odat enemy, odata inimical, ovdata hostile, ovdatan

hostility

datibut host, dàtibut hostess, datibéa hospitable, datibéan

hospitality

datupud guest, visitor, datupudim guestroom, datupudem

reception area, datuper to be a guest, to visit, datup' visit

Wikibooks | 69

Chapter

det comrade,

companion,

associate

detan comraderie, association, detcer to associate

àdet companion, àdetan company

dit citizen

dita civil, ditan citizenship, ditán citizenry

ditbén civility

doita civic

dut sir, Mr.

dùt madam, Mrs., dután messieurs

dutet master, lad

dùtet miss, mademoiselle, young lady

duut sire

ditús civil service

dout bourgeois

douta bourgeois (adj.), doutan bourgeoisie, doután

bourgeoisie (coll.)

aut person

auta personal

autbén personality

agaut personnage, v.i.p.

aután group, autána collective

autgran crowd, autgrana crowded, autgrancer to form a

crowd

aut individual

auta individual, autan individuality

anuta private, anutan privacy

aután group

áud commune

áuda communal, áudan community, áudana comunity-

áudin communism, áudinat communist

áut collective

áuta collective

áutan collectivity

áutser to collectivize, áutin collectivism, áutinat collectivist

át everyone áta everyone's

tán people

tána popular, tánikcer to populate, tánikca populated,

tánika populous, tánukser todepopulate, also: tánòser to

depopulate, tánuka unpopulated, deserted

táncág population, táncágtut demographics

tân populace

tánin populism, táninat populist

tánifa popular, tánifan popularity, tánifser to popularize,

otánifa unpopular

tánbén custom, tánbéna customary

State (dob)

realm chief female counterpart

dob state deb leader

adob empire adeb emperor adèb empress

70 | Unilingua

Word Families

edob kingdom edeb king, monorach edèb queen

idob principality ideb prince idèb princess

udob

marquisate

ideb marquis idèb marquise

ódob earldom ódeb count ódèb countess

ádob barony ádeb baron ádèb baroness

édob duchy édeb duke édèb duchess

ídob domain ídeb lord ídèb lordess

údob tribe údeb tribal chief

tándob republic

tándeb president (of the

republic)

Government (dab)

dab government

daber to govern

dabdren ordnance

daba government

dabzem government center, capital

andab autocracy

nacdab plutocracy

abdaber to dominate, abdabin imperialism, dabovper to

revolt, dabovpen revolution

dabtun politics, dabtut politician

daab

administration

daaber to administer

daaba administrative

deb chief,

leader

deber to lead, command

andeb dictator, autocrat

deban leadership

debán leadership (coll.)

debveg authority, debvegdren authorization

debòser to depose

debovper to rebel, debovpud rebel, debovpen rebellion,

vodebder to prohibit, vodebden prohibition, debden order

doob nation

dooba national

dooban nationality

doof flag

dub minister

duba ministerial, dubam ministry

ózdub ambassador, ózdubam embassy

ózdubet consul, ózdubetam consulate'

dek combat

deker to combat

dekpan fight, dekpaner to fight, dekpanud fighter

dopek battle, dopekem battlefield

dropek war, dropeker to wage war, dropekud warrior,

dropekéna bellicose

Wikibooks | 71

Chapter

damem

metropolis

damema metropolitan

obdamam colony, obdamemser to colonize, obdamemsud

colonialist

domem

territory

domeam province/state, domeameb governor

domeem department (eg. of France), domeemeb prefect

domeim canton

domeum commune

dom city

doma urban, domaser to urbanize

dombén polity

úzdom suburb, domag metropolis

debdom capital, midom port, domgon district, domgob

quarter, domeb mayor, domam mayor's office, domab

municipality, domaba municipal

dòm town

doam borough

doem village

doim hamlet

domcin cityscape

domep

boulevard

domèp avenue

domeap street

domeep lane

mepet alley

gacmep intersection

omep impasse, cul-de-sac, deadend

ábmep highway

igmep expressway

abzèmep bridge, overpass

obzèmep underpass

zémep tunnel

ízmep bypass, detour

úzmep beltway

ébdoma mep interstate highway (lit: intercity road)

domém square domzúm circle

Knowing (ter)

tier to study

tiud student

titam school

atitam

elementary

school

etitam high

school

ititam

college

ter to know

oter to ignore

keter to be curious

jàter to guess

egter to recognize

vater to be sure

veter to wonder

voter to doubt

ten knowledge, information

tuer to teach

tuud teacher

tutam institute

tutamán university

tut expert, scholar, scientist

tun science, -ology

72 | Unilingua

Word Families

tin doctrine,

-ism

ticer to learn

ticun lesson

tecer to perceive, sense

tecun data

tucer to instruct

tucun instruction

tiser to agree

teser to think

tújteser to dream

ijtes idea

jotes afterthought

tuser to convince

akteser to

remember

okteser to forget

vateser to

assume

veteser to suppose voteser to discount

váteser to

believe

véteser to wonder, weigh vóteser to doubt

ánteser to

agree

ónteser to disagree

avteser to

favor

evteser to quibble ovteser to oppose

fiteser to

thank

futeser to regret

jàteser to

plan

jòteser to reflect

kateser to

recall

keteser to search one's

memory

koteser to forget (deliberately)

keter to be

interested

keten curiosity, ketea curious,

ketenàa interesting,

ketenukser to interest, oketer

to be uninterested

tújteser to dream

tep mind tepa mental

tepén attitude,aztepa

intelligent, vátepa wise,

tepbén method, tepbéna

methodical, otepa imbecile

tèp spirit tèpa spiritual agtep genie

tez culture teza cultural

óbtez subculture, tezser to

cultivate

tén industry téna industrial

joténa post-industrial,téntun

technique, téntuna technical

tun science tuna scientific tut scholar

tin doctrine tina doctrinal tinéna doctrinaire

tún idea túna ideal túncer conceive of, túnca

Wikibooks | 73

Chapter

conceptual, túnán ideology,

túnánud ideolog

tekóer to pay

attention

tekóa attentive

otekóa inattentive

Family (tod)

tod family

toda familial

tòd home, tòda domestic

todana familiar

tad spouse, husband

tàd wife

tadán household

tadcer to get married, tadca married, tadcen marriage,

tada marital

otadca unmarried, otadcat bachelor

tadòcat widower, tadòcàt widower, tadóncer

to divorce, tadóncat divorcee, tadónc divorce

tadán husband and wife team, jatad fiance, jatàd fiancee

tadceat groom, tàdceat bride, tàdceata bridal

tadet brother, tadeta fraternal, tadetan fraternity,

tadetán fraternity (group), tàdetán sorority

tàdet sister

taodet brother-in-law

taódet sister-in-law

ted parent, father

teda parental, paternal

tèd mother, tèda maternal

teda

tedòa orphaned, tedòat orphan, tedòan orphanhood,

tedòcer to be orphaned, tedòatam orphanage

tedet son, tedeta filial

tèdet daughter

teodet son-in-law

teódet daughter-in-law

tid uncle

tidéna avuncular

tìd aunt

tidet cousin

tìdet cousin (female)'

tud brother-in-law

tùd sister-in-law

tudet nephew

tùdet niece

tód father-in-law

tôd mother-in-law

tódet son-in-law

tôdet daughter-in-law

74 | Unilingua

Word Families

tád grandparent,

grandfather

tádéna grandfatherly

tâd grandmother, tâdéna grandmotherly

tádet grandson

tâdet granddaughter

tádán grandparents

tádetán grandchildren

téd relative

téda related, tédan kinship

tédcer to be related, tédán kin(folks), otéda unrelated

tíd god-parent, god-

father

tídet godson

tîdet goddaughter'

ajted ancestor ajteda ancestral, ajtedán ancestry

jat ascendant

jot descendant jòtan descendance

Human being (tob)

tob human being

tab body

taab lymph

taaba lymphatic

taabocet lymph gland

taeb muscle

taeba muscular

taib bone

taibán skeleton

taibána skeletal

taibàa bony

taibcer ossify

taibcen ossification

taibòa boneless

taibòser to debone

taob flesh

taoba carnal

egtaobcen reincarnation

taobàa fleshy

taobtelea flesh-eating

potaob meat

potaobtelea carnivorous

taub cartilege

tauba cartilagenous

taób skin

taóbil sweat

taóbiler to sweat

taóbilàa sweaty

petaób hide

taóf leather

Wikibooks | 75

Chapter

taófud leatherer

taóféna leathery

tàab fat

tàaba fat-related

tàabòa fat-free

tàabél lard

tàabil oil

tàbiler to oil

tàabilém oilcan

tàabilàa oily

tàabàa fatty

taéb hair

tàabàa hairy

taébòa bald

taébòcer to go bald

taébòat bald person

taébòan baldness

taébòser to depilate

taêb fuzz

taêbàa fuzzy

pataéb feather

pataébán plumage

petaéb mane

pitaéb scales

pitaébàa scaly

taéf wig

taíb nerve

taíba nervous

taíbaanea nerve-rattling

taíbzem nerve-center

tap physique

tapa physical

íztapa metaphysical

taptun physiology

taptut physiologist

taf suit [of clothes]

tàf dress

teb head

tebném cranium

tebnéma cranial

teboc brain

teboca cerebral

ábteb forehead

óbteb chin

obteb neck

obteba cervical

zaobteb throat

zoobteb nape

tebzan face

76 | Unilingua

Word Families

tebzana facial

tebzanábs face-lift

tebzanòa faceless

teab eye

teaba ocular

teabéb eyebrow

teabil tear

teabiler to weep

teabéb eyebrow

fateab eyelid

fateabéb eyelash

zeteab pupil

anteaba one-eyed

teac sight

teacer to see

oteaca blind

oteacan blindness

oteacat blind person

oteacacer go blind

oteacaser to blind

teacoker gain one's sight

teacoker lose one's sight

teacar eye glasses

teas look

teaser to look

igteaser to glance

ágteaser to stare

uzteaser to look askance

izteaser to look directly in the eye

teabzúen eyeball

teaczéc eye socket

teeb ear

teeba aural

fozteeb ear lobe

teec hearing

teecer to hear

teeca auditory

teecier to listen

teeciud listener

teeciudán audience

teecien audition

teeciar listening device

oteeca deaf

oteecser to deafen

oteecseá deafening

oteecat deaf person

oteecan deafness

teecar hearing aid

Wikibooks | 77

Chapter

ózteeb outer ear

teib nose

teiba nasal

teibil snot

teibila mucous

teiv handkerchief

ózteiber to sneeze

teic smell

teicer to smell

teica olfactory

treic odor

treicàa odorous

fiteic fragrance

futeic stink

teiz perfume

teicier to sniff

teiceucer to snore

teibzéc nostril

teob cheek

zeteob cheekbone

teobéb beard

teobébàa bearded

teobébòa beardless

teub mouth

teuba oral

teubil saliva

teubiler to salivate

ózteuber to spit

teubíjer to yawn

ézteuber to swallow

teubob lip

teuboz smile

teuboc kiss

teuboba labial

teud shout

teuder to scream

teuc taste

teucer to taste

fiteuca delicious

futeuca nasty-tasting

teumib palate

teumiba palatal

teubéb mustache

teubébàa mustachioed

teubab tongue

teubaba lingual

teubaber to lick

éztèbaber to suck

teubeb gum

78 | Unilingua

Word Families

teubib jaw

teubiser to chew

teupib tooth

teupiba dental

teupibut dentist

teupibutam dentist's office

teupicer to bite

teupicoger to nibble

oteupiba toothless

teupibán denture

tef hat

tefet cap

tefud haberdasher

tefam haberdashery

tep mind

tepa mental

tepcan sentiment

tepcana sentimental

tes thought

teser to think

ágteser to ponder

tesa cognitive

tesen cognition

teseá conceivable

oteseá inconceivable

tesoker to forget

otesokeá unforgetable

tesaker to remember

ter to know

oter to ignore

ota unknown

otea unaware

tuer to teach

tuna scientific

tut scientist

tuen teaching

tuena didactic

tuut teacher

tuután academe

tun science

tuun lesson

tier to learn

titam school

atitam grade school

etitam high school

ititam college

tiud student

tiudán student body

Wikibooks | 79

Chapter

tiun study

tiuna scholastic

tiunán studies, scholastics</i

tin doctrine

tina doctrinal

tez culture

teza cultural

ten knowledge

tena awareness-related

teá known

tea aware

tean awareness

trer to recognize

tren cognizance

treá recognizable

trea cognizant

éztrer be conscious

éztren conscience

éztrea conscious

oéztrea unconscious

otra incognito

otrea incognizant

tec perception

tecer to perceive

teceá perceptible

tecpan emotion

tecpana emotional

tecpanea emotive

tecpanean emotivity

tecpaneá excitable

tecpaner to emote

tib trunk

zetib waist

tetibgan waist size

zotib back

zotiba dorsal

zotibók back pain

tiab chest

tilab breast

tilabil, bil milk

tilabiler to lactate

tilabila lactic

tilabilbier to milk

tilabilbuer to give milk

tilabiléna milky

tieb lung

tieba pulmonary

tieser to breathe

éztieser to inhale

80 | Unilingua

Word Families

óztieser to exhale

tiebok pneumonia

tieboser to cough

tiib heart

tiiba cardiac

tiibil blood

tiibiler to bleed

tiibilàa bloody

tiibiloker to lose blood

tiibilotila blood-thirsty

tiibila sanguinary

tiibilánam bloodbank

tiibuf artery

tiibufa arterial

tiibufog arteriole

zòtiibuf vein

zòtiibufa venal

tiub belly

tiuba ventral

tiùb abdomen

tiùba abdominal

zetiub navel

zotiub buttock

tiób kidney

tióba renal

tióbok kidney disease

tióbil urine

tióbiler to urinate

tióbilem urinal

tióbila urinary

tiáb penis

tiába penile

tìáb vagina

tìába vaginal

ébtiába sexual

tiábcan phallus

tiábcana phallic

tiábòser to castrate

tiábòcat castrato

tiáv condom

tikob esophagus

tikoba esophageal

tikab stomach

tikaba gastric

tikeb liver

tikeba hepatic

tikebok hepatitis

tikebil bile

Wikibooks | 81

Chapter

tikib pancreas

tikiba pancreatic

tikub instestine

tikuba instestinal

tikubil feces

tikubila fecal

tikubiler to defecate

tikubuj anus

tikubuja anal

tikubujbok proctitis

tub arm

tuba brachial

tuab shoulder

tueb upper arm

tuib elbow

tuiber to elbow

tuub forearm

tuób wrist

tuáb hand

tuába manual

tuácer to handle

tuábier to grasp

tuábuer to lend a hand

tuúpúner to slap

ébtuáber to clasp/shake hands

tuápaner to clap/applaud

tuálpaner to massage/knead

tuásiner to sign

tuádotsiner to wave [hello/goodbye]

tuáf glove

tuáfém glove compartment

tuáfud glover

tuéb fist

tuépaner to pound

tuúb finger

tuúba digital

atuúb thumb

etuúb index

etuúber to point

ituúb middle finger

utuúb ring finger

ótuúb little finger

tuúcer to feel

tuúca tactile

tuúceá palpable

tuúpaner to tap

tuúdrer to type

tuúdrar typewriter, keyboard

tuúbuj finger tip

82 | Unilingua

Word Families

tulob fingernail

tulocer to scratch

tulop claw

tuloper to claw

tuúb palm

tuúpaner to slap

tulib knuckle

tulipaner to knock

tób leg

tóab hip

tóaper to sit

tóeb thigh

tóib knee

tóiper to kneel

tóub shin

tôab foot

tôabektun podiatry

tôabektut podiatrist

tôaper to walk

tôapud pedestrian

tôapem sidewalk

tôapar walker

igtôaper to run

igtôapem racetrack

tôapúner to kick

tôapaner to stomp

tôabar pedal

tôaf shoe

tôafser to cobble

tôafsud shoemaker

tôafsam shoemaker's shop

tôafber to shoe

tôafba shod

apetôaf horseshoe

tôafmacil shoe polish

tôafnífet shoelace

tôafodet shoetack

tôeb heel

tôepaner to supplant

tôib sole

tôub toe

tôuper to tiptoe

tólob toenail

toba human

tobaser to humanize

otobaser to dehumanize

toban humanity

tobin humanism

Wikibooks | 83

Chapter

tobina humanistic

tobinat humanist

iftoba humanitarian

iftoban humanitarianism

tobán mankind

tobéna human

toob male

tooba masculine

otoobaser to emasculate

tooban masculinity

toòba feminine

toòban femininity

tooc sex

tooca sexual

toocan sexuality

otooca asexual

entooca bisexual

hátooca pansexual

getooca homosexual

getoocan homosexuality

getoocat homosexual [person]

tos instinct

tosa instinctual

toséna instintive

top soul

toptun psychology

toptuna psychological

toptut psychologist

topéna animate

topénaser to animate

topénasen animation

otopéna inanimate

topòa soulless

tòb woman

tòba female

eóntòba effeminate, quasi-female

tòbéna feminine

otobéna unwomanly

tòbet girl

tòbeténa girlish

tòbetan girlhood

tòbán womankind

tobob child

toboba infantile

toboban infancy

tobéna childish

tobobòa childless

tobobikam child care center

tobet boy

84 | Unilingua

Word Families

tobeténa boyish

tobetan boyhood

tobog kid, midget

tobòg kiddie

tobóg brat

tobag giant

tobagéna gigantic

tobág monster

tobágéna monstrous

toc sense

toca sensorial

tocan sensation

tocer to sense

toceá sensible

tocea sensitive

boc organ

boca organic

bocán organism

bocet gland

boceta glandular

Bodily functions (tab...er)

body part body function

tab body

óbtaber to bow, stoop

áztaber to prostrate oneself

ábtaber to stand erect

teb head

óbteber to duck

tebciner to nod

tep mind ter to know, etc. [see Mental Activities]

teab eye

teacer to see

teaser to look

teabiler to weep

zóteaber to squint

ágteaser to stare

igteaser to glance

igteacer to glimpse

teabciner to wink

teabigíjer to blink

taéb hair taébòcer to bald

taób skin

taóbiler to sweat

taóboker to shed

taíb nerve

taíser irritate

iftaíser to tickle

taícer to itch

Wikibooks | 85

Chapter

teeb ear

teecer hear

teeser listen

teib nose

teicer to smell

teiser to sniff

teiseucer to snore

teibiler to run at the nose

teibilpuner to sneeze

teibukser to blow the nose

teub mouth

teubiler to salivate

teubilpuner to spit

ézteuber swallow

teubíjer to yawn

teuder to shout

teubob lip

teubocer to kiss

éztèbober to suck

teubozer to smile

teucozer to laugh

teubab

tongue

teubaber to lick

teucer to taste

teubib jaw teubiser to chew

teipid tooth teupicer to bite

tilab breast tilabiler to lactate

tikab stomach tikabilpuner to vomit

tieb lung

tieser to breath

éztieser to inhale

óztieser to exhale

tiebil phlegm

tiebukser to cough

tiib heart tiibiler to bleed

tiób kidney tióbiler to urinate

tuab shoulder tuaber to shoulder

tuib elbow tuiber to elbow

tuáb hand

tuábier to grab

tuábuer to hand

tuáser to manipulate

ébtuáber to shake hands

tuáciner to wave

tuápéner to slap

tuápéneter to pat

tuálpaner to massage

tuúb finger tuúcer to feel

tuúpéneter to tap

tuúdrer to type

iztuúber to point

86 | Unilingua

Word Families

ivtuúcer to tickle

tuúbginer to poke

tuúser to strum, fiddle

tôab foot

tôapéner to kick

tôaper to walk

igtôaper to run

kitôaper to hobble

tôob knee

tôocer to kneel

tôoper to crawl

tôeb heel tôepéner to stomp

tôub toe tôuper to tiptoe

tulob nail tuloser to scratch

Bodily fluids and other liquids (tab...il)

object fluid

tab body tabil humor

teab eye teabil tear

teib nose teibil mucus, snot

tilab breast bil milk (tila dropped)

teub mouth teubil saliva, spit

tiib heart tiibil blood

tiób kidney tióbil urine, piss

tikeb liver tikebil bile

tikub intestine tikubil feces, shit

taób skin taóbil perspiration, sweat

tieb lung tiebil phlegm, sputum

tobij seed tobijil semen

mam sky mamil rain

vafáb grape vafil wine (vafáb shortened to vaf)

voz color vozil paint

dr- write dril ink

mag fire magil petroleum

mag fire maagil fuel

mag fire maegil gasoline

mag fire maigil kerosene

meg rock megil cement

magmeb volcano magmebil lava (fire mountain liquid)

