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Brain-Eating Ameba
Summary
Swimming is a fun summer activity, but it can
increase your risk for contracting certain waterborne
diseases. Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri) is among
many organisms that live in recreational waters, such
as ponds and lakes, and is commonly referred to as
the brain-eating ameba. It is a single-celled,
bacteria-eating organism that can be found in warm
fresh water around the world. It is a free-living
ameba that lives in the environment and does not
need a human host to complete its life cycle.
Fortunately, infections caused by N. fowleri are rare
and the risk for diseases is very low. During the
summer of 2013, only four cases were reported in
the United States and during the 10 years from 2005
to 2014, a total of 35 cases were reported, despite
millions of recreational water exposures each year.
By comparison, during the 10 years from 2001 to
2010, >34,000 drowning deaths occurred in the
United States. N. fowleri usually infects people when
contaminated water enters the body through the
nose. You cannot become infected from swallowing
water contaminated with N. fowleri.
This lesson plan demonstrates how microorganisms
normally found in environments, such as the bottom
of warm freshwater ponds and lakes can cause illness
when they enter the human body. Students engaged in
this lesson plan will learn about N. fowleri (the
scientific name of the brain-eating ameba), where it
lives, how it can cause infection, and how persons can
protect themselves from this infection. Students will
also have the opportunity to identify other organisms
living in local freshwater reservoirs, such as ponds
and lakes. At the end of the lesson, students should
have an enhanced understanding of the environment’s
role in disease transmission and ways to reduce the risk for contracting waterborne infections.
This material is suitable for use in high school biology or environmental science classes and can be
included as part of lessons on aquatic ecosystems. Before studying this lesson, students should have a
basic understanding of the following six kingdom classifications: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Student prior knowledge of anatomy of the human nose and brain would
also be helpful.
Figure 1. Naegleria fowleri has 3 stages in its life cycle:
cysts, ameboid trophozoites, and flagellates. The
only infective stage of the ameba is the ameboid trophozoite.
Trophozoites are 10–35 µm long with a granular appearance
and a single nucleus. The trophozoites replicate by binary
division during which the nuclear membrane remains intact (a
process called promitosis) Trophozoites infect humans or
animals by penetrating the nasal tissue and migrating to
the brain via the olfactory nerves causing primary amebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM).
Source:
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/pathogen.html