án together ánil glue

mel ground meil mud

Wikibooks | 87

Chapter

tel food telil soup

ovob cereal ovobil meal, porridge

bil milk biel cream

fáb fruit fábil juice

afáb apple afábil apple juice

ufáb prune ufábil prune juice

lafáb orange lafábil orange juice

afáb apple afil cider (afáb shortened to af)

kafáb olive kafábél olive oil

vol vegetable volél vegetable oil

levol beet levolil beet juice

fab tree fabil sap

ávob hop ávil beer (ábov shortened to áv)

levaf ... levafil liqueur

level sugar levil syrup (el < tel food, il < til drink)

tul plate tulil sauce

m- nature mil water

mil water miil liquid

óm ice ómil dew

óm ice ómbiil ice cream

t- human/animal til drink

bek treatment bekil medicine

bok illness bokil poison

mag fire magil fuel

cafaéb tea leaf cafaél tea (-b organism to -l liquid)

cefáb coffee bean cefál coffee

él oil

fél wax

apelat bee apelatel honey (-el food)

apelat bee apelatél wax (-él oil)

c metaloid cil acid

ílom 80-electron

metalloid

ílomil mercury

mam sky mal air (mam shortened to ma)

mal air meal gas

mal air mial vapor

amc 1-electron metalloid amcal hydrogen (-al gas)

ímc 8-electron metalloid ímcal oxygen

88 | Unilingua

Word Families

émc 7-electron metalloid émcal azote

Health (bak)

Wikibooks | 89

Chapter

bak health

baka healthy

baker to be healthy

bakcer to heal'

bakser to cure

baktun hygiene

baktut hygienist

bakam sanatorium

bakat healthy person

baktel health food

baktelam health food

place

baak sanitation

baaka sanitary

obaaka unsanitary

baakser to sanitize

tabak physical health

tebak mental health

bàk safety

bàka safe

bàker to save

bàkser to make safe

bàksud savior

obàk danger, peril

obàka unsafe,

dangerous

obàkser to endanger

bek treatment, remedy,

cure

beka clinical

beker to treat

bekcer to heal [intr.]

bekser to heal [tr.]

bekler to cure, to remedy

beklacer to be cured

bektun medecine (practice

of)

bektut doctor

bekam clinic, hospital, care

facility

bekim hospital room

bekat patient

bekut care-giver, nurse

bekil medecine, drug

bekel pill

bekila medicinal

bekilam pharmacy

bekiler to medicate

tebektun psychiatry

tebektut psychiatrist

bekleá curable

obekleá incurable

obekeá untreatable

fubek mistreatment, abuse

fubeker to mistreat, to

abuse

bok illness

boka sick

boker to be sick'

bokcer to fall ill

bokser to sicken'

boktun pathology

boktut pathologist

boktuna pathological

bokus pathogen

bokam hospital

bokamber to hospitalize

bokat patient

book fatigue

booka tired

bookcer to grow tired

bookser to tire

bookseá tiresome

bokil poison

bokiler to poison

bokiléna poisonous

obokilam detox facility

ombok cold

teibok influenza, flu

vúrbok infection

ambok inflammation

tebok mental illness

teboka mentally ill

tebokam insane asylum

tebokat mentally ill

person

tebook boredom

tebooker to bore

tebookcer to grow

bored

tebookca bored

oboker to cure, to heal,

to save

obokut savior, healer

egbokcer to relapse

90 | Unilingua

Word Families

bik care

bikea careful

biker to care for

biktun nursing

biktut nurse

bikam care facility

bikat care patient

bikof bandage

bikofer to bandage

obik lack of care

obiker to leave uncared for

tebiker to care (about)

otebik apathy, lack of

concern

otebiker to be unconcerned

about

obikea careless

otebikea unconcerned,

apathetic

igéga bik urgent care

igéga bikim emergency

room

buk wound

buka wounded

buker to wound

bukcer to be wounded

bùk sore

buket scratch

buketer to scratch

bukof patch

bukofber to patch up

bukat trauma patient,

victim

buuk harm

buuker to harm

buukeá harmful

buukòa harmless

buukék danger

bók pain

bôk ache

bôkcer to ache

bóker to hurt

(someone)

bókcer to be in pain

bókeá painful

bókòa painless

bókòsil painkiller

bôker to ache

bóokcer to suffer

brók agony

bróker to torture

brókeá torturous

brókcer to agonize

tebók anguish

tebókcer to anguish

Clothes (tof)

body part heavier material lighter material

tob man tof apparel tov underwear

tab body taf suit pontav pijama

teb head tef hat tev scarf

teib nose teif nose cover

teiv

handkerchief

teób neck teóf tie teóv collar

tuab

shoulder

tuaf shawl

tib trunk tif vest

zetib waist zetif belt zetiv sash

tiab chest nefiaf sweater tiav shirt

tiub belly tiuf corset tiuv underpants

tilab breast

tilav brassiere

Wikibooks | 91

Chapter

tiáb penis

tiáv loin cloth

tób leg tóf pants

tôab foot tôaf shoe tôav sock

tuáb hand

tuáf mit

tuáfém pocket

tuáv glove

tiúb tail tiúf train

Habitation (tom)

tom habitation

tomer to live, tomud inhabitant

tòm home, tòma domestic

toem place of residence

toom accommodation, lodging, toomer to accommodate

tomet apartment, tometán apartment building

tomof tent

utom property

tomtun architecture, tomtut architect, tomtuna

architectural

tombuer to lease,tombuud landlord, dren tombuena

lease

tombier to rent, let, tombiud renter, lessee

tomnoc rent

tombel housekeeping, tombelud concierge

ábtom hi-rise

tém residence

témer to reside

témud resident

téma residential

vegdren témuda resident's permit

otémud non-resident

tam house tameb master of the house

taam villa

agtam chateau

ivagtam palace

ogtam cottage

tamet cabin

ogtamet hut

potam hotel, igpotam motel

zútam tower

azcatam castle

tamán housing complex

tamózem yard

tameézem courtyard

abtamac roof

zatam facade

telam restaurant

92 | Unilingua

Word Families

epam station

tilam bar

tuzam museum

dénam library

titam school

tutam institute

nunam store

cesam factory

avolam bakery

bikam hospital

totam church

spanam gym

milbam bathhouse

pemtam garage

beelam warehouse

vobésam farm

tàm building

tàmser to build, otàmser to demolish, otàms ruins,

tàmsud builder

tamcer to found, tamc foundation

mamtàm skyscraper

tem space

abtem attic

obtem basement

ágtem gallery

pemepem parking lot

ponem rest stop

ifekem playground

dropekem battleground

maparem airport

ózem yard, outdoors

ázem flat space

úbem neighborhood

íbem the far side

kum side

abem top

obem bottom

zam front

zom back

zem middle

zém indoors

kunadam frontier

kim slope

ábem upstairs

óbem downstairs

zém tunnel

zèm bridge

ifpem promenade

mimkum beach

Wikibooks | 93

Chapter

ifpopem resort

tujémem cemetery

tatem shrine

zúm zone

ubem destination

ibem origin

pum destination

pimstarting point

epem station

ijem starting point

ujem endpoint

tim room,

chamber

miltim bathroom

éstim bureau

datim salon, living room

zótim hall, corridor

tjujim bedroom

telim dining room

magelim kitchen

tilim bar

zatim lobby

zotim antechamber

áktim waiting room

timet cubicle, cabin, roomette

Places and containers

The "place" suffixes am, (e)m, im, ém, and éb are short for and recall tam

house, tem space, tim room, ném box, and céb container.

Buildings (-tam, -am)

t- human-related tam house

nun merchandise nunam store

nac money nacam bank

apelat bee apelatam beehive

pancin cinema

pancinam

moviehouse

tel food telam restaurant

til drink tilam bar

tier to study titam school

tuer to instruct tutam institute

tata holy tatam church

dénán book collection dénánam library

94 | Unilingua

Word Families

cuzán art collection cuzánam museum

bekil drug bekilam pharmacy

ep stop epam station

pon rest ponam hotel

bek treatment bekam clinic

bok illness bokam hospital

bik care bikam nursing home

bak health bakam sanatorium

avol bread avolam bakery

dez show dezam theatre

daz dance dazam dance studio

cefál coffee cefálam café

belud guard beludam guardhouse

apet horse apetam stable

koer to hide koam shelter

def paper defam stationery

túj sleep tújam dormitory

voc flower vocam floristry

par vehicle param garage

pat bird patam nest

vab grass vabam grange

Places and spaces (-tem, -em)

t- human-related tem hall

ep stop epem stopping point

tij birth tijem birthplace

és work ésem factory

ek play ekem playground

dropek war dropekem battlefield

koer to hide koem hideaway

pier to depart piem departure point

puer to arrive puem arrival point

ab on abem top

ob under obem' bottom

áb up ábem upstairs

ób down óbem downstairs

éb between ébem interstice

éz in ézem interior

Wikibooks | 95

Chapter

óz out ózem exterior

ib from ibem origin

ub to ubem destination

ij start ijem starting point

uj end ujem endpoint, goal

úb near úbem vicinity

íb far íbem distance

za before zam front

zo behind' zom back

ze middle' zem center

ák wait akem waiting area

úz around územ environment

zú round zúm zone

uka empty ukem vacant lot

kua lateral kum side

kua lateral kuem sidelines

kia oblique kiem slope

kes trial kesem proving ground

vab grass vabem prairie

áza flat ázem plain

íja open íjem open area

zé through zém transit area

zè across zèm crossing/bridge

záa wide zám expanse

zóa narrow zóm tight spot

pon rest ponem rest area

tapek sport tapekem sports arena

ifzíp tour ifzípem tourist site

ánup meeting ánupem meeting venue

tujém coffin' tujyemem cemetery

ézmelben burial ézmelbem burial ground

tata holy tatem shrine

tesbeler to

memorialize

tesbelem memorial

(site)

nun merchandise nunem marketplace

hea which hem where?

háa every hám everywhere

héa any hém anywhere

96 | Unilingua

Word Families

hoa no hom nowhere

hua this hum here

hia that him there

gea same gem the same place

teler to eat telem refectory

ób under óbtem cellar

úja open újtem court

ága long ágtem gallery

áb above ábtem attic

zaóz front outside zaóztem front porch

zaéz front inside zaéztem lobby

tier to study titem study hall

tuer to teach tutem class

Rooms (-tim, -im)

t- human-

tim room

tjujer to sleep tjujim bedroom

teler to eat teltim dining room

mageler to cook magelim kitchen

és work ésim bureau

mil water miltim bathroom

tata holy tatim chapel

vi nice vitim salon

ák wait áktim waiting room

za front zatim lobby

zo back zotim backroom

daer to talk datim parlor

tapek sport

tapektim exercise

room

teacibar t.v. teacibarim t.v. den

mover to smoke movim smoking den

ón apart óntim compartment

éz in éztim chamber

zóa narrow zótim corridor/hall

tuer to teach tutim classroom

cim chair bimer to sit

cum bed bumer to lie down

Wikibooks | 97

Chapter

Enclosures (-tém, -ném, -ém) and containers (-céb, -éb, -éf)

t- human-related tém residence

aza strong azém safe

koer to hide koém shelter

pon vacation poném suitcase

mog ash mogém ashtray

óm ice ómém ice chest

voc flower vocém flower bed

voc flower vocéb flower pot

il liquid + neer reserve ilneéb tank

il liquid iléb bottle

il liquid ilcéb carafe

til drink tiléb glass

til drink tilcéb cup

el food elcéb pot

tol food toléb casserole

áz flat+tol

consumables

áztoléb pan

telil soup teliléb bowl

ber put bém position

tab body tabém posture

tes thought tesbém method

tep mind tebém attitude

eber to stop ebém situation

uka empty

ukém slot,

vacancy

nac money nacém cashbox

noz jewel nozém jewelry box

n- commercial ném box

nac money nacéf purse

n- commercial néf bag

néf weave néfém basket

faof wood faoféb barrel

mak electricity nakéb battery

Building structures and furniture (com)

moc floor [stage] amoc ground floor

98 | Unilingua

Word Families

emoc second floor

imoc third floor

obmoc basement

abmoc penthouse

ébmoc mezzanine

mocpar elevator (also: álbur)

mac wall

abmac roof

obmac foundation

ézabmac ceiling

ézobmac floor

uzabmac vault

abzamac balcony

abkumac ledge

macsud mason

mactén masonry (industry)

macán masonry

ózmac outer wall

ézmac inner wall

úzmac fence

mefa mac brick wall

macet fence

ónsmac partition

màc screen

mec door

mecag entrance-way

zamec threshold

mic window

micet ticket window, porthole

micof blinds

micov curtain

abmic sunroof

micog skylight

muc stairs

mucnog step

mùc ladder

zúpea muc escalator

mucim stairwell

igózpen muc fire escape

com item of

furniture

comber to furnish

comán furniture

comser to make furniture

comsud furniture maker

milcom sink

comiper to move

cam closet telarcam buffet

tofcam clothes closet

déncam bookcase

macam cupboard

Wikibooks | 99

Chapter

comoc shelf

tovcam linen closet

ècam alcove

cem table

drecem desk

cèm pulpit

cemném drawer

cemof table cloth

cemób table leg

cemet board

úscemet serving tray

tilcem bar

cágcem counter

cemaper to sit down at the table (also: bemer)

cim chair

cìm seat

agcim armchair

ágcim couch

ciim bench

ècim stool

tôabcim footstool

cimub arm rest

cimzom seat back

baanetcim rocking chair

zoólbcim recliner

milnef cim bucket seat

cimbier to occupy a seat

cimbuer to seat (someone)

cimober to unseat

cimaper to sit down (also: bimer)

cum bed

cuam cushin

cuàm pillow

cuem mattress

cuav bedspread

cuev sheet

cuef cover

cuim box springs

cumnán litter

cumaper to go to bed, lie down (also: bumer)

Food (tol)

tol foodstuffs toler to feed

tola alimentary

tolcéb pot

toléb casserole

áztoléb pan

tolam grocery store, market, tolamud grocer

100 | Unilingua

Word Families

tolar eating utensil, tolarán dishes

tolnún produce, groceries

tel (prepared)

food

teler to eat

otel hunger, otelcer to hunger, otela hungry, otelag famine,

oteltujer to starve (to death)

telun edible (item)

vitelyd gourmet

vitelea gourmand

telam restaurant, telamet cafe, telamseb restauranteur

telém buffet

teléb plate, telébar serving tray

telar fork, telarán place setting, cutlery

telim kitchen

telten culinery

telsur cooker

telsud cook

telseb chef

telil soup, teliléb soup bowl

magtelur stove

teleá edible, oteleá inedible

teluz taste

teluzer to taste

tèluz savor, tèluza savory, tèluzer to savor

oteluz disgust

oteluza disgusting

oteluzer to be disgusted

til drink

tiler to drink

otil thirst

otilcer to thirst

otila thirsty

otilag draught

tilam bar

tilamag brasserie

tiléb glass

tilcéb bowl

tìlcéb cup

tilar spoon

tilarag soup spoon

tilarog teaspoon

tileá potable, otileá non-potable

omtil refreshment, soft-drink

tul dish,

served food

tulán meal

atulán breakfast, atuláner to eat breakfast

etulán lunch, etuláner to lunch

itulán dinner,ituláner to dine

jatul appetizer

jotul dessert

Wikibooks | 101

Chapter

ébtul snack

tuléb platter

tulil soup

tulánag banquet

tuldren menu

tulusud waiter, tulusudán wait staff, tulusdeb head waiter,

maitre d' , tulúsnac (restaurant) tip

tuljób mealtime

-ol/ól (solid)

taol meat,taolam butcher shop, taolud butcher, taolil stew,

úgtaol beef steak, ápetaol sausage, ápetól ham

mimol salt, mimolika salty

vavol salade, greens

avol bread, avolet bread crumb, abavol crust, avolek flour,

avolam bakery, avolud baker

ébcavol sandwich

cabavol slice of bread

ázavol pancake, flatbread, pizza

úzavol wrap, burrito

góavol crepe

leavol pastry

leávol cake

aleavol brioche

umleavol cookie

umcavol cracker, biscuit

uzleavol croissant

afleavol fruit pie

taoleavol meatpie

leavolser to make pastry

leavolsud pastrymaker

leavolam patisserie

-el/él/ál (semi-

solid)

eopel beef, gocra eopel ground beef, gocra eopel ébcavol

hamburger

uopel mutton

ápel pork

él oil

kafabél olive oil

gevobél corn oil

magél cooking oil

tàal fat, grease

mageler to cook

magéler to fry

level sugar, levela sweet, leveler to sweeten, lèvel candy,

levil syrop, lèvelud confectioner, lèvelam confectionary

elcéb pot

ápel pork, ápelán pork meats, ápelam pork butchery

-il (liquid) iléb bottle

tuil sauce

102 | Unilingua

Word Families

tulil soup

vafil wine

ígvafil vinegar

afil cider

ávil beer

levafil liqueur

bil milk, bilam dairy, bilíg cheese, bilúg butter

bilúgl yoghurt

abil cream

fáblevil compote

fábil fruit juice

taobil gravy, jus

levil syrup

apelatil honey

mag-

mageler to cook, magelur cooker

magiler to boil, magilur boiler

màgiler to broil, màgilur broiler

magler to roast, maglúr roaster

abmagler to grill, abmaglur grill

magéler to fry, magélur frier

magoler to bake, magolur oven

magler to roast, maglur roaster

magtelur stove

magsur burner

gopar knife

Time (job)

job

time

joba temporal

ponjob vacation

ógjob short while,

ógjoba temporary

ívjob leasure

ágjob longtime, ágjoba

chronic

jejoba chronic

zé job over time

ádjob eternity, ádjoba

eternal

gonjoba part-time

jobúgc delay, jobúgser

to delay, jobúgca

delayed

jobigc haste, jobigcer

to hurry

kóca (jonabca) jobem

Wikibooks | 103

Chapter

appointment

jobnabs schedule

jobdaf schedule

joob

period

joòb era, epoch

joobag eon

joobog short period

jooba periodic

jooban periodicity

joobà periodically

odjobu? when?

udjobu now

idjobu then

ádjobu always

ódjobu never

édjobu whenever

gedjobu at the same

time

ogedjobu some other

time

údjobu sometime

jab

year

jaba annual

cojab century, cojaba

secular

jabij new year

jabuj year's end

jabdén yearbook

jabzòp anniversary

jeb

season

jeba seasonal

jeab spring

jeeb summer

jeib autumn

jeub winter

jib

month

jiba monthly

ijib trimester

ájib semester

jiab January

jieb February

jiib March

jiub April

jiób May

jiáb June

jiéb July

jiíb August

jiáb September

jilob October

jilab November

104 | Unilingua

Word Families

jileb December

jub day

juba daily

éjub week, éjuba

weekly

juab Monday

jueb Tuesday

juib Wednesday

juub Thursday

juób Friday

juáb Saturday

juéb Sunday

ponjub holiday

ívjub day off

ádjubu every day,

ádjuba daily

jubdén diary

jubdrén newspaper,

jubdréna journalistic,

jubdrénud journalist

zojub yesterday

udjub today

zajub tomorrow

ivjub feast, ivjuber to

feast, ivjuber to

celebrate

tijub birthday

agtijub Christmas

zòtujub Easter

jób

hour

jóba hourly

jóbar clock

tíjóbar alarm clock

tubjóbar wrist watch

jóbándaf schedule

jáb

minute

jâb moment, jâba

momentary

jéb

second

jêb instant, jêba

instantaneous

maj

daytime

maja diurnal

ijmaj dawn

imaj morning

ujmaj dusk

umaj evening

èmaj noon

joèmaj afternoon

fimaj good day!

fiumaj good evening!

ádmaju

every

morning

udmaju

this

morning

zomaju

yesterday

morning

zomaju

tomorrow

morning

Wikibooks | 105

Chapter

moj

night

moja nocturnal

èmoj midnight

fimoj good night!

ádmoju every night

udmoju tonight

jud

date

judrer to date

jojudrer to postdate

jajudrer to antedate

judar calendar

judaf calendar

judén datebook

odjudu on what date

udjudu

on this

date

idjudu

on that

date

jàg age

jaga old, jagat elder,

jagan old age, jagat

bikam elder care

facility, jagcer to age,

jagca aged, ágcea

ageing

joga young/new, jogan

youth (state), jogat

youth (person), jogatán

youth (coll.), egjogser

to rejuvenate/renew,

joganéna youthful

gajàga elder

gojàga younger

gejàga of the same age,

as old (as)

jéga adult

jega middle aged

jòga adolescent

ojéga minor

gájàga eldest

gójàga youngest

glajàga antique,

ancient

glojàga brand new,

very young

odjàg how old?

Time expressions

expression example

ja before

Yujo mani ja et pio. Turn out the lights before you

leave.

je while Tobob tuja je tújá. The child died while sleeping.

106 | Unilingua

Word Families

jo after

Jo teacera mavi it igípa. After seeing the flames,

he fled.

ji since

Aita tijé ga fià ji dropek úja. We have been living

better since the war ended.

ju until

Ju et agco, et ho tido. Until you grow up, you won't

understand.

já early Ga já ga fi. The earlier the better.

jé on time Valco puer jé. Be sure to arrive on time.

jó late Ho puo já! Don't arrive late!

zojubu yesterday Hè mamila zojubu? Did it rain yesterday?

udjubu today Iyt deuzo udjubu. She is going to sing today.

zajubu tomorrow At ikso dén zajubu. I will finish the book tomorrow.

zomoju last night Hè et fi túja zomoju? Did you sleep well last night?

udmoju tonight

Udmoju ho eco màri mamu. Tonight there will be

no stars in the sky.

zamoju tomorrow night

Tijuba vitul aco zamoju. The birthday feast will

occur tomorrow night.

jazojubu the day before

yesterday

Vab gorfàa jazojubu. The grass had been mowed

the day before yesterday.

jozajubu the day after

tomorrow

Avolam íjco jozajubu. The bakery will open the day

after tomorrow.

jà already

Uvà eta ted jà pia. Sadly, your father has already

left.

gaj still Hè pati gaj tijea? Are the birds still alive?

jù yet

Hè et jù teuca hia pancin? Have you seen this

movie yet?

aju in the past

Uti sá hubén aju. People used to act that way in the

past.

eju at present Eju ait ukce mil. At present, we are out of water.

oju in the future Et fi to oju. You'll know better in the future.

ji idjob since then,

thenceforth

Ji idjob eca hoga sejeti. Since then, there have

been no further incidents.

jo udjob from now on,

henceforth

Jo udjob at éso ga tepazà. From now on I will work

more diligently.

ju idjob until then

Ju idjob at ho teacàa ídcuni. Until then, I had not

seen such things.

ju udjob until now, up to

now, so far

Hot ózpa ju udjob. Nobody has emerged so far.

iju first

At vagó iju ivader et av updier at. I would first

like to thank you for inviting me.

jò next Jò ait teeco drez Sekspira. Next we shall hear a

Wikibooks | 107

Chapter

poem by Shakespeare.

uju finally Elánidpar uju pua. The train has finally arrived.

gloja recently Iit gloja tadca. They recently married.

glojo soon Jobipar co him glojo. The taxi will be here soon.

glaja a long time ago

Hua pancin ózpa glaja. That movie came out a

long time ago.

glajo a long time hence

Dropek ujco glajo. The war will come to an end a

long time from now.

gója just

At gója ijeaca eta vóon. I just now noticed your

error.

úbji just

At úbji ijeaca eta vóon. I just now noticed your

error.

úbju almost At úbju aka. I almost won.

ja ago

Keus aca ja e jub. The accident occurred two days

ago.

glaj for a long time At ésa hum glaj. I worked there for a long time.

gloj for a short time

At ésa him anà gloj. I worked here only for a short

time.

ókbénà suddenly, all of a

sudden

Yokbénà teuzibar ceusa. Suddenly the phone rang.

igjobu suddenly, all of a

sudden

Igjobu teuzibar ceusa. Suddenly the phone rang.

odjobu? when?

Odjobu et sa uda cizun? When did you do this

painting?

adjobu when (relative)

At sa cizun adjobu at ca joga. I did the painting

when I was young.

ji odjob? since when? for

how long?

Ji objob et ce tadca? How long have you been

married?

ju odjob until when?,

how long

Ju odjob et drecéo eta dén? How long will you be

writing your book?

idjubu then, at that time Et ca via idjubu. You were beautiful then.

udjubu now, at this time At ése ge tuut udjubu. I work as a teacher now.

ádjubu always, all the

time

Iyt ádjubu teubòze. She always smiles.

údjubu sometime Iyt egteapo údjubu. She'll visit again someday.

ódjubu never Ata épet ódjubu épede. My dog never barks.

ju ádjub forever

Iit áke beer tadca ju ádjub. They hope to remain

married forever.

édjubu ever, anytime

Et vege teaper édjubu et vage. You can visit

anytime you like.

údjubu sometime

At teapo et údjubu úboju. I will visit you sometime

in the near future.

108 | Unilingua

Word Families

ogedjubu some other

time

Et égo uper ogedjubu. You'll have to come some

other time.

ídjubu at such a time

Ait ége doer ídjubu. We must be silent at such a

time.

gedjubu at the same time

Yad e nidpari pua gedjubu. Both trains arrived at

the same time.

vo...gaj no longer,

anymore

At vo vage gaj teacer et. I don't want to see you

any longer.

odjopi? how often?

Odjopi et pe pancinu? How often to you go to the

movies? (jop instance in time)

ajop once

Et ége utmilabaner ajop jubè. You must bathe

once a day.

ejopi twice At vísa par ejopi. I washed the car twice.

glajopi often Ait deuze ánà glajop. We often sing together.

glojopi seldom

At glojopi teaca ídcun. Seldom have I seen such a

thing.

gaijopi sometimes, at

times

Iyt ceace geijopi jó. She sometimes shows up late.

ojop never At ojop vóde. I never lie.

ídjop so often

Et ídjop abdabe ébdaen. You dominate the

conversion so often.

gejopi as often Upo gejopi vé et vage. Come as often as you like.

gajopi more often

Ata ted datupe gajopi vé ja. My father visits more

often than before. (vé than)

gojopi less often At zípe gojopi udjubi. I travel less often these days.

géjopi quite often

Nun ce géjopi nasaga. The merchandise is quite

often expensive.

grajopi too often Et tile grajopi. You drink too often.

grojopi too infrequently

At ózpe tam grajopi. I get out of the house too

infrequently.

gájopi as often as

possible

Et ége milaber voci gájopi. You should water the

flowers as often as possible.

gójopi as seldom as

possible

At ázte maru gójopi. I lie in the sun as seldom as

possible.

Beginning and ending (ijer, ujer)

The following table shows j (time) words that forms parallels on the basis of the i

⇒ u ordinal vowel opposition:

ijer to begin ujer to end

ij beginning uj end

Wikibooks | 109

Chapter

ija initial uja final

tijer to be born tujer to die

tij birth tuj death

tija natal, born tuja mortal, dead

tijser to birth tujser to kill

majij dawn majuj dusk

tobij ovum>

vabij seed

patij egg

magijer to spark

magujer to

extinguish

manijer to light manujer to turn off

esijer to set in

motion

esuj to terminate

tesij idea

jabij new year's jabuj year's end

íjer to open újer to close

íj opening új close

íja open úja closed

íjar key újar lock

íjem passageway újem dead end

íjofer to unfold újofer to fold

íjden introduction újden conclusion

tíjer to wake tújer to sleep

tíj wakefulness túj sleep

tíja awake túja asleep

aj past aju in the past, then ajer to delay

taj former

life

before

já early

ej present eju at present, now ejer to wait tej life

during

jé on

time

oj future oju in the future

ojer to

preempt

toj afterlife jo after jó late

beginning

iju in the beginning,

at first

ijer to begin tij birth ji since

uj end uju in the end, at last ujer to end tuj death ju until

Natural phenomena (mor, mar, etc.)

110 | Unilingua

Word Families

mor universe mora universal,

Wikibooks | 111

Chapter

mòr cosmos mòra cosmic, mòrtun cosmology

mar sun mara solar, marnad sun ray

màr star

màra stellar, màrán constellation, màránag galaxy, màrtun

astronomy

mer planet

mear Mercury

meer Venus

meir Earth

meur Mars

meór Jupiter

meár Saturn

meér Uranus

meír Pluto

mir world

mira global

amir north, amira nordic

omir south, omira southern

imir east, imira oriental

umir west, umira occidental

emir equator, emira equatorial

mur moon

mura lunar

mùr satellite

muar comet

muer meteor

muerog meteorite

mol nature mola natural, omola artificial

mul matter

mula material, multun physics

mulet particle

amul atom

amulán molecule

amulet atomic particle

amula atomic, amulzem nucleus, amulzema nuclear

emul electron

imul proton

umul neutron

umulet neutrino

ámul quark

mal air

mala aerial

màl gas

maal atmosphere

mael troposphere

mail stratosphere

maul ionosphere

maól exosphere

malp airwave

mam sky mama celestial, mamnad horizon, mamèzún rainbow,

mamceus thunder

112 | Unilingua

Word Families

mamevan weather

mamevantun meteorology

maem space maema spatial, paem spacecraft, maempopud astronaut

map wind

maap gust

maep breeze

maip puff

mapag cyclone

mapaget storm

maper to blow

maiper to puff

maf cloud

maaf stratus

maef nimbostratus

maif cumulus

mauf cumulonimbus

maóf stratocumulus

màaf allocumulus

maéf allostratus

maíf cirrocumulus

maúf cirrostratus

malof cirrus

óbmaf nimbus

mafàa cloudy

mafòa cloudless

mel ground,

earth

mela terrestrial, meltun geography

ánmel continent, ánmela continental

ónmel island, ónmela insular

mem country

meam region

meem land

meim countryside

memcin scenery

memud peasant

ázmem plain

ázmeam valley

ázmeem dale

ukmem desert

ènukmem steppe

vabem prairie

vabemet meadow

ébmem isthmus

ézmelber to bury

mep way mèp route

meap road

meep path

meip lane, track

meup pass

mepet alley

Wikibooks | 113

Chapter

uzmep detour

izmep bee-line

kumep sidewalk

domep highway

óbmep subway

meb mountain

mebán mountain chain

ázmeb plateau

miekmeb dune

magmeb volcano, magmeba volcanic, magmebil lava

mèb mount

meab hill

meabet hillock

met garden

zamet front yard, zomet back yard, kumet side yard, vocmet

flower garden

med park potmed zoo, fabmed arboretum, pemed parking lot

mom

underground

moma subterranean

mompar subway

momesem mine, momesud miner

mob precipice

mòb abyss

moab canyon

moeb ravine

moib cave

moub ditch

mop tunnel

mim sea

mima marine

mimag ocean

miam lake

miem pond

miim marsh

mióm swamp

ézmim bay

midom port

mimkum shore

mimázkum beach

mimuzkum gulf

ébmim strait

mimpop ocean cruise

mimbok seasickness

mimanar lighthouse

mit basin

mip river mipa fluvial, miper to flow, run

miap river

miep stream

miip brook

114 | Unilingua

Word Families

mipet tributary

igmip torrent, igmipa torrential

ébmip canal

mipkum riverbank

mimzèmep bridge

mipugar dam

mipàa riparian

mil water mila aquatic

óbmila underwater

mamil rain

mamiler to rain

mileter to drip, milet drop, miletog droplet, mileteá drippy

umilóbiner to drown [intr.]

milpóer to drown [intr.]

miltujer to drown, miltujat drowning victim, miltuj drowning

milper to swim

milber to water, irrigate

milpón waterfall

milabaner to wash [tr.], utmilabaner to bathe, milaban bath,

milabanim bathroom, milabanam bathhouse, milabaném

bathtub

miltim bath, washroom

milcom sink

ilper to flow, ilp flux, current

iligper to gush, stream

ilaper to float, ilapar flotation device

ilukser to flush, iluksar toilet

ilikser to flood, iliks inundation

gámiluper to flood, gámilup flood

ilóper to downpour

ilzíber to spray

ilpúner to squirt

ilpáner to gush

iloker to leak, ilok leak

ilpéner to splash

tiibiloker to bleed

ilzéper to leak, ilzép leak

ogilzéper to trickle, ogilzép trickle

zoílper to back up with water, zoílp reflux

ilpan wave

ilpanet ripple

ilápóper to undulate, ilápóp undulation, wave action

mimupip tide, mimupipa tidal

mimbin tide, mibina tidal

mimpán surf, mimpánud surfer, mimpán faof surfboard

ilbuner to pump, ilbunar pump

milbiner to pump, draw water, milbinar pump, milbinéc well

ilaber to pour

Wikibooks | 115

Chapter

utmilzíber to take a shower

milbím spring

tilcom drinking fountain

milbíc fountain

mimper to navigate, sail, mimpar ship

mimpoper to sail, travel by sea, mimpop cruise, sea voyage,

mimpopud sea voyager, mimpopar cruise ship

ima wet

imcer to get wet,imsrer to drench, ìmser to dampen, iman

wetness, ìman humidity, olimsar dehumidifier

uma dry uman dryness, umser to dry, umsar dryer, umca dried

ama hot

aman heat, amanàg temperature, àma warm, àman warmth,

amser to heat, amsar heater

oma cold

oman cold, òma cool, omser to cool, omsur refrigerator,

òmser to refresh, òmsea refreshing, òmsun refreshment

óm ice

óma frozen, ómser to freeze, ómsur freezer

óom frost, óoma frosted, óomcer to frost over, olóomser to

defrost, ovóomil antifreeze

man light

maer to shine

manet glimmer, maneter to glimmer

manser to light up

maníjer to turn on the light

manújer to turn off the light

manager to illuminate

màna clear, mànser to clarify, mànan clarity

lomàna opaque

manig sparkle, maniger to sparkle

kumaner to reflect

zòmaner to mirror, zòmanar mirror

mag fire

magar match, magam fireplace

magser to burn, magsar burner

magcer to burn (intr.), magca burned, magcun a burn

mageler to cook, magelud a cook, magelun cuisine, magelar

oven, magelur frying pan

magújer to extinguish a fire, magújud fireman, magújam'

fire department

magil petroleum

magìl napth

maagil fuel

maegil gasoline

maigil kerosene

mav flame

maver to flame, maveá flammable, mavser to inflame,

mavsen inflammation, mavugea flame retardant

116 | Unilingua

Word Families

mak electricity

maka electrical, makser to electrify, makéna electronic,

maktun electronics, makveg electric power, makvegam

electric power plant

mov smoke mover to smoke, movikca smoke-filled, movet plume

mon dark

mona dark, moncer to grow dark, monser to darken (tr.)

otmon shadow, otmonéna shadowy

mòn shade, mòna shady, obscure, mònan obscurity

meg stone

megéna (made of) stone, megàa rocky, megunkum cinder

block

megag boulder

megog pebble

meag marble

meeg slate

meig granite

meug clay

meóg clay

meág chalk

meég limestone

meíg alabaster

meúg rubble stone

mealog sandstone

megóg gravel

mieg pebble

mameg coal

maameg anthracite

èmameg coke

maemeg peat

maimeg lignite

mek dust

mék powder

méik paste

mékar mill

mékam mill

meil mud

mef brick abmef tile

mev

porcelaine

mez gemstone

amez diamond

emez topaze

imez ruby

ómez sapphire

ámez amethyste

vamez emerald

mezán jewelry, mezánam jewelry shop

Money (nac)

Wikibooks | 117

Chapter

naz

value

nazer to be worth, nazika valuable, nazuka worthless, nazder to

evaluate, nazter to esteem, utnaz merit, utnazer to deserve,

utnazika meritorious, onazteá inestimable, nazta esteemed

nas

price

nasaga expensive, nasoga cheap, nasán rates, nasuka priceless

nàs cost, nàser to cost, nàsaga costly, nàsòa cost-free, nàsán costs,

nàsder to cost out

'nac

money

nacet change, nacetéb coin purse, nacdref check, jonacdref bill,

nacán capital, ánac funds, ánàc sum, nactun finance, donactun

economy, nacam bank, nacika rich, nacuka poor, úsnac gratuity,

tip, nasak profit, nacok loss, gornacdren stock, gornacdrenam

stock market, yebkyanac commission, nacyeg debt, nacyegaya

indebted, nacyeger to owe money

noc

expense

nocer to spend, nòc fee, funoc waste, finoca generous

nec

savings

necer to save, necán savings, cágdin necána savings account,

funeca stingy, nècer to economize

nuc

payment

nucer to pay out, nucbier to buy, nucbiud buyer, nucbiudán

clientele, dobnuc tax, nucvegeá solvable, jobnuc credit, jobnucud

creditor, jobnucdaf credit card, januc prepayment, zònucer to

reimburse

nic

income

nicer to collect, cash, nicán revenue, nicbuer to pay for, nicbuud

vendor, ésnic salary, ésnìc wage, tutnic honorarium, égnicag

tribute, dobnic pension, dotnic allowance, donic annuity, ésnicud

wage earner, jonic debit, jonicud debitor, jonicdaf debit card,

zònicerto recover

Merchandise (nun) and materials (nof)

nun

merchandise

nunam store, nunàm boutique, nunamet shop, nunamán

shopping center, nunem market, nunud merchant, nunébkán

commerce, nundel advertisement, nunemtun marketing, nuler

to acquit,

noz jewel

nozud jeweler, nozam jewelry shop, nozán jewelry, nozika

bejeweled, tuóz bracelet, obtez necklace, tuúz ring, tiaz broche,

teez earring, tez crown, teiz nose ring, nozkobilud jewel thief

nof material nofser to weave, nofsar loom, nofán textiles

tof clothes

taf suit

tif vest, etc.

nov linen

nòv sheet

novet rag

milnov towel

milnovet handtowel

milov wash cloth

naf cloth naaf drape/curtain, naafán drapery

naef canvas

118 | Unilingua

Word Families

naif velvet

nauf net

nef knit, yarn

nefser to knit, yarn

neef lace

nif thread,

wire

nifser to thread, wire

nìf string

nifet filament

nifar needle

nivar pin, ánifer to sew, ánifur sewing machine, ániftén

couture, nifòa wireless, maknif electrical cord

náf knot náfser to knot

níf cord

nífet lace

nífetog braid

néf sack, bag ném box, némag case, poném suitcase, áznéfem basket

nóf film nóv ribbon

núf button núfec buttonhole (zéc hole)

fuf pipe

fùf tube

tilfuf drinking straw

tiibuf artery (fub branch)

zúf post zúfet column, pimzúf mast, zézúf cross-beam

zúv stick zúvet cane, ágzúv pole

faof board faocéb barrel (fab tree + nof material + céb container)

mez crystal meg stone + naz value

zéf glass

zév glass

cinzéf mirror, cimzéf window pane (zéteaser see through + nof

material)

utaéf wool upet sheep

apeéf silk apeét worm

favof cotton favob cotton plant

fivof hemp fivob hemp plant

fuvof jute fuvob jute plant

favov cotton

wool

favob cotton plant

taóf leather taób skin + nof material

taéz fur taéb hair + naz value

Measures and dimensions (nag)

nog degree anoga primary

enoga secondary

inoga tertiary

unoga quaternary

Wikibooks | 119

Chapter

henoga to what degree, how?

nogper to step, zànogper to advance, progress, step ahead,

zònogper to step back, regress, ábnogper to step up, be

promoted, advance, óbnogper to step down, be demoted, nogà by

degrees

nòg grade, step, nogéna gradual, ujnògper to graduate,

ujnògpud graduate

noog stage, level, status, enooga bi-level, two-staged, ábnooga

high-status, dotnoog social status, class, óbdotnooga low-class,

kódotnoog caste

nag

dimension

anaga one-dimensional

enaga two-dimensional

inaga three-dimensional

glanaga multi-dimensional

nàg measure, size', nàger to measure, genàga commensurate,

onnàgeá immeasurable, zenayga moderate, ozenayga

immoderate, zenaygaser to moderate, naygar meter

(measuring device), nayga metric, naygpar taxi

neg level

genega even, ogenega uneven, odd, glanega multiplanar, negar

level (planing device), enega bi-level, ébnega interplanar

nég space

néga spatial, onég void, glanéga spacious, ónanég interval,

ónanégser to space out, tomnég Lebensraum, cf. néb container

nib row,

rank

nibser to arrange, nibcer to adapt, niber to array, oniber to

disarray, óniber to topple, nibémer to dispose, ábniba high-

ranking

nip order,

turn,

sequence,

queue

nipber to order, onip disorder, onipber to mess up, nipba

ordered, orderly, neat, sequential, onipba out of sequence, out of

order, messed up, Heta nip ce? Whose turn is it?, jonipa next,

janipa prior, niper to queue up, to line up, to get in order,

zínipber to sort, vánip proper order, order

nud column

nuda columnar, nibnubi coordinates, nibnubcan grid, matrix,

row-column format

nod point

zenod mid-point, center, zénod hub, intersection, ábnod high-

point, climax, apex, óbnod low-point, nadir, ijnod starting point,

ujnod endpoint, butt, terminal, drenod period, dot

ned surface,

plane, face

neda superficial, planar, záned stretch

nedet facet, glaneda multifaceted

nid line

(cf. nif wire)

nida linear, teacnid light of sight, nidber to align, obnider to

underline, nidar ruler, elánid rail, jopnid track, kunid edge,

border, rim, zyunid circumference, boundary, zyeiznid

perpendicular (line), zyeiznida perpendicular, mamnid

horizon, yaztanida horizontal, yabtanida vertical, kinid

diagonal, zeynid transversal, kinida diagonal, zenid midline,

120 | Unilingua

Word Families

nidcer to line up, queue up, form a line, iznid straight line,

geizana nid parallel line, ébnida interlinear, drenid line of text,

zanid front-line, frontier, forward line, óznid limit, íbnid limit

nìd ray, radius, nìdcer to radiate, marnìd sun ray, nìda radial

niid trait

néd volume

(cf. néb

container)

nédàa voluminous, zúnéd sphere

gekumnéd cube

cag number

caga numeric, cager to number, cág count, cáger to count, cáag

calculation, cágar computer, cáagar calculator, cágud

accountant, cágán account

nan time

(frequency)

anan one time

enan twice

glanan often, glanana frequent

glonan seldom

henan how often?

Geometry

kín weight

azan strength

igan velocity

íban distance

izan direction

ágan length

záan width

óban depth

ában height

zúan girth

bar pressure

kítan gravity

gáan thickness

ígan solidity

zeban density

maan

brightness

nangan

frequency

egan repetition, nan time(s)

jag age

voz color

gan quantity

fin quality

Wikibooks | 121

Chapter

cág number meaning count; number is cag

nog degree

nébgan volume nég volume, meaning a solid

végan ratio

nas cost

naz value

zènidgan

diameter

as a line: zènid

zúnidgan

circumference

ènzègan radius as a line: nìd

nag dimension

neg level

nib row

nip order

also: turn, sequence

nub column

(on a grid)

can shape

néd volume,

solid

zúnéd sphere, gekumnéd cube, zúfnéd cylinder, defábnéd

cone, aginéd cone

nid line

kunid border, zúnid contour, zénid transverse, zéiznid

perpendicular, kinid diagonal, áztanid horizontal, ábtanid

vertical, zenid midline, iznid vector, uznid curve, curved line,

geizana nid parallel

gun angle

gegun right angle, gagun obtuse angle, gogun sharp angle,

igun triangle, ugegun rectangle, uogegun rhomboid

nod point zenod midpoint, zúnod turning point, zénod intersection

kum side

ágkum hypotenuse, abkum topside, obkum bottom, gekuma

equilateral, ekuma bilateral, glakuma multilateral, ugekum

square

ned plane eneda biplane, glaneda multifaceted

zúc circle èzúc semi-circle, zûc oval

zúfuf cylinder

gin tip, point aginéd cone

Instruments and Machines (-ar, -ir, -ur)

The -ar suffix is used for instruments and devices in general. The -ir suffix is

used for machines, while -ur is used for motors and engines. The distinction is

only made when necessary.

122 | Unilingua

Word Families

Vehicles (par)

zíp travel

zíper to travel, zíptam hotel, zípem travel destination, zìpud

traveler, ifzíp tourism, ifzípud tourist, zípdren passport, zípmep

itinerary, zípém suitcase or zípa ném suitcase

par vehicle

para vehicular, parupip traffic, pareper to park, parepam

garage, parepem parking lot

nunpar truck

éspar truck

nunparet van

makabnifpar tram(electrified overhead wire car)

binifpar trolley, cable car (pulled cable car)

elánidpar train (iron rail car), elánidpar epam railway station

nidpar train

ágpar train

gorsémpar train (compartmented vehicle)

dompar bus (city vehicle), dompar epam bus station, bus stop

dompar epem

tánpar bus (people vehicle)

zípar bus (roundabout vehicle)

ébdompar motorcoachintercity behicle)

paret cart

wheelbarrow

curezúcpar motorcycle, parizber to drive/pilot, parizbud

driver/pilot, parizbuda vegdren driver's license, pilot's license

jobnucpar taxi, cab

mamp flight mamper to fly, mampud aviator, mampen aviation

mampar

airplane

mamparam hangar, mamparem airport, mamparet small plane,

memparag jumbo jet, zípuda mampar passenger plane,

nunkína mampar cargo plane, dropeka mampar warplane,

zúptuba mampar helicopter ("rotating wing plane")

memp ride memper to ride

mempar car

memparam carport, garage, meparem parking lot, nàga

mempar taxi

mimp sea

voyage

mimper to sail, mimpena maritime

mimpar ship

mimparem marina, mimparof sail, óbmimpar submarine,

mimparud mariner, mimpartim ship cabin, mimzíp cruise,

mimpareb ship captain, nunmimpar cargo ship

maimpar

hydroplane

meampar

funicular

mompar

subway

momparem subway station, mompar zémep subway tunnel

Wikibooks | 123

Chapter

Tools

c- object

car tool

carán toolset

tuábcar handtool

éscar work tool

carném toolbox

egcarser to retool, repair

egcarsud repair technician

c- object

càr instrument

càrán instrumentation

càréna instrumental

càrcer to be instrumental

c- object

cur device

curán equipment

curbàser to equip

dopcurán ordnance

c- object

cúr apparatus, system

cúra systemic

cúraser to systematize

c- object

cir machine

cirán machinery

cira mechanical

cirud mechanic

ciraser to mechanize

c- object

cír motor, engine

círàa motorized

círàser to motorize

c- object cìr mecanism

p- go

par vehicle, car

para vehicular

parupip traffic

parepam garage

parepem parking lot

círpar motor vehicle

círezúcpar motorcycle (also: círezúc

motorbike)

goper to cut

gopar knife

goparer to stab

ígfagoper to saw ígfagopar saw

gofer to shear gofar scissors, shears

grorber to shave grorbar shaver, razor

úzbaler to pinch

úzbalar pliers

úzbalaret tweezers

124 | Unilingua

Word Families

zúfod screw zúfodar screwdriver

apéner to hit

apénar hammer

apénarer to hammer

mamil rain ovmamilar umbrella

póner to fall ovpónar parachute

mar sun ovmarar parasol

biner to pull binar handle

mobser to dig mobsar excavator

uklan hollow uklar shovel

zéc hole zécbar bore

nofázer to iron

nofázar iron

nofázenfaof ironing board

aman heat amsar heater

oman cold omsar refrigerator

óm ice ómsar freezer

ánifer to sew ánifur sewing machine

nif thread

nifar needle

nivar pin

mék powder mékar mill, grinder

taéb hair

taébar comb

taébarer to comb

vícer to clean

vícar brush, sweep

'vícarer to brush, sweep

albaner to wipe

albanar mop

albanarer to mop

álber to lift álbur elevator

teler to eat telar fork

tiler to drink tilar spoon

iber to receive ibar receiver

uber to send ubar transmitter

íjer to open íjar key, opener

azújer to lock azújar lock

céb container cébíjar opener (for cans, bottles, etc.)

dopa military

dopar weapon

doapar gun

dopur rifle

igdopur machine-gun

dopir canon

doapir bazooka

Wikibooks | 125

Chapter

mageler to cook magelar cooker

magiler to boil magilar boiler

magler to roast maglar roaster, oven

abmagler to grill abmaglar grill

tel food + éber to hold telébar platter

telarán dishes telarán milbar dishwasher

il liquid + újer to close ilújar faucet

mip river + ugser to brake mipugsar dam

mil water + ukser to flush miluksar toilet

drer to write

drar pen

drear pencil

uga slow ugsar brake

úgcra elastic úgcrar spring

eker to play ekar toy

cág count

cágar calculator

cágir computer

mancin photo mancinar camera

panmancin movie panmancinar movie camera

ceus sound ceusdrar recorder

ceus sound + iber to receive ceusibar radio

cin image + iber to receive cinibar television

teuz voice + iber to receive teuzibar telephone

mak electricity + cyefet cell makcéfet teuzibar cellphone

nif wire onifa teuzibar wireless phone

pan motion paneá teuzibar mobile phone

tuúb finger + drer write tuúdrar keyboard, typewriter

tun datum + káls

conversion

ébtunkálsar modem

Animals (pot)

All animal terms contain the notions of mobile (p) and organism (t).

Summary

pot

animal (in

general)

pót wild beast

pat bird

126 | Unilingua

Word Families

pet

animal (land)

pét

reptile

pelt

insect

pit

fish

Domesticated animals (pet)

male female child home noise other

pot animal

pòt

female

animal

potob

baby

animal

potmet

zoo

poder to

make an

animal

noise

potun zoology

potuna zoological

potmet zoo

potuj hunt,

potujud hunter,

potujer tohunt

potaéb mane

poteub muzzle

poteib snout

potub paw

potuúb claw

tiúb tail

teúb horn

tampot pet,

poténa animalistic,

potán animalia,

potan animality

apet horse

apèt

mare

apetob

foal

apetam

stable

apeder to

neigh

apeta equine

apetapen

equitation

apetigpek horse

race

aopet gelding

epet bull

epèt

cow

epetob

calf

epetam

bull pen

epeder to

snort,

epèder to

moo

epeta bovine

eapet buffalo

eopel beef

ipet ass

ipèt she-

ass

ipetob

donkey

ipeder to

bray, hehaw

iapet mule

upet ram

upèt

ewe

upetob

lamb

upeder to

bleat

uopet sheep,

uopetbelud

shepherd

utaef wool

íopel mutton

ópet goat

ópèt

nanny-

goat

ópetob

kid

ópetbelud

goatherder

ótaéf goat's hair

Wikibooks | 127

Chapter

ápet hog

ápèt

sow

ápetob

piglet

ápetam

pigpen

ápeder to

squeal

ápeta porcine

ápetôafud 'pig's

foot

ápel pork

ápetól ham

ápetaol sausage

épet dog

épèt

bitch

épetob

pup

épetam

doghouse

épeder to

bark

épeta canine,

êpetob puppy

ípet cat

ípèt she-

cat

ípetob

kitten

ípetam

cathouse

ípeder to

meow,

îpeder to

purr

ípeta feline,

ípetobán litter

úpet rabbit

úpèt doe

rabbit

ípetob

baby

rabbit

úpetam

rabbit

cage

úpetôafud rabbit's

foot

úlpet hare

tapet

monkey

tapèt

female

monkey

tapeder to

make

monkey

noises

taapet

chimpanzee,

tapetag ape

gapet

elephant

gapetob

elephant

cub

gapeit

hippopotamus

gepet

rhinoceros

vapet stag,

hart

vapèt

doe,

hind

vapetob

fawn

vepet deer

vipet

roebuck

vupet

chamois

vópet llama

vápet

antilope

vépet

gazelle

vípet elk,

moose

fapet camel

fapèt

she-

camel

fepet

dromadery

128 | Unilingua

Word Families

kapet

squirrel

kepet

polecat

kipet

badger

kupet otter

kópet

weasel,

stone

marten

kápet

beaver

képet

ermine,

stoat

sapet

hedgehog

sepet

porcupine

sipet mole

zapet

tortoise

zapeit turtle

zataób turtle shell

klapet rat

klapetob

baby rat

klapetam

rat's nest

klepet

mouse

klepetob

young

mouse

klapeder

to squeek

klepetar mouse

(computer device)

Wild animals ( pyot )

male female child home noise other

ápót boar

rapót lion

rapôt

lioness

rapótob lion

cub

rapótam

lion's den

rapóder to roar

repót tiger

repôt

tigress

repótob

tiger cub

repótam

tiger's den

repóder to

growl

ripót

leopard

ripôt

female

leopard

ripótob

leopard dub

riapót

panther

riepót

jaguar

riipót

puma

riupót

Wikibooks | 129

Chapter

lynx

rupót wolf

rupôt she-

wolf

rupótob

wolf cub

rupótam

wolf's lair

rupóder to

howl

rupóta

lupine

rópót fox rópôt vixen

rópótob fox

cub

rópótam

foxhole

gápót

hyena

gâpót she-

hyena

gápótob

baby byena

gápóder to

laugh like a

hyena

gáapót

jackal

tapót

orang-

utang

tepót bear

tepótob

bear cub

tepótam

bear cave

tepóder to

growl (like a

bear)

Reptiles (pyet) and amphibians (pyeit)

male female child home noise

other

pyet

reptile

pyeta reptilian

gapyet

crocodile

gaypyet alligator

gepyet

cayman

kepyet

lizard

lopyet

snake

lopyeder

to hiss

lopyeper to slither

lapyet boa

lepyet

cobra

lipyet

viper

lipyetam

viper's nest

sipet mole

apyeat bat

apyeatam

bat's cave

epyeat

vampire

fapyet

grass

snake

fepyet

slug

130 | Unilingua

Word Families

fipyet

leech

vapyet

snail

vapyel escargot

vapyetigyena sluggish, at

a snail's pace, vapyeper to

move at a snail's pace

apyeit

toad

apyeitam

toadstool

epyeit

frog

epyeiper to leapfrog

ipyeit tree

frog

Insects (pelt)

male female child home noise other

pelt

insect

peltán swarm, ovpeltil

insecticide, peltujsil

insecticide, pelteleat

insectivore, pelper to crawl

around

kopelt

vermine

kapelt

louse

kapeltika lousy

kepelt

flea

ovkepeltof flea collar,

kepeltika flea-bitten

kipelt

bug

ovkipeltil bug spray

apelat

bee

apelatam

beehive

apelader

to buzz

apelatil honey, apelatél

wax, apelatán swarm of

bees

epelat

wasp

epelatam

wasp's nest

ipelat

horsefly

upelat fly

ovupelatar fly-swatter

ópelat

mosquito

ovópelanef mosquito net

lapelat

maybug

lepelat

beetle

Wikibooks | 131

Chapter

tapelat

cicada

tapelader

to chirp

gapelat

butterfly

ápelaper to flit about

fapelt ant

fapeltam

anthill

fapeltán swarm of ants

peét

worm

peétéc wormhole

apeát

silkworm

Birds (pat)

male female child home noise other

pat bird

patam

bird's

nest

pader to

chirp

patijob egg, patijser to

hatch, patper to fly,

patpier to fly off, pateub

beak, patub wing, pataéb

feather, patulob claw,

patésun aviculture,

patém farmyard, patán

poultry

apat

rooster,

cock

apàt

hen

apatob

chick

apatam

chicken

coop

apader to

crow

apàtog chicken

epat duck,

drake

epàt

hen

epatob

duckling

epader to

quack

epatob duckling

ipat turkey

ipàt

turkey

hen

ipader to

gobble

upat goose

upatijob goose-egg

ópat

guinea-fowl

ápat

pigeon

ápàt

dove

ápatam

pigeon

house

ápader to

coo

rapat eagle

rapatob

eaglet

repat

vulture

ripat kite

rupat

buzzard

rópat hawk

132 | Unilingua

Word Families

rápat

falcon

rápatud falconer

fapat raven

fepat crow

fipat'

magpie

gapat

ostrich

gepat

peacock

dapat stork

dapait

heron

depat

marabou

depait

crane

zapat

swallow

zepat

martinet

tapat

parrot

tapader

to parrot

tepat

budgie

vapat

nightingale

vepat

yellow

canary

'vipat

canary

vupat

chaffinch

vápat robin

fapat

thrush

fepat

warbler

fepader

to warble,

yodel

fipat

sparrow

Wikibooks | 133

Chapter

sapat

partridge

sepat quail

sipat

woodcock

supat lark

sópat

pheasant

sápat

grouse

lapait swan

apait

cormorant

epait gull

gapait

penguin

gapaiper to strut like a

penguin

Fish (pit)

pit fish

pitán school of fish, pitub fin, pitaéb scale, pitésun

pisciculture, pitun ichthyology, pitut ichthyologist, pitpin

fishing, pitpinud fisherman

rapit shark

repit dolphin

ripit sperm

whale

rupit walrus

rópit

porpoise

rápit

swordfish

répit tuna

rípit

sturgeon

rúpit cod

lapit ray

lepit turbot

lipit salmon

lupit sole

capit herring

cepit barbel

134 | Unilingua

Word Families

cipit

anchovie

cupit gilt-

head

apit sardine

epit perch

ipit pike

upit carp

ópit tench

ápit gudgeon

épit

stickleback

ípit marline

gapit whale

vapit eel

apiet seal

epiet sea-lion

Crustaceans (piit)

piit shellfish

apiit lobster

epiit crayfish

ipiit prawn

upiit

crawfish

ópiit prawn

ápiit shrimp ápiitpin shrimping

lapiit crab lapiitpin crabbing

apiét oyster piétaób shell, piéz pearl, piètésun ostreiculture

epiét mussle

ipiét clam ipiétpinud clamdigger

Vegetation (fob)

Summary

fob

vegetatio

fab

tree

Wikibooks | 135

Chapter

fáb

fruit

vob

plant

vol

legume

voc

flower

voz

color

vab

grass

Trees and fruits

fob vegetation

fobtun botany, fobtut botanist, fobéstun agronomy, fobésun

agriculture, fobésuna agricultural, fobésud farmer, fobésem

farm

fab tree

fàb shrub, fàbet bush, fàbán shrubery, fabán forest,

fabánésun forestry, fabánésud forester, fabánàca forested,

fabánet woods, fabánog grove, copse, fàbánet scrub, fàbán

thicket, fabmed orchard

fib trunk

fub branch,

limb

fubet twig

faéb leaf faébán foliage, faébet bud

fáb fruit

fábéna fruity, fábél jam, fâbél jelly, marmalade, fábóm

sherbet, fábtul fruit cocktail, fábzeb pit (of fruit), fâob peel

fób root radicule, fóbober to deracinate

faob wood faoba wooden

faab sap

faób bark

afab apple tree afáb apple, afabet boxer tree

efab pear tree efáb pear, efabet spindle-tree

ifab cherry

tree

ifáb cherry, ifabet privet

ufab prune

tree

ufáb prune

ófab apricot

tree

ófáb apricot

áfab peach

tree

áfáb peach

éfab quince

tree

éfáb quince

ífab walnut

tree

ífáb walnut

úfab hazelnut

tree

úfáb hazelnut

136 | Unilingua

Word Families

alofàb

blackberry vine

alofáb blackberry

lafab orange

tree

lafáb orange

lefab mandarin

tree

lefáb mandarin

lifab lemon

tree

lifáb lemon

lufab

grapefruit tree

lufáb grapefruit

fefab date tree fefáb date

fifab banana

tree

fifáb banana

fufab cononut

tree

fufáb coconut

fófab

pomegranite

tree

fófáb pomegranite

fífab fig tree fífáb fig

vafàb grape

vine

vafáb grape, vafàbem vineyard, vafábil grape juice, vafil

wine, vafilsam winery, ígvafil vinaiger, vafilifud oinophile

cafàb tea plant cafaéb tea leaf, tea, cafil tea (drink), cafilam tea house

cefàb coffee

plant

cefáb coffee bean, coffee, cefil coffee (drink), cefilam cafe

cifàb

blackcurrant

bush

cifáb blackcurrant

cufàb

raspberry bush

cufáb raspberry

cófàb currant

bush

cófáb currant

sifàb pepper

plant

sifáb pepper, sifáber to pepper, sifábika peppery

kafab olive

tree

kafáb olive, kafábél olive oil

rafab oak tree rafáb acorn

refab beech

tree

refaob beechwood

rifab chestnut

tree

rifáb chestnut

rufab plane

tree

Wikibooks | 137

Chapter

rófab poplar

tree

'rófaob poplar wood

ráfab birch

tree

ráfaob birchwood

réfab locust

tree

rífab chestnut

tree

fífáb chestnut

rúfab willow

tree

rúafab weeping willow

ralafab lime

tree, linden

ralafáb lime

ralefab maple

tree

ralefaob maplewood

ralofab elm

tree

ralofaob elmwood

dofab

evergreen tree

dofáb cone

dafab fir tree

defab pine tree defáb pine cone, defaéb pine needle, defaob pine (wood)

dufab cypress

tree

dufaob cypress wood

Plants, vegetables, grains, and legumes

vob plant

vober to plant, vobem plantation, vobud planter, vobier to

harvest, vobijob harvest (time), vobésam farm, vobyesud

farmer

vab grass

vabem grassland, prairie, vabema rural, vabgorcer to mow,

vabemet lawn, vabán grass (lawn), vabij germ, vabóg moss,

vabib crop, harvest, vabiber to reap, vabam barn

veb ear, tuft,

spike

vib stem

vaob hay

vub blade,

sprig, twig

váb seed vábet seedling, váber to seed

vâb grain,

bean

vulob thorn,

spine

vulobika thorny

ovob cereal

138 | Unilingua

Word Families

avob wheat avol bread, avolek flour

evob rye

ivob barley

uvob

buckwheat

óvob oat óvolek oatmeal

ávob hop ávil beer

évob rapeseed,

colza

ívob rice

gavob

sunflower

gaváb sunflower seed

gevob corn,

maize

geváb kernel, gevobek cornmeal

givob tobacco givoc cigar, givocet cigarette, givov tobacco smoke

favob cotton faváb cottonseed, favof cotton fabric

fevob flax

fivob hemp fuvov marijuana, pot

fuvob jute

zavob

strawberry

bush

zaváb strawberry

cavob fern

cevob thistle

civob nettle

savob

mushroom

zevob basil

zivob thyme

zuvob

rosemary

ováb legume,

bean

aváb green

bean

eváb lentil

iváb pea

uváb broad

bean

óváb lima

bean

Wikibooks | 139

Chapter

vol vegetable

volinud vegetarian, volem vegetable garden, volcer to

vegetate

lovol tuber

lavol potato

levol beet level sugar, levela sweet

livol radish

luvol carrot

lávol artichoke

lóvol turnip

favol leek

fevol onion

fivol shallot

fuvol garlic

pavol cabbage

pevol

cauliflower

bavol tomato bavil tomato juice

bevol eggplant

bivol squash

buvol

cucumber

ígza buvol pickle

bávol

artichoke

bóvol gherkin

vavol lettuce

vevol spinach

vivol sorrel

vuvol

dandelion

vávol

watercress

vóvol chicory

gavol pumpkin

gevol melon

givol

watermelon

zavol parsley

140 | Unilingua

Word Families

Flowers and colors

voc flower

voca floral, vocer to flower, vocen flowering, vocud florist,

vocán bouquet, vocaéb petal, vocém flowerbed, vocésun

horticulture

avoc lily avoza white

evoc narcissus evoza yellow

ivoc poppy ivoza red

uvoc rose uvoza pink

óvoc cornflower óvoza blue

ávoc hydrangea ávoza mauve

évoc lilac évoza lilac

ívoc violet ívoza violet

úvoc carnation

lovoc daisy

lavoc lily of the

valley

levoc jonquil

livoc geranium

luvoc forget-me-

not

lávoc tulip

lévoc dahlia

lóvoc hyacinthe

elavoc iris

elevoc primrose

elivoc

chrysanthemum

Colors (voz)

Change -oza to -òza to get -ish as in whitish (avòza).

Change -oza to -óza to get dark ... as in dark red (ivóza).

voz color vooz tint, hue

avoza white from avoc lily

evoza yellow from evoc narcissus

ivoza red from ivoc poppy

uvoza pink from uvoc rose

óvoza blue from óvoc cornflower

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Chapter

ávoza mauve from ávoc hydrangea

évoza lilac from óvoca lilac

ívoza violet,

purple

from ívoc violet

vaza green from vab grass

moza black

from mon darkness or moj

night

maza sky blue from mam sky or maj day

èmoza gray from è half + moza black

meza khaki from mel soil

lafáza orange from lafáb orange

rifáza maroon from rifáb water chestnut

rífyza brown from rífáb chestnut

vápeza beige from vápet antilope

Some Cross-thematic Analogies in Vocabulary

human tree grass food material

taob faob vaob taol faof

flesh wood hay meat board

human tree plant fruit fish cloth

taób faób vaób vâob piétaób taóf

skin bark husk rind shell leather

human tree plant flower bird fish

taéb faéb vaéb vocaéb pataéb pitaéb

hair leaf twig petal feather scale

human tree plant bird fish government animal

tub fub vub patub pitub dub petub

arm branch blade wing fin minister forepaw

society human work plant fish

deb teb seb veb piteb

chief head boss tuft fish-head

form gesture knowledge action society citizen people person

past+pe

rson

person

cén bén tén sén dotcén ditbén udánbén utbén ajutbén utcén

style manner profession tradecraft civilization civility custom habit tradition genre

t-d t-z d-c d-z s-c s-z c-z c-s

teud teuz deuc deuz seuc seuz ceuz ceus

shout voice accent song noise melody tone sound

142 | Unilingua

Word Families

t-c t-s b-c t-p t-d c-c iz-c n-c ij-c

teacer teaser beacer teaper teader ceacer izeacer neacer ijeacer

to see to look to watch to visit to witness to seem to show to aim to perceive

mar mag man mak maz mav mal mam map maf maj

sun fire light electricity sparkle flame air sky wind cloud day

mer meg mek mez mef mev mel mem meb mep mej med met

planet rock dust gem brick porcelain soil land mountain road noon park garden

ij tij patij tobij atobij vobij tesij

beginning birth egg embryo germ seed idea

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Chapter

5 GRAMMAR

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Spelling

The author of Unilingua, Agapoff, uses a double quote to signal capitalization and

thus dispenses with all majuscules. In this Mirad textbook, however, majuscules

(upper case graphemes) are used and capitalization adheres to the American

English model.

In this book, the mostly Cyrillic single-grapheme characters used by Agapoff for

yodified vowels are replaced with the following system:

Pre-yodified vowels, that is, those preceded by a y-glide sound, take an acute

accent:

plain vowel pre-yodified vowel

a á (ya)

e é (ye)

i í (yi)

o ó (yo)

u ú (yu)

Post-yodified vowels, that is, those followed by a y-glide sound, take a grave

accent:

plain vowel post-yodified vowel

a à (ay)

e è (ey)

i ì (iy)

o ò (oy)

u ù (uy)

Circum-yodified vowels, that is those that are both preceded and followed by a y-

glide sound, take a circumflex accent:

plain vowel circum-yodified vowel

a â (yay)

e ê (yey)

i î (yiy)

o ô (yoy)

u û (yuy)

A pre-yodified vowel always begins a new vowel syllabic nucleus, whereas a post-

yodified vowel ends a vowel syllabic nucleus.

144 | Unilingua

Grammar

Upper-case vowels take the yodifying accents just as the lower-case values do

(thus Á, È, Ô, etc.

Punctuation

The punctuation marks in Mirad are the same as in English. For example, a

question mark (?) is used at the end of a sentence or sentence fragement to

signal an interrogation.

Nouns

Structure

All nouns in their base form end in a consonant. This distinguishes them from

adjectives and conjugated verbs, which end in a vowel.

Pluralization

Nouns are made plural by adding the suffix -i.

singular plural

tob man tobi men

dat friend dati friends

car

instrument

cari

instruments

Femininization

Although nouns do not have inherent gender, the feminine or female-related

counterpart of a noun can be formed by post-yodifying the ordinal (inner) vowel,

that is, by adding the grave accent ` to the vowel. If the vowel is already pre-

yodified (with an acute accent), then the the acute accent is replaced with a

circumflex (^) (circum-yodification) to show that it is both pre-yodified and post-

yodified.

male-related female-related

tad father tàd mother

tob man tòb woman

tóáv sock tóâv stocking

epet bull epèt cow

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Chapter

Case Tagging

Nouns can take the following case endings, which are shortcuts for prepositional

phrases:

case

ending

category base cased form

-a

genetive/possessive/relative/

ablative [origin]

tob man

toba of the man, human

(adj.), man's, from the man

-u

locative/dative [destination]

tam

house

tamu to the house, (at)

home, for the house

-à

comitive [accompaniment]

at I, me atà with me

-è

instrumental [means]

és work ésè through / by / via work

-ò

privative ["without"]

tec

meaning

tecò without meaning,

senseless

Examples of the genetive/possessive case:

Meira zem ce gra ama. = The earth's core is very hot.

Ata ted tome íbà. = My father lives far away.

Ed et te dad ifana? = Do you know the language of love?

Examples of the locative/dative case:

Pu tamu! = Go home!

Ít peé tamu. = She is staying at home / in the house / home.

At teaco et uda moju. = I'll see you this evening. (= at this evening)

Buu dén atu! = Give the book to me!

Ev ud ce atu? = Is this for me?

Examples of the comitive case:

Upu atà! = Come with me!

Ud ca ekpan tija tujà. = This was a life-and-death struggle.

At ubeé uda ébdren ifanà. = I am sending you this letter with love.

Examples of the instrumental case:

Et vege nacikcer anà esè. = You can get rich only through work.

It aksa koenè ván. = He succeded by hiding the truth.

Ágpar pa Parisè. = The train went through Paris.

Examples of the privative case:

Et vò vege akser nacò. = You cannot succeed without money.

Tij ifanò vò naze ser. = Life without love is not worth living.

Od et su atò? = What would you do without me.

146 | Unilingua

Grammar

Pronouns

Forms

All animate pronouns (those referring to people) end in t in their base form,

while all inanimate pronouns (those referring to things) end in d in their base

form. Pronouns can be singular or plural. All plural pronouns take the plural

suffix i.

animate animate

singular plural

ot? who?, whom? oti? who all?

at I, me ati we, us

et you eti* you (pl.), you all

it he, him, that person iti they, these persons

ìt she, her ìti they (fem.)

ut this person, he uti those persons, they

ót nobody, no one óti none

át everyone, everybody, each person áti all

ót another, someone else éti others

ít such a person íti such people

ét whoever, anyone óti any

út someone, somebody úti certain people

oát not a single person, nobody, no one

get the same person geti the same ones

oget someone else ogeti others

gat another one gati several

singular plural

od what odi what things

ad that (relative), the one adi the things that

id that idi those things

ud this udi these things

ód nothing ódi nothing

ád everything, each ádi all things

ód something else, another édi other things

íd such a thing ídi such things

éd whatever, anything édi any

úd something

údi some things, certain

things

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Chapter

oád not a single thing, nothing oádi none

ged the same thing gedi the same things

oged something else ogedi other things

gad another one gadi several things

Note: Agapoff prefers ait, eit, iit for ati, eti, and iti.

Inflection

All pronouns can take cases, just as nouns do:

genetive/posse

ssive ("of")

ablative

("from")

adjectival

dative

("to/in/on/at")

locative

comitive

("with")

instrumental

("by/through/via

privative

("without")

ata my, of me,

from me

atu to me atà with me atè by me

atò without

eta your, of

you, from you

etu to you età with you etè by you

etò without

you

ita his, of him,

from him

itu to him ità with you itè by him

itò without

him

ìta her, of her,

from her

ìtu to her ìtà with her ìtè by her

ìtò without

her

atia our, of us,

from us

atiu to us atià with us atiè by us

atiò without

ota whose?, of

whom?, from

whom?

otu to whom

otà with

whom

otè by whom

otò without

whom

áta everyone's

átu to

everyone

átà with

everyone

átè by everyone

átò without

everyone

oda which, of

what, from

what

odu to which,

at which, in

which

odà with

what?

odè by what?,

how?

odò? without

what?

ida that, of

that, from that,

those

idu to that, at

that, in that

idà with that idè by that, thus

idò' without

that

uda this/these,

of this, from

this

udu to/at this,

therefore

udà with this udè by this, thus

udò without

this

áda every,

each, all

ádu to

everything, in

everyting

ádà with

everything

ádè by

everything, by all

means

ádò without

everything

óda not, not a ódu to nothing ódà with ódè by nothing ódò without

148 | Unilingua

Grammar

nothing nothing

oáda not a

single, no

oádu in not a

single one, to

none

oádà with

nothing

oádè by nothing,

in no way

éda any,

whichever

édu to

anything

édà with

whatever

édè by whatever,

however

édò without

whatever

úda some, a

certain

údu at a

certain thing

údà with

something

údè by

something,

somehow

údò without

something

geda same, the

same

gedu to the

same thing

gedà with

the same

thing

gedè by the same

thing

gedò without

the same

thing

ogeda

different, the

other, another

ogedu to

another thing

ogedà with

another

thing

ogedè by

something else

ogedò

without

another thing

Possessive Pronouns

Any of the above pronominal adjective forms can be substantivized by adding -c.

The resulting possessive pronouns can then take the plural affix and case

endings.

singular plural

atac mine ataci mine

etac yours etaci yours

itac his itaci his

ìtac hers ìtaci hers

atiac ours atiaci ours

etiac yours etiaci yours

itiac theirs itiaci theirs

ìtiac theirs ìtiaci theirs

utac one's utaci one's

otac? whose? otaci whose

átac everyone's átaci everyone's

ótac nobody's ótaci nobody's

odac? which one odaci which ones

ódac the other one ódaci the other ones

udac this one udaci these

idac that one idaci those

ádac each one ádaci all of them

édac any one, whichever

one

édaci whichever

ones

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Chapter

Any of the above substantival pronouns can take case endings:

Mirad English

ataca of mine

otacà with whose

átacu to everyone's

udacò

without this

one

Examples:

Mirad English

Uda tam ce atac.

That house is mine.

Oda déni et dédaé?

Which books have you read?

Ída tej aju vò teacâe.

Such a life has not been seen before.

Buu atu udi!

Give me those!

Áda tej nazace.

Every life counts.

Ádac nazace.

Each one counts.

Áta tej nazace.

Everyone's life counts.

Átac nazace.

Everyone's counts.

Áda évcunuti kode.

All lawyers lie.

Áti kode.

All of them lie.

Át kodeé.

Everyone is lying.

Ád ce kod.

Everything is a lie.

Mar ce zem áda.

The sun is the center of everything.

Ót ége kaer if ádu.

One can find pleasure in everything.

If ége uper bi éd.

Pleasure can come from anything.

Ud ce ga fia vél id (or: ga fia idu).

This is better than that.

Od ce eta dún?

What is your name?

At vage éd et vage.

I want what(ever) you want.

At vò ta ev it upo.

I didn't know whether he would come.

At ta ad it upo.

I knew (that) he would come.

Ad tej ce gúa vò vege vodé.

That life is hard cannot be denied.

Ev it íztejo vò twe.

Whether he will survive is unknown.

At vò te ev it íztejo.

I don't know if he'll survive.

Ad ìt sa ce ota seun.

What she did is nobody's business.

Atac ce ga aga vé etac.

Mine is bigger than yours.

Odac ce etac.

Which one is yours?

Édac cu fia atu.

Whichever one would be fine for me.

Otac ce ud?

Whose is this?

150 | Unilingua

Grammar

Otaci ce udi?

Whose are these?

Ev et co ata dat?

Are you going to be my friend?

Oádad ifca atu.

I did not like a single one.

Odè ìt tujswa?

How (by what) was she killed?

Otà et pa?

With whom did you go?

...otacò ait vò vegu íztejer.

...without whose we could not survive.

Odu et sa id?

Why (for what) did you do it (that)?

Iti údè kaa mep.

They somehow found the way.

Ébdren drwa atà otè?

The letter was written to me by

whom?

Ota tamu et peé?

To whose house are you going?

Otacu et peé?

To whose are you going?

Correlatives

By "correlatives" is meant a set of functional words in the languages than can be

arranged in a matrix, all sharing a set of "deictic" or "specifier" prefixes. For

example, the English words "which, what, where, why, when, how, who, whether,

etc." can be considered part of a matrix of correlatives, because they all ask a

question about topics such as "place", "time", "manner", and are therefore called

"interrogative correlatives." The situation is similar in Unilingua. Note, however,

that some of the correlative words in the chart below are slightly different from

those invented by the original author of Unilingua.

Deictic morphemes (specifiers)

category deictic morpheme

interrogative

od- which, what

relative

ad- the, the one

which

proximal

ud- this

distal

id- that

intensive

íd- so, such a

generic

úd- some, a certain

distributive

ád- all, every, each

indeterminate

éd- any, whatever

negative

ód- no, not any

identical

ged- same, selfsame

non-indentical

oged- different, other

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Chapter

Dimensional Classifiers

The above deictic morphemes combine with the following dimensional classifiers

to form a whole matrix of functional deictic correlatives:

category classifier short version

person

-t

thing

-d

place

-em m

time

-job j

manner/means

-è

quality/kind

-én

quantity

-gan

degree

-nog

frequency

-jig

Matrix of Deictic Correlatives

thing person

adject

ive

place time manner kind frequency quantity degree

what

ot who

oda

which

dmu

wher

odju

whe

odè how

odén

what

kind

odjigu

how often

odganu

how

much

odnog

u how

this

ut this

person

uda

this

dmu

here

udju

now

udè this

way

udén

this

kind

udjigu

this often

udganu

this

much

udnog

u to

this

extent

that

it that

person,

ida

that

idmu

there

idju

then

idè that

way,

thus

idén

that

kind

idjigu that

often

idganu

that

much

idnog

u to

that

extent

íd

such

thing

ít such

person

ída

such,

such a

ídmu

such

place

ídju

such

time

ídè in

such a

way, so

ídén

such

ídjigu so

often

ídganu

so much

ídnog

u so

úd

somet

hing

út

someo

úda

some,

certai

dmu

some

wher

údju

som

etim

údè

someho

údén

some

kind

údjigu

sometimes

údganu

some

údnog

somew

hat

152 | Unilingua

Grammar

n e of

ád

every

thing

át

everyo

áda

every,

each

dmu

every

wher

ádju

ever

time

alwa

ádè in

every

way

ádén

ever

kind

ádjigu at

all times

ádganu

all of

ádnog

comple

tely

éd

what

ever,

anyth

ing

ét

whoeve

anyone

éda

which

ever,

any

dmu

wher

ever,

anyw

here

édju

whe

neve

anyt

ime

édè

however

, in any

way

édén

what

ever

kind

édjigu

however

often

édganu

however

much,

any

édnog

u to

any

extent

ód

nothi

ót

nobody

óda

no,

not a

dmu

nowh

ere

ódju

neve

ódè in

no way

ódén

a no

kind

ódjigu not

once

ódganu

not any,

ódnog

u not

at all

ged

the

same

thing

get the

same

person,

self

geda

the

same,

the

very

edm

u at

the

same

place

gedj

u at

the

sam

time

gedè in

the

same

way

gedé

the

same

kind

gedjigu

as often

gedganu

, ge as

much

gedno

gu, ge

to the

same

degree

, as

oged

somet

hing

else

oget

someo

ne else

ogeda

the

other,

anothe

oged

elsew

here

gedj

u at

anot

her

time

ogedè

elsewise

oged

éna

anot

her

kind

ogedjigu

at a

different

frequency

ogedgan

u not as

much

ogedn

ogu

otherw

ise

Basic deictic adjectives / Determiners

category determiner example

indefinite/unary a a a tam a house

definite/relative ada the

ada tam the house, ada tami the

houses

interrogative oda which

oda dén which book, oda déni

which books

proximal uda this, these

uda pat this bird, uda pati these

birds

distal ida that, those

ida pat that bird, ida pati those

birds

negative óda no

óda mep no road, óda mepi no

roads

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Chapter

totalative

áda every, all, each

áda mep every road, áda mepi all

roads

indeterminate

éda any, whichever

éda voz any color, éda vozi

whichever colors

intensive

ída such a, such

ída dún such a name, ída dúni

such names

partitive

úda some, a certain,

certain

úda tob some man, úda tobi

certain men

identical

geda same geda dún the same name

non-identical

ogeda different, other

ogeda dún different name, another

name

quasi-identical

gèda similar gèda ceus a similar sound

superior

ga more ga nac vé at more money than I

equal

ge as much, as many

ge job vé et vage as much time as

you want

inferior

go less, fewer go és less work

majorative

gla a lot, much gla if a lot of fun

quasi-

majorative

glà a goodly portion of,

several

glà jubi several days

excessive

gra too much, too many gra tel too much food

maximal

gá most gá poti most animals

sufficient

gé enough, quite a bit gé job enough time

minorative

glo very little, very few glo auti very few individuals

insufficient

gro too little, too few gro ék too little effort

minimal

gó the least gó ék the least effort

Note: Nouns in Mirad are not normally accompanied by a definite article (the) or

an indefinite article (a/an). The word tob can mean man, a man, or the man,

depending on circumstances. Where further definition is required, a, the numeric

or deictic adjective one, can be used for the indefinite article, while ada, the

deictic adjective the can be used for the definite article.

Deitic pronouns

Inanimate pronouns

singular plural

od? what? odi? what (things)

ad the thing (that) adi the things (that)

ud this udi these

id that idi those

154 | Unilingua

Grammar

ád everything ádi all things

éd anything, whatever édi any things

íd such, such a thing ídi such things

ód nothing ódi none

úd something údi certain things

ged the same thing gedi the same things

oged another, something else ogedi other things

gèlac a similar thing gèlaci similar things

gac more gaci more things

gec as much geci as many things

goc less goci fewer things

glac a lot, much glaci many things

glàc a goodly portion glàci several things

grac too much graci too many things

gác the most gáci most things

géc enough, quite a bit géci quite a few things

gloc very little gloci few things

groc too little groci too few things

góc the least

góic as few things as

possible

Animate pronouns

singular plural

ot? who? oti who (pl.)

at I ati we

et you eti you (pl.)

ut this person, this one uti these

it that person, that one iti those

át everyone áti all people

ét anyone, whoever éti any people

ít such a person íti such people

ót not a single person, noboby óti none

út somebody úti certain people

get the same person, self

geti the same people,

themselves

oget' the other person, someone

else

ogeti others, other people

ìt that female,she, her ìti they (f.), them

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Chapter

ùt this female, she, her ùti they (f.), them

aut person, individual auti persons, people

out nobody, no one outi no people, none

ga auti more people

ge auti as many people

go auti fewer people

gla auti many people

glà auti several people

gra auti too many people

gá auti most people

gé auti quite a few people

glo auti few people

gro auti too few people

gó auti as few people as

possible

Note: As with all pronouns and nouns, the above pronouns can appear in the

genetive/ablative/possessive case (-a) or dative/locative case (u). For example:

otu to whom, ota whose, áta everyone's, gla autia most people's, ata my, etu

to you. The possessive adjective forms can, in turn, be substantivized by adding

-c (thing): atac mine, atacu to mine, otac whose, getac the same person's, etc.

Determiners of Place

place

odmu? where?, whither? (also: odma? from where?, whence?)

udmu here (also: udma from here, hence)

idmu there (also: idma from there, thence)

admu at/in/to the place where (relative)

ódmu nowhere

ádmu everywhere

édmu anywhere, whereever

ídmu at/in/to such a place

ogedmu elsewhere (ogedem alibi)

údmu somewhere

gedmu at/in/to the same place (also: gedma from the same

place)

gèdmu at/in/to a similar place (also: gèdma from a similar place)

156 | Unilingua

Grammar

Determiners of Time

time

odju? when? (also: odja whence?, ji odjob since when?, etc.)

udju now (also: udja hence)

idju then (also: idja thence)

adju when, at the time when (relative)

ódju never

ádju each time, everytime, always, ever

édju anytime, whenever

ídju at/in/to such a time

údju sometime

gedju at the same time

ogedju at another time

Determiners of Quality

kind

odéna? what kind of?

udéna this kind of

idéna that kind of

adéna the/what kind of (relative)

ódéna no kind of

ádéna every kind of

édéna any/whatever kind of

ídéna such

údéna some kind of

gedéna the same kind of

gèdéna a similar kind of

ogedéna another kind of

Determiners of Degree

degree

odnogu? how (...big, ...little, etc.)?, to what extent?

udnogu this, to this degree

idnogu that, to that extent

adnogu how, to what degree, to the extent (that...) (relative)

ódnogu not at all, to no extent

ádnogu completely, to the full extent

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Chapter

édnogu however, to whatever extent

ídnogu so, to such an extent

údnogu in some way, somehow

ge, genogu equally, to the same degree, as

oge, ogenogu unequally, to a different extent

gè, gènogu similarly, to a similar extent

ga, ganogu more, to a greater extent

gla, glanogu very, greatly, very much so

gra, granogu too, to too great an extent, overly, extremely

go, gonogu less, to a lesser extent

glo, glonogu slightly, to a small extent

gro, gronogu to too small a degree, under

gá, gánogu maximally, to the greatest extent possible

gó, gónogu minimally, to the smallest extent possible

gé, génogu enough, rather, pretty, sufficiently, quite

ogé, ogénogu insufficiently

fià, finogu to a good extent, well

fuà, funogu to a bad extent, poorly

végà, véga nogu proportionately

vácà, váca nogu to the right extent, properly, duly

vócà, vóca nogu to the wrong extent, disproportionately, unduly

anogu primarily

enogu secondarily

uja nogu ultimately

Determiners of Manner, Means

manner

odè? how?, in what way?

udè this way, thus

idè that way, thus

adè how, in the way that, as

ódè in no way

ádè in every way

édè in whatever way, however

ídè so, in such a way

údè somehow'

gedè in the same way, also

ogedè otherwise

158 | Unilingua

Grammar

gèdè similarly, likewise

Determiners of Quantity

The noun following the determiner is in the singular if a mass noun (odganu dril

how much ink) or in the plural if a countable noun (odganu jubi how many

years).

quantity

odganu?* how much, how many

udganu this much, this many

idganu that much, that many

adganu how much, how many, the amount/number that

ódganu no, not any, no amount of

ádganu all

édganu any, however much, however many

ídganu so much, so many

údganu a certain amount of, some, some number of'

ge, geganu as much, as many

oge, ogeganu a different quanity of

ga more

go less, fewer

gla a lot (of), much, many

glà a goodly amount (of), quite a few

glo little, too many

glò barely, scarcely, hardly

gá most

gro too little, too few

gó as little/few as possible

gé a fair amount (of), enough, quite a lot (of)

gê several

* Literally: in what quantity, as in Odganu nac et àce? How much money do

you have?. Used substantively, Odganu becomes Odgan, as in Odgan et àce?

How much do you have? If followed by a mass noun, gla means much; if followed

by a counting noun, gla means many; if followed by an adjective or adverb, it

means very. All of the ga...ge...go words are multifunctional in this way.

Determiners of Frequency

frequency (jig = rate, frequency

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odjigu? how often?(lit: on how many occasions)

udjigu this often

idjigu that often

adjigu as often as, the rate that

ódjigu never

ádjigu every time

édjigu however often, anytime

ídjigu so often

údjigu with some frequency, sometimes'

gejigu as often

ogejigu at a different rate

gajigu more often

gojigu less often

glajigu (very) often, frequently

glojigu seldom, rarely, not very often

grajigu too often

gájigu as often as possible

grojigu too seldom

gójigu as seldom as possible

géjigu quite often, rather often, frequently

enough

Prepositions and relational adverbs

positive middle negative

on, at the top

eb between ob off, at the bottom of

áb

above, up

éb

amid, among

ób

below, down

bà

with, along

bè

by, via

bò

without

away from

---

toward

íb

far from

---

úb

near to

from, of

bí

starting with,

since

--- bú

ending with, up to, as

far as

án

together

---

ón

apart

za in front of ze

in the middle

zo behind

zà

forward

zè

across

zò

back

áz

flush with

éz

óz

out

iza

straight

--- uza

roundabout

160 | Unilingua

Grammar

íz

beyond

---

úz

around, about

right

---

left

zí

all over

zé

through

zúa

round

before

during, while

after

jà

ahead (in time)

jè

throughout

jò

back (in time)

since

--- ju

until

for

against

Compound prepositions

Prepositions can be compounded for more detailed senses:

compound preposition example

ézbu into It tôapa ézbu tim. He walked into the room.

ézbi in from At upa ézbi mamil. I came in from the rain.

ézbe in (location) Dén ce ézbe ném. The book is inside the box.

ózbu out to Po ózbu ekem. Go out to the playground.

ózbi out of, out from

It upea ózbi ita ésim. He was coming out of his

office.

ózbe out in (as in: out in the

backyard)

Potòg ce ózbe mamil. The pet is out in the rain.

ábzè over

Mampar pa ábzè tam. The plane flew over the

house.

óbzè under

At tôapa óbzè domep. I walked under the

highway.

zèbu across to

At tôapa zèbu ogeda kum. I walked over to the

other side.

zèbi across from It beme zèbi at. He sits across from me.

zòbu back to

Ait pee zòbu Berlin. We are going back to

Berlin.

zòbe back at Ait ce zòbe tom. We are back at home.

zòbi back from Ait ce zóbi Berlin. We are back from Berlin.

zàbu ahead to Teaso zàbu eta oj. Look forward to your future.

zàbi ahead of Ed et ce zàbi at? Are you ahead of me?

ónbi apart from Pa ónbi ogeti. It went apart from the others.

ánbe together with Upo ánbe at. Come along with me.

izbu straight to Po izbu ótotem! Go straight to hell!

izbi straight from

Ìt upa izbi nunem. She came straight from the

market.

izbe right at At ca izbe zem. I was right at the center.

zabi in front of At ce zabi et. I am in front of you.

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zobi in back of Et ce zobi at.' You are in back of me.

abu onto Bo dén abu cem. Put the book onto the table.

abe on (at) Dén ce abe cem. The book is on the table.

obi off of Bio dén obi cem. Take the book off of the table.

obe on the underside of

Ece úd obe cem. There is something on the

underside of the table.

ábu up to Po ábi eta tim. Go up to your room.

ábe up in Od ce íd ábe mam? What is that up in the sky?

ábi up from

It upa ábi aaned. He came up from the first

floor.

ábè up (via) At tôapa ábè meb. I walked up the mountain.

óbu down to Upo óbu momtim. Come down to the basement.

óbe down in At ce óbe momtim. I am down in the basement.

óbi dowm from Upo óbi mamtim. Come down from the attic.

óbè down (via) It igpa óbè meb. He hurried down the mountain.

óbézbu down into

Pa óbézbu mom. He went down into the

underground.

úzbu around to

Po úzbu ogeda kum tama. Go around to the

other side of the house.

úzbè around (via)

Par pa úzbè tam. The car went around the

house.

ízbi past, beyond Par pa ízbi ait. The car went past us.

ízbu on to At pa ízbu Kanad. I went on to Canada.

Postpositions / Cases

The following case endings or postpositions are shortcuts for prepositions:

short form long form

-a of, from bi

-u to, on, at

bu to or be at / in /

-à with bà

-ò without bò

-è by, via, through, per bè

For example, the following expressions are equivalent:

short form long form

be tam bi X at the house of X tamu Xa

bi dom bu dom from town to

town

doma domu

162 | Unilingua

Grammar

tej bò if life without pleasure tej ifò

bè Paris by way of Paris Parisè

bà at with me atà

Other Prepositional Constructions

vélu regarding, concerning, about, with respect

gè ov despite

kumu next to, beside, along, on the side of

ón bi apart from

án bu together with

gal in addition to, plus, including, besides

gol minus, except

gar times, multiplied by

gor divided by

zamu...-a in the face of (also: be zamu bi)

cànu ...-a in the guise of

canu ...-a in the form of

debanu ...-a under the auspices of

ûb in the presence of, in the face of

dida ...-è at the request of

iju...-a at the end of

tecu...-a in the sense of

av búun...-a for the sake of

... thanks to

... along the lines of

izanu...-a in the direction of

zág along

kumnidu ...-a on the edge of, on the brink of

genidu ...-a in line with, parallel to

úbanu ...-a in the vicinity of, around

gáanu ...-a in excess of

bi abem...-a off the top of

bi kumnidu...-a from the brink of

dudea...-u in response to

ovbea in opposition to

... in contrast to

lovanu...-a in spite of

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oejanu...-a in the absence of

usu ...-a because of

usu ...-a on account of

gè ov notwithstanding

...-è per

zé via

vél than, compared to, relative to

adju ...-a at the time of

admu ...-a at the place of

Using prepositions

Prepositions go between the two elements they link, just as in English. Here are

some examples:

Mirad English

Odju et po bu déntam?(or: déntamu)

When are you going to the library?

Uda bun ce av et (or: etu).

This gift is for you.

Dyen ca ab cem (or: cemu).

The book was on the table.

Upu bay at (or: atà).

Come with me.

Iyt igpa ub titam.

She ran toward the school.

Et co éz gela titim.

You will be in the same class.

Tob tyoyapa ózbi tam.

The man walked out of the house.

Mampar zaymampa ábzè dom.

The plane flew over the city.

Nidpar pa bi him bu hum.

The train went from here to there.

Et voy ibo bun ju zemoj.

You won't receive the gift until midnight.

Prepositions prefixed to verbs

As adverbials, many prepositions can be prefixed to other words, especially to

verb bases. The following is a list of per (go) and ber (put) verbs with

prepositional prefixes. Note that prepositions ending in b drop the b before the

verb bases per and ber.

intransitive

transitive

aper

get on

aber

put on

eper

stop

eber

stop

oper

get off

ober

take off

áper

rise

áber

raise

éper

intervene

éber

block

óper

descend

óber

lower

164 | Unilingua

Grammar

iper

go (away)

iber

receive

uper

come

uber

send

úper

approach

úber

bring near

íper

go away

íber

take away

ézper

enter

ézber

bring in

ízper

surpass

ízber

take beyond

zéper

go through

zéber

pull through

zèper

transit

zèber

take across

ánper

meet

ánber

unite

ónper

separate

ónber

separate

izper

go straight/ head (for)

izber

guide

zúper

roll

zúber

turn

ózper

exit

ózber

take out

zòper

return, go back

zòber

take back

zòpuer

arrive back

zòbuer

give back

zateaser

look forward

zoteaser

look behind

zèteaser

look across

zíteaser

look all around

zéteaser

look through

ízteaser

look beyond

ézteaser

look in

ózteaser

look out

ábteaser

look up

óbteaser

look down

ibteaser

look away

izteaser

look straight (ahead)

ziteaser

look left

zuteaser

look right

uzteaser

look askance

úzteaser

look around

avdaer

speak for

ovdaer

speak against

Personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives

Personal pronouns have three persons (represented by the ordinal vowels a (1st),

e (2nd), and i (3rd).

The plural forms have the suffix i.

There are also three case forms, which are alternate ways of expressing

prepositional relations: Add -a for the genetive/possessive (of, from); -u for the

locative/dative (to, at, 'for); -à (short for bà) for with; è (short for bè) for

through/by, and ò (short for bò) for without.

Note: These are the same case endings that can be added to any nouns. For

example, tamu (to the house), taébò (without hair), teda (father's).

nominative/ac

cusative

genetive/po

ssessive

dative/lo

cative

comitive instrumental privative

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at (I, me)

ata (my,

mine)

atu

(to/for

me)

atà (with

me)

atè (through/by

me)

atò

(without

me)

et (you)

eta (your,

yours)

etu

(to/for

you)

età (with

you)

etè (through/by

you)

etò

(without

you)

it (he, him) ita (his)

itu (to/for

him)

ità (with

him)

itè (through/by

him)

itò

(without

him)

ìt (she,her)

ìta (her,

hers)

ìtu (to/for

her)

ìtà (with

her)

ìtè (through/by

her)

ìtò

(without

her)

ati (we, our)

atia (our,

ours)

atiu

(to/for us)

atià (with

us)

atiè

(through/by us)

atiò

(without

us)

eti (you [all])

etia (your,

yours)

etiu

(to/for

you)

etià (with

you)

etiè

(through/by

you)

etiò

(without

you)

iti (they, them

(m. or m/f))

itia (their)

itiu

(to/for

them)

itià (with

them)

itiè

(through/by

them)

itiò

(without

them)

ìt (they (f.)) ìtia (their)

ìtiu

(to/for

them)

ìtià (with

them)

ìtiè

(through/by

them)

ìtiò

(without

them)

Possessive pronouns are expressed with the addition of -c to the

genetive/possessive ending:

English Mirad

This book is mine.

Uda dén ce atac.

Those books are ours.

Ida déni ce atiaci.

Theirs has not arrived.

Itiac vò puaé.

Theirs have arrived.

Itiaci puaé.

Is this yours or mine?

Ev ud ce etac vè atac?

Will you come to mine tomorrow?

Ev et upo atacu zajubu?

Nothing will happen without yours.

ód swo etacò.

Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions/Adverbs

positive neutral negative

va yes ve maybe vo no

166 | Unilingua

Grammar

và indeed vè possibly vò not

và...và both...and vè...vè either...or vò...vò neither...nor

av that, so that,

for

ev whether, if ov lest, against

à and è or ò but

-à with -è by, through, via -ò without

ga more (than) ge as, equal to go less (than

gá most gé enough gó least

gà also, moreoever

gè even,

including

gò except, but

gla very gle somewhat glo slightly, little, not very

gra too (much) gre just, exactly gro too little

Note: oev = unless; ad means that as the conjunction introducing a factual

clause, not to be confused with av meaning so that introducing a subjunctive or

unreal clause.

English Mirad

I do want to go, but I cannot.

At và vage per ò at vò vege.

Do you know whether he's coming.

Ev et te ev it upo?

It will either rain or snow.

Vè mamilo vè màlómo.

If it rains, I'll not come.

Ev mamilo at vò upo.

No, it's not true that he died.

Vo, vò ce váa ad it tuja.

My father and mother are still alive.

Ata ted à tèd gaju tejeé.

Is it true that you were you born here?

Ev et tija udmu?

We did not know (that) you were married.

Ati vò ta ad et ce tadca.

The fact that you work is not the issue.

Ad et ése vò ce kos.

Whether you work or play is more important.

Et vè ése vè eke ce ga kíta.

Unless you go to school you will never learn

anything.

Oev et po titamu et ódju tio

úd.

In order to learn you must study more.

Av ticer et ége ga tier.

Everyone except you is ready.

Yat gò et ce perfia.

Did you want me to come long?'

Ev et vaga av at àpu?

I want you not to leave.

At vage ov et piu.

Don't tell her what I did.

Ov du ìtu od at sa.

Are you for or against me?

Ev et av è ov at?

Other Conjunctional Expressions

conjunction example

ad that Ati ta ad it upo. We knew (that) he would come.

av so that At egdo id av et tico. I will repeat it so that you'll

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understand.

avad because

It tuja bi us avad it vò abá ígtef. He died because he was

not wearing a helmet.

ju until

Ju et uvdo at vò teapo et. Until you apologize, I will not

visit you.

ji since Ji et pua at cee iva. Since you arrived, I've been happy.

ánad even though,

although

Ánad et oka, at gaju fítce et. Even though you lost, I still

respect you.

ovad despite the

fact that

Ovad et zageda, et vò upa. Despite the fact that you

agreed in advance, you didn't come.

igjo as soon as

Igjo ìt pua at gafi teca. As soon as she arrived, I felt

better.

váfà ge just as

Váfà ge at jada, ija mamiler. Just as I predicted, it started

raining.

ge ev as if

Ìt teubozá ge ev ìt ca iva. She smiled as if she were

happy.

ev whether At vò te ev mamilo. I don't know whether it will rain.

ev if Et zàpo ev et éko. You will advance if you try.

à and Et à at ce gá fia. You and I are the best.

è or

Et vege jobier è kobier; ce eta kebi. You can borrow or

steal; it's your choice.

kéà ad in the

event that

Kéà ad mamilo, aúbio eta mamilovar. In the event that

it should rain, bring along your umbrella.

fiákea av in the

hope that

It nucbia drénet fiákea av it ako. He bought a ticket in

the hope that he would win.

fúnea ov for fear

that

It ézpa fúnea ov mamilo. He went inside for fear that it

might rain.

ov lest

Bono ov et tíjso lopét. Stay calm lest you awake the

snake.

ónad aside from

the fact that

Yonad gaijop mamile, doma mamecan ce gla fia. Aside

from the fact that it rains occasionally, the city's weather is

very nice.

tea ad knowing

that

At vage tujer tea ad at po totamu. I want to die knowing

that I will go to heaven.

Verbs

Verbs in Mirad are conjugated for tense (present, past, future), mood (indicative,

conditional/imperative/subjunctive/jussive), voice (active, passive), and

finiteness. The verbal system is perfectly regular and predictable.

The infinitive, which serves as the dictionary lookup form, always ends in -er.

The stem, therefore, is the infinitive without the -er ending. For example, the

stem of the verb buner (to push) is bun. The stem is used as the base of all

conjugated verb forms.

168 | Unilingua

Grammar

Finite forms

Finite verb forms are modulated for tense based on the three-way vowel

distinction a (present), e (past), and o (future).

A fourth ending, u is used for the equivalent of the English conditionals,

subjunctives, and imperatives.

Verbs can be further modulated for progressive, anterior (perfect), and imminent

senses through compounding.

Endings do not change depending on the subject person. For example, unlike in

English where am, are, and is are used in the present depending on the subject,

the Unilingua verb cer has one present indicative form of to be for all persons:

ce.

Mirad English

at ce

I am

et ce

you are

it ce

he is

ìt ce

she is

id ce

that is, it is

ud ce

this is

ot ce

who is?

ati ce

we are

eti ce

you (all) are

iti ce

they are

íti ce

they are

oti ce

who are?

át ce

everyone is

ét ce

whoever/anyone

ód ce

nothing is

apeti ce

horses are

Simple tense forms

The simple tense verb forms are generated by adding the tense markers a, e, o,

or the conditional marker u to the stem of the verb. For example, the stem of the

verb ter to know is t and the inflected forms of the simple tenses are as follows:

Active voice forms

ending meaning example

e present It te. He knows.

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past

At ta. I knew.

future

Et to. You will know.

conditiona

Iti tu. They would

know.

Non-indicative forms

The u ending is not only used for the conditional as above, but also non-

indicatives moods such as the imperative and and subjunctive. The conditional

form without a subject is used for imperatives (direct commands). Positive

subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the affirmative jussive

conjunction av (for, so that, let) followed by the subject and the verb in the

conditional.

pattern meaning example

direct

command

Aku! (short for Av et aku!) Win!.

av N Vu

may N V

Av ati aku! May we win!.

av N Vu

let N V

Av it upu. Let him come.

av N Vu

wishes, etc.

At vàge (av) et piu. I wish you would leave.

Negative subjunctives and jussives are expressed with the use of the negative

jussive conjunction ov (against, lest) followed by the subject and the verb in the

conditional.

pattern meaning example

ov Vu

direct

command

Ov oku!. Don't lose!

ov N Vu may N V Ov ati oku! May we NOT lose!.

ov N Vu lest N V Ov it upu. Don't let him come.

ov N Vu wishes, etc.

At vayge ov et piu. I wish you would NOT leave (lit: I

wish lest you leave).

Unreal conditionals are expressed with the conditional conjunction ev (if,

whether) followed by the subject and the verb in the conditional (-u) in both the

main and subordinate clause..

pattern meaning example

ev N Vu, N

Vu...

if N were..., N

would...

Ev at cu edeb, at ívsu it. If I were king, I

would free him.

Illative patterns

Interrogative

Beginning a sentence with the conditional conjunction ev (whether, if) makes the

170 | Unilingua

Grammar

sentence into a yes/no question:

pattern meaning example

ev + VP

Is it true

that...?

Ev et aka? Did you win?

Negative

Use the negative adverb voy (not) in front a verb to negate it:

pattern meaning example

vò + V

negative

Et vò ako. You will not win.

ev + negVP

negative

interrogative

Ev et vò akeé? Aren't you winning?

Affirmative

Similary, the positive adverb vay (indeed) is used in various combinations to

qualify verbs. Like voy (not), this adverb immediate preceeds the verb form.

ending meaning example

vay + V

affirmativ

At vay aka. I did win. / I won

indeed.

Potential

Used the potential adverb vè (maybe) in front of a verb to qualify it as potential

or possible (like English may):

ending meaning example

vè + V

potential

It vè ako He may win!.

ev + VP

negative potential

interrogative

Ev et vè vò akaú? Might'nt you have

won?

Passive voice forms

The passive voice is formed by preceding the tense endings with w.

ending meaning example

w+e

present

It twe. He is known.

w+a

past

It twa. He was known.

w+o

future

It two. He will be known.

w+u

conditiona

It twu. He would be

known.

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Progressive aspect forms

The progressive or continuous tenses, which are optional and used only where

the distinction is useful, are formed from the simple present forms by

compounding with pre-yodified tense vowels.

ending meaning example

e+é

present continuous active

At akeé. I am winning. (pronounced: a-KE-

ye)

e+á

past continuous active

At akeá I was winning. (pronounced: a-KE-

ya)

e+ó

future continuous active

At akeó. I will be winning.

e+ú

conditional continuous

active

At akeú. I would be winning.

we+é

present continuous

passive

At akweé. I am being beaten.

we+á

past continuous passive

At akweá I was being beaten.

we+ó

future continuous passive

At akweó. I will be in the process of being

beaten.

we+ú

conditional continuous

passive

At akweú. I would be in the process of

being beaten.

Anterior tense forms

The anterior or perfect tenses, which are also optional, are formed from the

simple past tense form by compounding with pro-yodified tense vowels.

ending meaning example

a+é

present perfect active

At akaé. I have won.

a+á

past perfect active

Ati akaá We had won.

a+ó

future perfect active

Ati akaó. We will have won.

a+ú

conditional perfect active

Ati akaú. We would have won.

wa+é

present perfect passive

Iti akwaé. They have been beaten.

wa+á

past perfect passive

Iti akwaá. They had been beaten.

wa+ó

future perfect passive

Iti akwaó. They will have been beaten.

wa+ú

conditional perfect

passive

Iti akwaú. They would have been

beaten.

Imminent aspect forms

The so-called imminent tenses are formed from the simple future active tense

forms in the same way.

ending meaning example

172 | Unilingua

Grammar

o+é

present imminent active

At akoé. I am going to win.

o+á

past imminent active

At akoá I was about to win.

wo+é

present imminent

passive

Et akwoé. You are going to be beaten.

wo+á

past imminent passive

Et akwoá. You were about to be

beaten.

Non-finite forms

ending meaning example

er active infinitive Et áge aker You must win.

wer passive infinitive

Et vò vagu akwer You would not want to be

defeated.

en active verbal noun Aken ce ád. Winning is everything.

wen passive verbal noun At vò ife akwen. I do not like being beaten.

active present

participle

Akea ekut The winning player

aa active past participle Akaa ekut The player who won.

oa active future participle Tob ce tujoa. Man is mortal (about to die).

active conditional

participle

Tob cua deb. The man who would be king.

wea

passive present

participle

Akwea ekut The player being beaten

waa passive past participle Magelwaa taol Cooked meat.

woa

passive future

participle

Teacwoa pancin the film to be seen

wua

passive conditional

participle

Oteacwua tob the invisible man

eà

present affirmative

gerundive

At teacibso pueà. I will call upon arriving.

eò

present negative

gerundive

At ija teò éd. I started without knowing

anything.

aà

past affirmative

gerundive

Teacaà at pia. Having seen, I left.

aò past negative gerundive

At pila dom teacaò ád. I left the town

without having seen everything.

enè

present instrumental

gerundive

Et akso gla ésenè. You will succeed by

working hard.

• Note: The -ua/wua ending approximates the English -able ending.

oteacwua = invisible, íztijua = survivable, ogorwua = 'indivisible,

vegua = capable, opanua = immobile. Adding an -n forms the

substantive, eg. ogorwuan = indivisibility.

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Chapter

Conditional constructions

In sentences with conditional clauses the conditional clause is in the same tense

as the main clause, contrary to the practice in English:

• Ev mamilo at co uva. If it rains (= will rain), I will be sad.

• Ev mamilaú at caú uva. If it had rained (= would have rained), I would

have been sad.

• Ev at cu nasika at ga zípu. If I were (=would be) rich, I'd travel more.

• Ev et tu dud, (av et) du id atu. If you (= would) know the answer, (= that

you would) tell it to me.

Sequence of tenses

Unlike in English, the tense of a consecutive clause is a real tense, not an

adjusted tense relative to the main clause:

• It da ad it tadco at. He said he would (= will) marry me.

• It da ad it teaca it ejipu. He said he had seen (= saw) it twice.

Impersonal constructions

Impersonal verbs are conjugated without the subject personal pronoun:

• Mamileé. It is raining.

• Amco. It will warm up.

• Eco dropek. There will be a war.

• Ége av et upu já. It is necessary that you come early.

• Ce fia. It's ok.

The verb "to be"

In Mirad, the verb cer (to be) is not suppressed in the present tense as in some

languages like Russian or Agapoff's original version of Unilingua. Also, there is

no existential distinction as in Spanish between ser and estar. Furthermore, the

progressive forms ceá and ceé can be used at times as in some of the examples

below:

• Ati ce íva! We are free.

• At co idmu. I'll be there.

• Déni ca ab cem. The books were on the table.

• Cayo e jubi ji at ca dopu. It will have been two days since I was in the

army.

• Cer ey voy cer. To be or not to be.

• At caú uva ev et vò upaú. I would have been sad if you hadn't

174 | Unilingua

Grammar

come.

• Et ceé gla fua. You are being very bad.

• At vò ceá ivcla.' I was not being funny.

Reflexive constructions

Verbs can be made reflexive by adding the direct object get (self).

• At vímila get ja per majtulu. I washed up (washed myself) before going

to breakfast.

• Tobet tuja get. The boy killed himself.

• At teasa get cinzéfu. I looked at myself in the mirror.

• Tu get! Know thyself!

Modal or auxiliary verbs

Mirad English Meaning Example

íver may permission Et íve iper. You may leave.

úver must requirement Et úve iper. You must leave.

ûver should obligation Et ûve iper. You should leave.

éger have to necessity At ége iper. I have to leave.

êger should obligation Et êge iper. You ought to leave.

vager want to volition At vage iper. I want to leave.

vaager long to yearning At vaage iper. I long to leave.

vàger would like to preference At vàge iper. I would like to go.

vagrer be eager to eagerness At vagre iper. I am eager to leave.

valter intend to intention At valte iper. I intend to leave.

veger can ability At vege ser id. I can do that.

voger refuse to refusal At voge ser id. I refuse to do that.

áker expect to expectation At áke aker. I expect to win.

áaker hopeto aspiration At áake aker. I hope to win.

éker try to attempt It vò éko iper. He won't try to leave.

ékler dare to dare

It vò éklo iper. He will not dare

leave.

óker to be surprised to surprise At óka aker. I was surprised to win.

ifer to love to love It ife eker. He loves to play.

ìfer to like to liking It ìfe eker. He likes to play.

ufer to hate to hate It ufe eker. He hates to play.

ùfer to dislike to dislike It ùfe eker. He dislikes playing.

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Chapter

iver

to be glad to gladness

At ivo iper. I shall be glad to leave.

uver

to regret to regret

At uva der id. I regretted saying it.

aver

to favor espousal

At ave iper. I favor leaving.

over

to be opposed to opposition

At ove eker. I am opposed to playing.

As you see in the examples above, modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form

(-er) of the main verb.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ad

The positive complementizer particle ad (the fact that) is used to introduce a

subordinate clause:

• At ta (ad) it upo. I knew THAT he would come.

• At ce vala (ad) et vádeé. I'm sure THAT you are telling the truth.

• Ad mamilo ce valan. THAT it will rain is a certainty.

• Ata tèd da (ad) iyt co tamu ojo èmaj. My mother said THAT she would

be home by noon.

As in English, if the that can be dropped without any loss of meaning, it can be:

• At da at dro. I said I'd (= I'll) write.

• Et ta it sa id. You knew he had done (= did) it.

Unlike in English, a relative sequence of tenses is not applied. For example,

English "I knew he would come." is rendered in Unilingua as "I knew he will

come."

Do not confuse the particles ad and av. Clauses following ad are facts, whereas

clauses following av are unreal wishes. Av should be thought of as so that.

• At pana av it ábtu. I moved so that he could (= would) sit down.

• At ta ad it ábto. I knew that he would (= will) sit down.

Subordinate clauses introduced by ev

The conditional complementizer particle ev (whether) is used to introduce a

subordinate clause of the type "whether...":

• At vò ta ev it upo. I did not know whether he would come.

• Ev it upo ca teskía atu. whether he would or would come was not

important to me.

Adjectives

Adjectives end in the suffix -a. They are invariable in form:

176 | Unilingua

Grammar

• aga big

• oga small

• aza strong

• oza weak

• taba bodily

• teaba ocular

• tea aware

• otea unaware

Adjectives used substantively to describe persons end in -t, while those used to

describe things end in -c:

adjective animate substantive inanimate substantive

yoga young /

new

yogat youth yogac novelty

tuja dead tujat dead person tujac dead thing

fia good fiat good person fiac good thing

Adjectives always preceed the noun they modify:

• aga tam a big house

• yaga drun the long sentence

• aza tob the strong man

• mona maf a dark cloud

Serial adjectives usually go in the same order as in English:

• ujna via jeeba jub the last beautiful summer day

Degrees of Comparison in Adjectives and Adverbs

Summary of Comparison Constructions

Note: vél is a preposition that comes from the verb véler to relate and is used to

signal the object against which a relative comparison is being made (than,

relative to).

Mirad English

ga...vél more...than

ge...vél as...as

go...vél less...than

gá...vél the most...in/of

gé...vél

rather...compared

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Chapter

gó...vél

the least...in/of

The Comparative of Superiority

More than is expressed by the adverb ga, followed by the adjective, adverb, or

verb and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun,

pronoun, or predicate being compared:

Mirad English

Ata tadet ce ga aza vél et. My brother is stronger than you.

At ga ése vél et. I work more than you.

Ita tedet ga aga vél ata. His son is taller than mine.

Uda dén ce ga ketlea vél idac.

This book is more interesting that that

one.

Mam ce ga aga vél et tese. The sky is bigger than you think.

The Comparative of Equality

As...as' is expressed by the adverb ge, following by the adjective, adverb, or verb

and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun, pronoun, or

predicate being compared.

Mirad English

Ìt ge te vél at.

She knows as much as I do.

At ge fi deuze vél et.

I sing as well as you do.

Ata tam ce ge aga vél eta.

My house is as big as yours.

Ece ge tobi vél tobomi.

There are as many grownups as

babies.

The Comparative of Inferiority

Less...than' is expressed by the adverb go, following by the adjective, adverb, or

verb and the preposition vél (in relation to, than, as) preceding the noun,

pronoun, or predicate being compared.

Mirad English

Ìt go te vél at. She knows less than I do.

At go fi deuze vél et. I sing less well than you do.

Ata tam ce go aga vél etac. My house is less big than yours.

Ece go tobi vél tobomi.

There are fewer grownups than

babies.

178 | Unilingua

Grammar

The Superlative of Superiority

The most...of/in' is expressed by the adverb gya, followed by the adjective,

adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition

vyel.

Mirad English

Ud ce gya yobaga miam vyel mir. This is the deepest lake in the world.

At gya fi deuze. I sing the best.

Gya fia ticudi vyel ticudyan

akbuyo.

The best students in the class will be

rewarded.

At ce gya ivat vyel yati. I am the happiest person of all.

The Superlative of Inferiority

The least...of/in' is expressed by the adverb gyo, followed by the adjective,

adverb, or verb, and the compared noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition

vyel.

Mirad English

Uda ticud ce gó tepaza vél áda

ticudi.

This student is the least intelligent of all the

students.

At gó fi deuze.

I sing the least well.

Gó fia ticudi vél ticudyan

uóvfuso.

The worst students in the class will be

punished.

At ce gó ivat vél áti.

I am the least happy person of all.

Idioms Using Adjectival/Adverbial Comparison Constructions

Mirad English example

ga...ga

the more...the

Ga mamile ga ilirke. The more it rains, the more

it floods.

ga...go

the more...the

less

Ga iva at ce ga azà at dae. The happier I am the

louder I speak.

go...ga

the less...the

Go et tile ga fia ce. The less you drink the better.

go...go

the less...the less

Go et ézbue go et ózbie. The less you put in the

less you get out.

gá...

as much as

possible...

At tele gá ida telamu. I eat as much as possible in

that restaurant.

gá veá...

the most possible

Puo gá já veá. Arrive as early as possible.

gó veá...

the least possible

Bookco gó veá. Tire yourself out the least

possible.

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Chapter

vòga...v

él

no more...than

At tila oga vél jubénà. I drank no more than

usual.

Note: vél, as a preposition, originates from a verb, much like the prepositions

gal plus and gar times:

verb preposition

galer to add gal plus

garer to

multiply

gar times

goler to subtract gol minus

gorer to divide gor divided by

véler to relate

vél relative to,

than

Adverbs

Formation

Adverbs can be formed from adjectives by post-yodifying the adjectival ending,

that is, by changing -a to -à, for example:

adjective adverb

fia good fià well

ana

single

anà only

gía easy

gíà

easily

The adverbial ending -à is really the same as the comitive ending, meaning with.

So, in effect, nouns in the comitive case are really adverbs. The same holds true

for the instrumental ending -è by means of, through, by.

noun adverb

gúan

difficulty

gúanà with difficulty

ágan length

áganè lengthwise, by

length

bik care bikà with care, carefully

at me atè by me

Similarly, a noun in the dative case (-u) can amount to an adverbial expression.

noun adverb

uda job this day udjobu today

180 | Unilingua

Grammar

oda em which place od(e)mu where?

tam house tamu (at) home

mep way mepu en route

Some words are inherently adverbs:

• áb up as in go up

• ób down as in come down

• zà ahead as in run ahead

• zò back as come back

• úz around as in spin around

• ga more as in eat more

• go less as in eat less

• ge same, as as in as big or do the same

• gla very as in very good

• glo not so as in not so bad

• và indeed as in He is indeed our leader.

• vò not as in He is not our leader.

• vè possibly as in It's possibly true.

Comparison

Adverbs are compared in the same way as adjectives:

normal equalitive degree

comparitive

degree

maximal degree

igà

quickly

ge igà (vél) as quickly

(as)

ga igà more

quickly

gá igà as quickly as

possible

ugà

slowly

ge ugà (vél) as slowly

(as)

go ugà less slowly

gá ugà as slowly as

possible

Syntax

Adverbs, like adjectively, normally precede the element in the sentence which

they modify, however, this rule is a loose one and can be bent without peril in

most cases.

• Igà upu! Come quickly!'

• At anà go te. I know only a little.

• Uda tam fià ceswa. This house was built well.

• Et vò sa ge fuà. You did not do as badly.

• Upu gá ubà. Come as closely as possible.

• At vò te ev it pa áb è ób. I don't know whether he went up or down.

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Chapter

Shortcuts

Adverbs formed from adjectives ending in -ia or -ua can be shorted to -i and -u,

respectively:

• Pu fi! Fare well!'

• vi swa beautifully done

• ésu gú! Work hard!

182 | Unilingua

Conversation Lessons

6 CONVERSATION LESSONS

live version · discussion · edit chapter · comment · report an error

Lesson 1: Greetings (Dotsini)

Mirad English

Cu baka!

Hello! [Lit: "Be healthy."]

Gè et.

Hi. (in return) [Lit: "Equally you."]

Fijub!

Good day!

Fimaj!

Good morning!

Fiumaj!

Good evening!

Fimoj!

Good night.

Upu và!!

Welcome! [Lit: "Come indeed"]

Et ce odéna?

How are you? [Lit: "You are what-like"]

Et ce odbéna?

How are you? [Lit: "You are in-what-situation."]

At ce baka.

I'm fine. [Lit: "I am well."]

At ce fibéna.

I'm fine. [Lit: "I am in-good-situation."]

At ce ficana.

I'm fine. [Lit: "I am in-good-form."]

Ev coni fipe?

How are things? [Lit: "Are things going well?"]

Yad fipe.

Everything is going well.

Et se odà?

How are you doing? [Lit: "You do how?"]

At se fià.

I'm doing well. [Lit: "I do well."

Vò fia vò fua.

So-so. [Lit: "Not good not bad."]

Naztwe! Thanks! [Lit: "It is appreciated."][naz = value]

Atu ifca.

You're welcome. [Lit: "It was a pleasure for me."]

À ev et?

And you? [Lit: "And whether you?"]

At gè ce baka.

I'm fine, too. [Lit: "I likewise am healthy."]

Od ce joga?

What's new. [Lit: What is new?"]

Ód.

Nothing.

Eta tod ce odéna?

How is your family? [Lit: "You family is what-way?"]

Ata tod ce ficana.

My family is fine. [Lit: "My family is in good shape."]

Cu baka!!

Goodbye!, Farewell! [Lit: "Be healthy."]

Gè et!!

Goodbye to you, too! [Lit: "Likewise you."]

Vocabulary Notes

• bak = health

• baka = healthy

• cer = to be

Wikibooks | 183

Chapter

• cer baka = to be healthy, to be well

• Cu baka!! [future/imperative] = Be well! Farewell! Hello!

• At ce baka. = I'm fine. (= I am well.)

• gè = equally, also, too, likewise

• gè at = me too; I, as well

• gè fia = equally good, also good

• gebénu = in the same situation/manner

• ev = Whether?; Is it true that?

• od? = What?

• odà? = How? (-à = adverbial ending/"with")

• odéna? = How?, (Lit: what-wise?)

• odbéna? = How? (Lit: what-mannered?)

• odcana? = How? (Lit: what-shaped?)

• av = for (prep), let, so that (conj.)

• Av it bakcu. = Let him be well. [Lit: "So that he be healthy."]

• à = and (ò = but, è = or)

• vo = no (va = yes, ve = maybe)

• vò = not (và = indeed, certainly, vè = possibly, may)

• vò fua = not bad

• At vè ce boka. = I may be ill.

• It và ce ficana. = He is really in good shape.

• ód = nothing (ád = everything)

• at = I, me

• atu = to me, for me

• ata = my, mine

• et = you

• etu = to you, for you

• eta = your

• it = he, him

• itu = to him, for him

• ita = his

• can = shape, form, condition, state, status

• fican = good shape, good form, good condition

• ficana = in good shape, well, in good condition

• ficana cer / fincancer = to be in good shape, to be fine

• fucan = bad shape, bad condition

• fucana cer / fucancer = to be in bad shape, to be unwell

• odcana = in what shape, how

• odcana ce... = How is...

• bén = manner, situation

• fia = good (fua = bad)

184 | Unilingua

Conversation Lessons

• fibéna = in a good situation, fine

• odbéna? = in what situation?, in what manner?, how?

• ge = equal, same, as

• gebéna = in the same situation, unchanged

• naz = value

• ter = to know

• twer = to be known

• nazter = to appreciate, to know the value, to be thankful

• naztwe. = (It) is appreciated [passive voice], thank-you, thanks

• Gla naztwe. = Much appreciated; Thank-you very much.

• der = to say (...to [someone] = ...-u)

• nazder = to express appreciation, to thank (+ ...-u)

• At nazda itu av ita és. = I thanked him for his work.

• nazden = thanks, expression of appreciation

Lesson 2: Getting Acquainted

Mirad English

At vàge [ad] et ijtu ata

dat Ivan.

I'd like you to meet my friend, Ivan. [Lit: "I'd like

that you be acquainted with..."]

Ce gla if ijter et.

Very pleased to meet you. [Lit: "It is a great

pleasure to..."]

Od ce eta dún?

What's your name?

Ata dún ce Maria.

My name is Mary.

Odmu et tome?

Where do you live?

At tome New

Yorku/erozáki udma.

I live in New York/two kilometers from here.

Et tome idmu ji od?

How long have you lived there? [Lit: "You live there

since what?"]

At tome ida domu ji alo

jabi.

I have lived in that city for 10 years. [Lit: I live in

that city since...]

Od ce eta és?

What do you do for a living? [Lit: "What is your

work?"]

At ése ge biktut. À ev et?

I work as a nurse. And you?

At eju keé és.

I am currently looking for work.

Ev et aé aga tod?

Do you have a big family?

Ata tedeti ce odjaga?

How old are your children? [Lit: "What-aged are..."]

Gajagat ce ale jaga à

gajogat ce ú jaga.

The elder is twelve years old and the younger is

nine. [Lit: "...is 12 of age...is 9 of age."]

Ev et gè ce tadca (or:

tadaá)?

Are you also married?

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Chapter

Vo. At ce

tadokca/tadónca/tadoá.

No. I'm widowed/divorced/unmarried. [Lit: "mate-

lost/mate-separated/mate-less"]

Odmu et tija?

Where were you born?

At tija úb udem.

I was born near here.

Odju et emkála udmu?

When did you move here. [Lit: "....change

location..."]

At pua ji e jabi.

I arrived four years ago. [Lit: "...since four years"]

Vocabulary Notes

• ijter = to get to know, to become acquainted with, to meet (for the first

time) (ijtat acquaintance)

• ifcer/uifcer = to please/be pleased

• tomer = to reside, to live, to make one's home

• éser = to work

• aér = to have

• vàger = to wish, to like to (At vàge --er = I'd like to --)

• dúncer = to be named, to be called

• ser = to do, to make

• keer = to seek, to look for (kaer = to find, koer = to hide)

• tijer = to be born (tujer = to die)

• tadcer = to get married

• tadokcer = to be widowed

• tadòcer = to be unmarried

• emkáler = to relocate, to move (emkóler = to settle down)

• puer = to arrive (pier = to depart)

• jagcer = to get old, to age (jogcer = to get young)

• dat = friend

• tad = spouse, mate (tàd = wife, tadca married)

• tadokcat = widow(er)

• tadóncat = divore(e)

• tadoát = bachelor/bachelorette

• tedet = offspring, son, daughter, child

• tod = family

• tom = residence, home = (tomu = at home)

• dom = city (domu = in the city, in town)

• és = work (ésu = at work)

• jag = age (jaga = old, joga = young)

• tij = birth (tuj = death, tej = life)

• dún = name

• job = time

• jab = year (jabi = years, e jabi two years, udjabu this year)

• ej = the present (eju at present, eja present)

• em = place, space (emkáer to relocate)

• jagat = young person (gajagat = cadet, younger one)

• jogat = old person (gajogat = elder)

186 | Unilingua

Conversation Lessons

• if = pleasure (Ca if. It was a pleasure.)

• ja = before (jo = after, je = during)

• ja ej = ago [Lit: before the present]

• ji = since (ju = until)

• ji od = since when, for how long (ji e jabi = for two years)

• ga = more (go = less, ge = equal)

• gla = very, much, many (glo = little, few, slightly)

• úb = near to (íb = far from, úbem vicinity)

• bu = to (bi = from)

• udem = this place (ud(e)mu = here, ud(e)ma from here, od(e)mu? =

where?

• idem = that place (id(e)mu = there, id(e)ma from there)

• udjob = the present (udj(ob)u = now, odj(ob)u? when?)

• idjob = that time (idj(ob)u = then, ji id since then)

Wikibooks | 187

Chapter

7 HISTORY & DOCUMENT NOTES

Wikibook History

This book was created on 2005-03-15 and was developed on the Wikibooks

project by the contributors listed in the Authors section. The latest version may

be found at http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Unilingua.

PDF Information & History

This PDF was created on 2007-07-24 based on the 2007-07-20 version of the

Unilingua Wikibook. A transparent copy of this document is available at

Wikibooks:Unilingua/Print version. The SXW source of this PDF document is

available at Wikibooks:Image:Unilingua.sxw. The template from which the

document was created is available at Wikibooks:Image:PDF template.sxw. A

printer-friendly version of this document may be available at

Wikibooks:Image:Unilingua printable version.pdf.

Authors

Derbeth, GumbaGumba, Hagindaz, Iamunknown, James Shoemaker, Nabo0o,

Nikki, Robert Horning, Strait, Thomas Steinel, Tyoyafud, Whiteknight,

Wknight8111, anonymous contributors

188 | Unilingua

GNU Free Documentation License

8 GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE

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0. PREAMBLE

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This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the

document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU

General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free

software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program

should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does.

But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual

work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.

We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or

reference.

1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that

contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed

under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free

license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated

herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member

of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if

you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the

Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or

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translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the

Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or

authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related

matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.

(Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section

may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of

historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,

commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are

designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the

Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above

definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The

Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify

any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-

Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is

released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a

Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,

represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public,

that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text

editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for

drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to

text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for

input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format

whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or

discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image

format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that

is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII

without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a

publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or

PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats

include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can

be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which

the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-

generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for

output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such

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GNU Free Documentation License

following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires

to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page

as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the

work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title

either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that

translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name

mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements",

or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the

Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this

definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which

states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are

considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards

disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers

may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either

commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright

notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are

reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to

those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control

the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,

you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large

enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you

may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed

covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license

notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,

clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover,

and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and

legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must

present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You

may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited

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Chapter

to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these

conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you

should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover,

and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more

than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along

with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-

network location from which the general network-using public has access to

download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy

of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must

take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in

quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the

stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an

Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the

public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the

Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a

chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the

conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified

Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of

the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified

Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things

in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the

Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any,

be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a

previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.

B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible

for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least

five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has

fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.

C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as

the publisher.

D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the

other copyright notices.

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GNU Free Documentation License

F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the

public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in

the form shown in the Addendum below.

G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required

Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.

H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item

stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version

as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the

Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the

Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified

Version as stated in the previous sentence.

J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access

to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given

in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in

the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was

published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original

publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.

K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the

Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of

each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text

and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of

the section titles.

M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be

included in the Modified Version.

N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict

in title with any Invariant Section.

O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that

qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the

Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as

invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the

Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other

section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing

but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,

statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization

as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a

passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover

Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of

Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one

entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,

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previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are

acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,

on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give

permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement

of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this

License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,

provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of

the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of

your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their

Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple

identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are

multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the

title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the

name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique

number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant

Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the

various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise

combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled

"Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents

released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in

the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,

provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of

the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it

individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into

the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding

verbatim copying of that document.

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GNU Free Documentation License

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and

independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution

medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation

is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the

individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this

License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not

themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the

Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the

Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document

within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in

electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the

whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute

translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant

Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright

holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in

addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a

translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any

Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version

of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case

of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this

License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",

or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will

typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as

expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,

sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate

your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or

rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so

long as such parties remain in full compliance.

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Chapter

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU

Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar

in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems

or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the

Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any

later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and

conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been

published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does

not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever

published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

External links

• GNU Free Documentation License (Wikipedia article on the license)

• Official GNU FDL webpage

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